This document discusses wildfire suppression tactics. It explains that the main suppression tactics are direct attack, indirect attack, and aerial attack. Direct attack involves working close to the fire's edge, while indirect attack is completed from a distance by using control lines, firebreaks, and controlled burns. Aerial attack uses aircraft to drop water or retardants directly or indirectly on the fire. The document provides details on how to select and carry out each type of suppression tactic safely and effectively.
Professionals - Wildfires - Prevention part 3NCC-CCT
This document provides an overview of wildfire prevention. It discusses the impacts of wildfires, lessons learned from past firefighter fatalities, and actions that can be taken to prevent and limit wildfire impacts. Prevention activities include education, active landscape management through techniques like controlled grazing and prescribed burns, monitoring and detection, and maintaining equipment for emergency response. Past fatalities show that fires can spread rapidly due to changing wind and terrain; communication is important to ensure firefighter safety.
Professionals - Wildfires - Preparedness part 1NCC-CCT
This document provides an overview of wildfire preparedness planning. It discusses the importance of planning for wildfires due to their devastating impacts and the increasing risks posed by climate change. It outlines a four step planning process of plan, do, check, and act. The first part of the module focuses on identifying and assessing wildfire risk through analyzing historical data, weather patterns, vegetation, topography, and potential community impacts. It also stresses the importance of investigating fire causes. The document recommends formulating strategic plans that include detection and notification systems, resource allocation agreements, training, and welfare. Local operational plans should also be created to safely and effectively respond to wildfires.
Professionals - Wildfires - Preparedness part 2NCC-CCT
This document discusses training and exercises for wildfire preparedness. It recommends basic wildfire training covering suppression techniques, hazards, safety protocols like LACES, and predicting fire behavior. Training works best using a combination of methods like classroom, tabletop, field and simulation exercises. It also benefits from task-specific training and information sharing between agencies. Multiagency training helps ensure effective coordination.
Professionals - Wildfires - Response part 1NCC-CCT
This document provides an overview of developing a wildfire suppression plan. It discusses:
1. Checking availability of personnel and equipment, ensuring proper protective equipment, and mobilizing resources to incidents.
2. Prioritizing saving lives, protecting property, and protecting the environment in response.
3. Elements of developing a suppression plan including safety protocols like LACES, gathering information, and continually monitoring the situation. The LACES protocol emphasizes lookouts, communications, escape routes, and safety zones.
Professionals - Wildfires - Response part 3NCC-CCT
The document discusses the recovery phase after a wildfire. There are several activities that must be completed during recovery, including fully extinguishing any remaining fires (mop-up phase), scaling down suppression operations, conducting debriefs and investigations, assisting with longer term recovery efforts, and handing over responsibilities to landowners. Proper recovery is important for preventing re-ignition and improving future prevention, preparedness, response and recovery strategies.
Professionals - Wildfires - Preparedness part 3NCC-CCT
This document provides information on warning and informing the public during wildfires. It discusses how weather services can be used to predict fire severity and issue early warnings. Plans should outline who is responsible for warnings and how they will be disseminated. Warnings may instruct people to stay indoors, temporarily evacuate less at-risk areas, or fully evacuate if danger is imminent. Evacuation plans must coordinate transportation, routes, and shelter for evacuees.
Professionals - Wildfires - Prevention part 1NCC-CCT
This e-learning module provides information on wildfire prevention over three parts. It defines a wildfire, discusses indicators of wildfires like visible flames and smoke. It explains fire behavior and the fire environment. Wildfires can damage life, property, the environment and infrastructure. The module aims to help understand and prevent wildfires.
Professionals - Wildfires - Prevention part 2NCC-CCT
This document provides information on wildfire behavior and fire environment factors. It explains that combustion requires fuel, oxygen and heat. Weather, topography and fuel are the main factors that influence fire behavior. Specific weather factors discussed include wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity, local winds and how they affect rate of spread. Topography such as slope, aspect and elevation are also reviewed. The fire environment triangle illustrates the interaction between these elements to determine fire behavior.
