Arch design development

AR 6612
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
AN APPROACH TO UNDERSTAND THE ARCHITECTURAL DETAILING AND DESIGN APPROACHES IN
INDUSTRY TO PRACTICE
Purushothaman Archi, Architect & Design Consultant, D2 studio Architecture

 To appreciate the various stages in which architectural drawings are prepared
 To appreciate the challenges in detailing for both the newly designed buildings as well as
the existing buildings.
 To understand the various furniture, fittings & equipment (FFE)
 To adopt an integrated approach while dealing with complex buildings

AR 6612
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BUILDING INDUSTRY

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BUILDING INDUSTRY
 Smart Materials: Characteristics, classification, properties, energy behaviour, intelligent environments.
 Recycled and ecological materials and energy saving materials: Straw- bale, card board, earth-sheltered
structures, recycled plastics, recycled tyres, paper Crete, sandbags, photovoltaic, solar collectors, light-pipes, wind
catchers
Exercises of the above through case studies and drawings.

Smart Materials
What is SMART material ? A HIGHLY ENGINEERED MATERIALS THAT
RESPOND INTELLIGENTLY TO THEIR
ENVIRONMENT’,
After 1992 a Dramatic growth till today.

Smart Materials
Wood
Polymers
Composites
Ceramics
Metal
SMART
SIGNIFICANCE
RESULT -
ORIENTED
MEASURABLE
TIME
ORIENTED
APPROPRIATE
FIRST, to respond to stimuli and environmental changes and,
SECOND, to activate their functions according to the changes.
Materials which posses intrinsic and extrinsic capability to respond external stimulus in a similar manner.
The several external stimulus to which the SMART Materials are sensitive are :
Stress;
Temperature;
Moisture;
pH;
Electric Fields;
Magnetic Fields……

Smart Materials – Characteristic Properties
Smart materials are the materials which have the
capability to respond to changes in their condition
or the environment to which they are exposed, in a
useful and usually repetitive manner.
It is also called as,
Intelligent materials,
Active materials and
Adoptive materials.
IMMEDIACY
they respond in real-time.
TRANSIENCY
they respond to more than one environmental state.
SELF-ACTUATION
intelligence is internal to rather than external to the ‘material’.
SELECTIVITY
their response is discrete and predictable.
DIRECTNESS
the response is local to the ‘activating’ event.

Smart Materials – Characteristics
Smart materials are designed materials which possesses one or more property that can be significantly altered in a controlled fashion by
external stimuli.
Thus this material has built-in or intrinsic sensor (s), actuator (s) and control mechanism (s) by which it is capable of sensing a stimulus,
responding to it in a predetermined manner and extent, in a short or appropriate time and reverting to its original state as soon as the
stimulus is removed.
•Faster
response
•Lively and
spirited
suggestions
Smart
•sensible
•Intelligent
•Adoptive
•organic
Smart
•Sharp /
Proactive
•Shows
immediate
mental
alertness
Smart ControlledSmart

Smart Materials - Classification
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)
They are the smart materials which have the ability to return to some previously defined shape or size
when subjected to appropriate thermal changes.
Eg.: Titanium-Nickel Alloys.
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are metal alloys that "remember" their original, cold-forged shape. Changes
to form can be induced and recovered via temperature or stress changes.
SMAs can display "one-way memory" or "two-way memory" effects where the material can remember
either one or two forms according to low or high temperature. Shape memory alloys, for example, are
used as triggers in sprinkler fire alarm systems.

Smart Materials – Classification
Shape Memory Polymers
Like shape memory alloys, shape memory polymers (SMPs) can return to their original state from a temporary,
deformed state by applying an external stimulus (e.g. temperature change).
SMPs differ from SMAs in terms of their "melting transition" from hard to soft phase responsible for the
shape-memory effect. Shape memory foams, for example, are widely used in the construction sector.
Magnetostrictive Materials
They are the smart materials which have the ability to undergo deformation when subjected to magnetic
field. Eg.: Terfenol-D, (Alloy of Iron and Terbium)

Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric materials produce a small electrical voltage when stress is applied. Conversely,
applying a voltage to the material results in a stress change.
This allows materials which bend, expand or contract when a voltage is applied to be made.
Piezoelectric materials are used as contact sensors in a number of application contexts.
Quantum Tunneling Composites (QTC)
QTCs are composite materials of metals and highly elastic non-conducting polymers. They
make use of "quantum tunneling" to allow the conductive elements to tunnel through the
insulator when pressure is applied (i.e. the material becomes a conductor when squeezed).
QTCs can typically be found in membrane switches of the kind found in mobile phones,
pressure sensors, and speed controllers.