Professionals - Wildfires - Prevention part 3NCC-CCT
This document provides an overview of wildfire prevention. It discusses the impacts of wildfires, lessons learned from past firefighter fatalities, and actions that can be taken to prevent and limit wildfire impacts. Prevention activities include education, active landscape management through techniques like controlled grazing and prescribed burns, monitoring and detection, and maintaining equipment for emergency response. Past fatalities show that fires can spread rapidly due to changing wind and terrain; communication is important to ensure firefighter safety.
Professionals - Wildfires - Preparedness part 1NCC-CCT
This document provides an overview of wildfire preparedness planning. It discusses the importance of planning for wildfires due to their devastating impacts and the increasing risks posed by climate change. It outlines a four step planning process of plan, do, check, and act. The first part of the module focuses on identifying and assessing wildfire risk through analyzing historical data, weather patterns, vegetation, topography, and potential community impacts. It also stresses the importance of investigating fire causes. The document recommends formulating strategic plans that include detection and notification systems, resource allocation agreements, training, and welfare. Local operational plans should also be created to safely and effectively respond to wildfires.
Professionals - Wildfires - Preparedness part 2NCC-CCT
This document discusses training and exercises for wildfire preparedness. It recommends basic wildfire training covering suppression techniques, hazards, safety protocols like LACES, and predicting fire behavior. Training works best using a combination of methods like classroom, tabletop, field and simulation exercises. It also benefits from task-specific training and information sharing between agencies. Multiagency training helps ensure effective coordination.
Professionals - Wildfires - Response part 1NCC-CCT
This document provides an overview of developing a wildfire suppression plan. It discusses:
1. Checking availability of personnel and equipment, ensuring proper protective equipment, and mobilizing resources to incidents.
2. Prioritizing saving lives, protecting property, and protecting the environment in response.
3. Elements of developing a suppression plan including safety protocols like LACES, gathering information, and continually monitoring the situation. The LACES protocol emphasizes lookouts, communications, escape routes, and safety zones.
Professionals - Wildfires - Response part 3NCC-CCT
The document discusses the recovery phase after a wildfire. There are several activities that must be completed during recovery, including fully extinguishing any remaining fires (mop-up phase), scaling down suppression operations, conducting debriefs and investigations, assisting with longer term recovery efforts, and handing over responsibilities to landowners. Proper recovery is important for preventing re-ignition and improving future prevention, preparedness, response and recovery strategies.
Professionals - Wildfires - Preparedness part 3NCC-CCT
This document provides information on warning and informing the public during wildfires. It discusses how weather services can be used to predict fire severity and issue early warnings. Plans should outline who is responsible for warnings and how they will be disseminated. Warnings may instruct people to stay indoors, temporarily evacuate less at-risk areas, or fully evacuate if danger is imminent. Evacuation plans must coordinate transportation, routes, and shelter for evacuees.
Professionals - Wildfires - Prevention part 1NCC-CCT
This e-learning module provides information on wildfire prevention over three parts. It defines a wildfire, discusses indicators of wildfires like visible flames and smoke. It explains fire behavior and the fire environment. Wildfires can damage life, property, the environment and infrastructure. The module aims to help understand and prevent wildfires.
Professionals - Wildfires - Prevention part 2NCC-CCT
This document provides information on wildfire behavior and fire environment factors. It explains that combustion requires fuel, oxygen and heat. Weather, topography and fuel are the main factors that influence fire behavior. Specific weather factors discussed include wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity, local winds and how they affect rate of spread. Topography such as slope, aspect and elevation are also reviewed. The fire environment triangle illustrates the interaction between these elements to determine fire behavior.
The document provides information on responding to floods for professionals. It discusses preparing for response by activating plans when flood warnings are issued. It outlines the long duration of flood response. The response involves three phases: before, during, and after. Key actions include communicating information, deploying resources according to plans, conducting evacuations if needed, ensuring safety, and implementing recovery plans after flooding recedes. Proper preparation, coordination between agencies, and attention to safety are essential for an effective flood response.
This document provides information about floods, including their characteristics and types. It defines a flood as a temporary covering of normally dry land with water. Floods can be caused by heavy rain, melting snow, coastal flooding, or breaches in flood defenses. They are categorized based on their source, affected area, cause, and speed. Flash floods and river floods are common in Europe and can severely damage property and infrastructure. Preparing for floods requires understanding risks and having permanent protections like flood walls, though these solutions are not always possible.
This document provides information on preparing for flooding disasters as a professional. It discusses planning and preparing by monitoring weather warnings, using maps to identify at-risk areas, and contacting local flood groups. Professionals are advised to train personnel on search and rescue techniques, equipment use, and safety. Exercises should match the risks and resources of each fire and rescue service. Coordination with other agencies and volunteers is also recommended to facilitate response efforts.
Volunteer Fire Brigade Training Module 1 general informationRonaldo Pioquinto
This document provides information on mandatory fire brigade training conducted by the Zamboanga City Fire District in the Philippines. It discusses the historical background of the Bureau of Fire Protection in the Philippines and its roles and responsibilities. It also outlines the organization, roles, and relationship of fire brigades and volunteers to the Bureau of Fire Protection. Key points include:
1) The Bureau of Fire Protection was originally under the Philippine Constabulary but is now its own agency with the goal of preventing and suppressing fires and ensuring public safety.
2) Fire brigades must be established in certain organizations and buildings, and they are organized under a fire brigade chief.
3) Fire brigade members and volunteers must receive training from the Bureau
This document is a fire risk assessment for Woodberry Manor, a two-storey residential building with eight flats located in Canvey Island, Essex. It was prepared by Karen Daykin on behalf of Bluezone Ltd, the responsible person for the property. The assessment identifies potential fire hazards, existing control measures, occupancy details, and recommends additional actions to reduce fire risk. The significant findings will be reviewed at least every three years or if circumstances change at the property.
Fire Safety Lectures Slides covers modules 1,2, and 4 of the Competency Training for Fire Volunteers and Fire Brigades.
Originally created in San Fernando City Fire Station-LU in 2016 used during Competency Training for Fire Volunteers and Brigades. Revised in San Juan Fire Station-LU in 2017 for the same purpose.
All slides are original.
Volunteer Fire Brigade Training Module 4 fire suppression and controlRonaldo Pioquinto
This document provides an overview of fire suppression and control strategies for firefighters. It discusses the stages of fire, factors that affect fire development, and how common building materials are affected by fire. It also covers fire extinguishment theory using methods like temperature reduction, fuel removal, oxygen exclusion, and chemical flame inhibition. The document then outlines the basic divisions of firefighting like pre-fire planning, size-up, division functions including engine, ladder and salvage companies, rescue operations, and covering exposures and confinement. Finally, it discusses support services and general considerations at the fire ground.
This document discusses response and recovery from storms. It covers preparing response plans for different environments, prioritizing saving lives and protecting property. During response, personnel should check equipment and availability, implement plans, and deploy following safety procedures. Recovery involves controlling the process, clearing debris safely, and linking to other plans like evacuation sites. The document emphasizes preparedness, testing plans, and multi-agency coordination for effective response and recovery.
This document provides a study guide for the Certified Protection Professional (CPP) exam. It recommends reading over 500 slides and deleting slides already known, using 300 practice quizzes for testing, and purchasing "The Complete Guide of the CPP Exam" book. The guide was created by collecting open source CPP study materials online. Test takers are advised to repeat the process and then take the CPP exam, notifying the creator upon passing.
This document provides an overview of wildfires as part of an e-learning module on natural disaster prevention, preparedness and response. It defines wildfires and explains the fire triangle of oxygen, heat and fuel required for combustion. While wildfires can occur naturally, human activities are responsible for over 95% of wildfires through negligent acts like improperly extinguished campfires or intentional acts like arson. Areas at higher risk of wildfires have structural factors like flammable vegetation and topography, as well as atmospheric conditions influenced by weather like temperature, humidity and wind that can cause fires to ignite and spread more easily. The document stresses the importance of prevention through understanding risks and causes.
The document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to emergency preparedness, disaster response, and security best practices. The questions cover topics like bomb threats, fire safety, emergency planning procedures, labor disputes, executive protection, and earthquake preparedness. The correct answers to each question are indicated by bullets below the question stem.