Electrorheological Fluids
They are the colloidal suspensions that undergo changes in viscosity when
subjected to an electric field. Such fluids are highly sensitive and respond
instantaneously to any change in the applied electric field.
Electroluminescent Materials
Electroluminescent materials emit brilliant light in response to an electric
current or field. No heat is produced as a by-product. Areas of application
include safety signs and clothing.
Color Change Materials
Thermocromic materials change color according to temperature change.
Photochromic materials change color according to differing light conditions.

Smart Materials – Properties and Response
1 Property change capability
2 Energy exchange capability
3 Discrete size/location
4 Reversibility

Smart Materials - Examples
Aerogel :
Aerogel holds 15 entries in the Guinness Book of Records, more than any other material.
Sometimes called “frozen smoke”, aerogel is made by the supercritical drying of liquid gels of
alumina, chromia, tin oxide, or carbon. It’s 99.8% empty space, which makes it look semi-
transparent.
Aerogel is a fantastic insulator — if you had a shield of aerogel, you could easily defend yourself
from a flamethrower. It stops cold, it stops heat. You could build a warm dome on the Moon.
Aerogels have unbelievable surface area in their internal fractal structures — cubes of aerogel
just an inch on a side may have an internal surface area equivalent to a football field.
Despite its low density, aerogel has been looked into as a component of military armor because
of its insulating properties.
This tiny block of transparent
aerogel is supporting a brick
weighing 2.5 kg. The aerogel’s
density is 3 mg/cm3.

Translucent Concrete :
Concrete buildings are known more for their stability than their great lighting. That was until
translucent concrete started to make its way on to the market.
Translucent concrete is mixed with glass fiber optical strands, which create a solid but sheer
block. LitraCon, as the concrete is known, can be used in flooring and pavement.
According to the concretes manufacturers, the optical fibers make up only 4 percent of the
mixture. Meaning that blocks made from this material still have the ability to support load-
bearing walls
Even for load bearing structures it
elongates its support via aesthetics and
strength

SensiTile :
As you walk across your kitchen floor to get something from the refrigerator, the floor twinkles
with lighted path that guides your way through the dark room. At least it would, if you had
SensiTiles.
The concrete of the tiles is embedded with acrylic fiber-optic channels that transfer light from
one point to another. As shadows move across Terrazzo's surface, the light channels flicker with a
randomized, twinkling effect.
Their tiles are available for use as flooring, in bathrooms and even ceilings, so you can have
twinkling lights follow you all over the house
Picture showing SensiTile–Smart Choice

Electrified Wood :
You may never have to deal with the tangle of wires again thanks to ?Wood.E.? This European-
designed material incorporates a source of electricity directly into tables and chairs.
Two metal layers are pressed between the wood of the furniture, making it possible to pass an
electrical current through the whole thing. The 12-volt power is fed to the metal layers via one
connector, and lamps, and other devices can be connected via the other.
No mention of whether or not this furniture will work with all electrical outlets, but we're for any
piece of furniture that means we don't have to find a way to tie all our wires together.
Electrified wood

Flexicomb :
The Flexicomb's name describes it quite well. Designed by PadLab's Dan Gottleib while he was
still an undergraduate at the Yale School of Architecture, the Flexicomb is a flexible honeycomb
matrix, which can be used to build lighting fixtures, furniture and sculptural installations.
The material is made from thousands of closely packed polypropylene tube that will bend in the
convex direction while remaining rigid in the concave one. Flexicomb is so versatile; it can be used
for almost any imaginable purpose. Not to mention, who wouldn't want a lamp or chandelier
made from the stuff when it looks as amazing as it does.
Flexicomb

Kinetic Glass (Living Glass) :
The fact that your home was looking out for your health would be a pretty comforting thought.
Living glass does just that by monitoring CO2 levels in the air around you.
Living Glass, which was developed by architects Soo-in Yang and David Benjamin, is a smart
material is a transparent surface that automatically opens and closes gill-like slits in response to
human presence to control the air quality in the room.
The surface is embedded with wires that contract due to electrical stimulus. This allows the 'gills'
to regulate air quality by 'breathing the air'.
Living Glass

Richlite :
A counter-top made of paper might not sound too sturdy, but a Richlite counter is almost
indistinguishable from one made of wood.
70 percent of the material is made with recycled paper.
The countertops are made by treating paper with a resin, and then baking it to create solid
sheets.
Richlite was first used in the aerospace, boating, and sports industries as reinforcement for
surfaces like fiberglass, but now is available for architectural purposes as well.
Material : Richlite from dust to high
look

Self-Repairing Cement :
It may seem that most of these materials have been designed to replace concrete, but cement is
itself still evolving.
A new self-healing cement is currently being developed which has the ability to repair its own
cracks.
The cement is mixed with microcapsules that release a glue-like epoxy resin that will automatically
repair any cracks that form in the sidewalk or roadway.
In addition this cement will have the ability to regulate heat. Phase-change materials that can
absorb or release large amounts of heat have also been included in the ingredients.
With this material we would be able to save energy by developing buildings that can control their
own temperature, and save money on repairs as well.
Self Curing/Repairing Concrete

Carbon Fiber :
Carbon fiber is an extremely strong, lightweight material. It's five times as strong as steel, two
times as stiff, yet weighs about two-thirds less.
Carbon fiber is made up of carbon strands that are thinner than human hair. The strands can
be woven together, like cloth, and then that can be molded to any shape you might want.
In addition to being strong, carbon fiber is also flexible, so it's the perfect material for
construction projects in areas with that are exposed to hurricanes and tornados.
Material : Carbon Fiber

Liquid Granite :
According to its creators, liquid granite has the ability to completely replace cement in
concrete. The material is a lightweight and has the same load bearing capacity of cement, but
is made of recycled materials.
Liquid granite has none of the environmental impacts that cement and concrete do. It is made
up of between 30 and 70 percent recycled material, and uses less than one third of the
cement used in precast concrete. Which means that it has a greatly reduced carbon footprint.
Finally, liquid granite is astoundingly fire resistant. It can withstand temperatures of up to
1,100 degrees Celsius while still maintaining its structural properties. Unlike concrete it does
not explode in high temperatures. Material : Liquid Granite

Bendable Concrete :
Traditional concrete is a very brittle material; any buckling or bending will cause it to crack.
A new type of fiber-reinforced bendable concrete might just be putting an end to that issue.
This new concrete is around 500 times more resistant to cracking than regular concrete
thanks to the tiny fibers, which account for two percent of its make up.
The fibers slide within the concrete when bending occurs, providing it with enough give to
prevent breakage.
It isn't just the fibers though; the materials in the concrete itself are designed for maximum
flexibility as well. And thanks to these precautions, this concrete has a much longer life
expectancy, which means it will cost a less in the long run too.
Material : Bendable concrete

Carbon Nanotubes :
Carbon nanotubes are long chains of carbon held together by the strongest bond in all
chemistry, the sacred sp2 bond, even stronger than the sp3 bonds that hold together
diamond.
Carbon nanotubes have numerous remarkable physical properties, including ballistic electron
transport (making them ideal for electronics) and so much tensile strength that they are the
only substance that could be used to build a space elevator.
The specific strength of carbon nanotubes is 48,000 kN·m/kg, the best of known materials,
compared to high-carbon steel’s 154 kN·/kg.
That’s 300 times stronger than steel.
You could build towers hundreds of kilometers high with it.
Material : Carbon Nanotubes