Nemco are independent building risk management consultants specialising in assisting organisations in the prevention and control of the risks associated with fire, air quality and waterborne pathogens including those responsible for causing Legionnaires’ disease.
This document provides information on preparing for storms, including how to recognize warning signs, prepare, and plan an effective response. It discusses recognizing storm patterns through weather monitoring services, types of storms to be aware of, and key phases of planning like identifying risks, resources, command structure, and lessons learned. Effective preparation requires planning, assessing needs, training, implementing response plans, and reviewing plans after each storm to improve future response.
This document discusses various public and private support organizations that assist the fire service in the United States. It identifies national organizations like the American Red Cross, NFPA, and IAFC. It also discusses federal agencies including FEMA, OSHA, and NIOSH. Additionally, it covers state-level groups like state fire marshals and forestry departments, as well as local organizations that support fire departments through services, funding, and resources. The overall purpose is to outline the types of external groups that fire services can contact for information, training, standards, or assistance in their work.
The Charlotte Fire Department received a Class 1 rating, placing it in the top 0.2% of fire departments nationally. In 2015, it responded to over 110,000 incidents in an average time of 4 minutes and 34 seconds. The percentage of cardiac arrest cases where the patient was revived increased from 22% in 2007 to 49.36% in 2015, exceeding state and national averages. The department provides fire education to all Charlotte-Mecklenburg third graders and its firefighters hold multiple rescue certifications.
This document outlines fire safety management strategies. It discusses three essential elements: passive fire safety measures that are built into the structure, active measures like alarms and sprinklers, and management measures to prevent fires and ensure staff training. Emergency procedures, inspections, equipment maintenance, staff training, and record keeping are key parts of an effective fire safety program. Advance planning should also be done to minimize damage from any fires that do occur.
This document outlines the key elements of an emergency management system and emergency preparedness program. It discusses the four elements of emergency management: prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. It defines emergencies and disasters and describes different types of natural and man-made emergencies. The objectives are to understand the importance of emergency preparedness and identify workplace hazards. It provides guidance on forming a fire brigade team and their roles, identifying the fire triangle components, and properly using fire extinguishers.
The document outlines a school safety plan with a focus on disaster management. It discusses establishing a national school safety program to promote disaster preparedness culture in schools. The plan involves hazard and vulnerability assessments, preparedness through resource inventory and mock drills, establishing response protocols, and ongoing mitigation efforts like safety audits and evacuation planning. The overall goal is to reduce disaster risks and create a safe learning environment for students.
Report on UNDP LDCF GEF ToT training held on 1 - 10 January 2015 Nairobi KenyaAlmaz Demessie
The document provides a summary of a Training of Trainers (ToT) program held in Nairobi, Kenya from January 1-10, 2015. The training was jointly organized by the Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector of Ethiopia and UNDP Ethiopia. It aimed to build the capacity of 10 Ethiopian participants in using climate and weather information for early warning systems and disaster risk management. Over the course of 10 days, participants received training on topics like meteorology, climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and sector-specific climate information needs. The training aimed to equip participants with the knowledge and skills to develop training programs to strengthen Ethiopia's early warning systems.
- Rapid intervention teams (RIT) are required by OSHA regulations to enter immediately dangerous areas to rescue firefighters in distress.
- Studies show it takes an average of 12 minutes to reach a downed firefighter and 22 minutes total to rescue them. Rescues are made more difficult without proper planning and training.
- Proper pre-fire planning, including identifying potential structural hazards, can help commanders deploy RIT teams more effectively to rescue trapped firefighters. Standardized firefighter training in survival skills also improves rescue outcomes. Strict discipline is needed to ensure rescuer safety during stressful rescue operations.