Transparent Alumina :
Transparent alumina is three times stronger than steel and transparent. The number of
applications for this are huge.
Imagine an entire skyscraper or arcology made largely of transparent steel.
The skylines of the future could look more like a series of floating black dots (opaque private
rooms) rather than the monoliths of today.
A huge space station made of transparent alumina could cruise in low Earth orbit without
being a creepy black dot when it passes overhead. And hey… transparent swords!
Material : Transparent Alumina

Material : either smart or green or intelligent altogether focussing energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact nowadays.
Energy behavior & Intelligent environs by Smart Materials

What is Energy ? ?? ???
This is a difficult question, as energy is not a material thing at all, even though it is the fundamental
determinant of all processes that take place among and between all entities.
Whenever an entity – from an atom to an ecosystem – undergoes any kind of change, energy must
transfer from one place to another and/or change form.
For example, heat must be transferred – added or removed – for the temperature of an object to
change, and the form of energy must change from kinetic to electrical when a turbine rotates a shaft
in a generator.
Energy behavior & Intelligent environs - Smart Materials
ENERGY
Conceptually it is classified in two broad classification.
POTENTIAL ENERGY
The stored energy that can flow. The energy that is stored by virtue of position, bending, stretching, compression, chemical combination.
KINETIC ENRGY
Energy that is flowing. The energy of motion that moves from high potential entities to low potential entities.
ELASTIC driven by deflection difference
CHEMICAL driven by atomic attraction differences
NUCLEAR driven by quanta differences
MAGNETIC driven by moving charge differences
HEAT driven by temperature difference
WORK driven by pressure difference
POTENTIAL driven by height difference
ELECTRICAL driven by charge difference
KINETIC driven by momentum difference

Energy behavior - Smart Materials
There are three types of energy needs in a building: In which smart materials monitors energy efficiency & comfort understanding variable needs.
 Thermal energy is necessary for heating and cooling of spaces, refrigeration, water heating and cooking – high efficiency performance
 Mechanical energy is necessary for fans, motors, compressors, pumps and many appliances – high efficiency performance
 Electrical energy is only directly required for lighting and peripheral equipment such as televisions and computers – high efficiency performance
 Development of smart materials inducing smart behavior to composite systems which follows biomimetic criteria and it concerns energy behavior.
 Smart behavior is based on the dynamic changes of specific properties or the structural transitions of the functional constituents, responding in real time to
the imposed stimulus.
Thermal Comfort
Indoor/Outdoor
Material/Technique
Luminous Comfort
Indoor environment
Material type/location
Acoustical Comfort
Material type/Technique
Indoor environment
Re-Conceptualizing
Indoor living spaces
Concerning heat light & sound

Intelligent environs - Smart Materials
As intelligence and self-actuation have been embedded in the objects and processes around us, providing us with unprecedented control of
our environment and knowledge of our surroundings, they have also given others open entre ´e and access to our private lives and activities.

Intelligent environs - Smart Materials
Intelligent environments can be broadly characterized in terms
of their functional descriptions, the ways that smart behaviors
are embedded in the environment or the ways they are
controlled, and the general cognition level associated with the
different behaviors.

How Materials for Buildings should be..?

Recycled Materials

Ecological materials

Energy saving Materials

Straw bale
82% of deprived of basic needs in the country in 2014
35% of Indians are living without shelter(2014)
640 867 villages are there in India

Straw bale
Purushothaman Archi – Architect CA/2011/51185
ConstructionofResidencein
villagescostswillreduce70%

Card board
A thick Paper make, Robert Gair invented the cardboard
box in 1871
506 billion worth Industrial product per year. Its waste
per annum in India is about 7 million metric tonnes
Paper and wood are the key ingredients for the manufacturing
By recycling just one ton of
cardboard it saves nine cubic
yards of landfill space, 700
gallons of water, and 46
gallons of oil from being
consumed.
9.3 million metric tonnes of paper is used for the manufacturing of card board in India only by MNCs
Wasteworthisaround5MillionUSD
By just only 20?

Unit 1 Exercise via Case Studies
Smart Materials - Recycled Materials, Ecological Materials and
Energy Saving Materials
?
?
? ?
??
?
..?,

Earth-sheltered structures Continues…,

Arch design development

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