Fire safety in laboratories is important. Different types of fire extinguishers are designed for different classes of fires. It is important to know which type of extinguisher to use for various fires. All laboratories should have fire extinguishers located inside or directly outside, and they should be inspected annually. Personnel should be trained on how to use the extinguishers and the evacuation plan. In case of a fire alarm, all personnel must stop work, leave belongings, and calmly evacuate to the parking area. The PASS method can help remember how to use an extinguisher - Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep side to side until the fire is out
The document provides information on responding to floods for professionals. It discusses preparing for response by activating plans when flood warnings are issued. It outlines the long duration of flood response. The response involves three phases: before, during, and after. Key actions include communicating information, deploying resources according to plans, conducting evacuations if needed, ensuring safety, and implementing recovery plans after flooding recedes. Proper preparation, coordination between agencies, and attention to safety are essential for an effective flood response.
This document provides information about floods, including their characteristics and types. It defines a flood as a temporary covering of normally dry land with water. Floods can be caused by heavy rain, melting snow, coastal flooding, or breaches in flood defenses. They are categorized based on their source, affected area, cause, and speed. Flash floods and river floods are common in Europe and can severely damage property and infrastructure. Preparing for floods requires understanding risks and having permanent protections like flood walls, though these solutions are not always possible.
This document provides information on preparing for flooding disasters as a professional. It discusses planning and preparing by monitoring weather warnings, using maps to identify at-risk areas, and contacting local flood groups. Professionals are advised to train personnel on search and rescue techniques, equipment use, and safety. Exercises should match the risks and resources of each fire and rescue service. Coordination with other agencies and volunteers is also recommended to facilitate response efforts.
Volunteer Fire Brigade Training Module 1 general informationRonaldo Pioquinto
This document provides information on mandatory fire brigade training conducted by the Zamboanga City Fire District in the Philippines. It discusses the historical background of the Bureau of Fire Protection in the Philippines and its roles and responsibilities. It also outlines the organization, roles, and relationship of fire brigades and volunteers to the Bureau of Fire Protection. Key points include:
1) The Bureau of Fire Protection was originally under the Philippine Constabulary but is now its own agency with the goal of preventing and suppressing fires and ensuring public safety.
2) Fire brigades must be established in certain organizations and buildings, and they are organized under a fire brigade chief.
3) Fire brigade members and volunteers must receive training from the Bureau
This document is a fire risk assessment for Woodberry Manor, a two-storey residential building with eight flats located in Canvey Island, Essex. It was prepared by Karen Daykin on behalf of Bluezone Ltd, the responsible person for the property. The assessment identifies potential fire hazards, existing control measures, occupancy details, and recommends additional actions to reduce fire risk. The significant findings will be reviewed at least every three years or if circumstances change at the property.
Fire Safety Lectures Slides covers modules 1,2, and 4 of the Competency Training for Fire Volunteers and Fire Brigades.
Originally created in San Fernando City Fire Station-LU in 2016 used during Competency Training for Fire Volunteers and Brigades. Revised in San Juan Fire Station-LU in 2017 for the same purpose.
All slides are original.
Volunteer Fire Brigade Training Module 4 fire suppression and controlRonaldo Pioquinto
This document provides an overview of fire suppression and control strategies for firefighters. It discusses the stages of fire, factors that affect fire development, and how common building materials are affected by fire. It also covers fire extinguishment theory using methods like temperature reduction, fuel removal, oxygen exclusion, and chemical flame inhibition. The document then outlines the basic divisions of firefighting like pre-fire planning, size-up, division functions including engine, ladder and salvage companies, rescue operations, and covering exposures and confinement. Finally, it discusses support services and general considerations at the fire ground.
This document discusses response and recovery from storms. It covers preparing response plans for different environments, prioritizing saving lives and protecting property. During response, personnel should check equipment and availability, implement plans, and deploy following safety procedures. Recovery involves controlling the process, clearing debris safely, and linking to other plans like evacuation sites. The document emphasizes preparedness, testing plans, and multi-agency coordination for effective response and recovery.
This document provides a study guide for the Certified Protection Professional (CPP) exam. It recommends reading over 500 slides and deleting slides already known, using 300 practice quizzes for testing, and purchasing "The Complete Guide of the CPP Exam" book. The guide was created by collecting open source CPP study materials online. Test takers are advised to repeat the process and then take the CPP exam, notifying the creator upon passing.
This document provides an overview of wildfires as part of an e-learning module on natural disaster prevention, preparedness and response. It defines wildfires and explains the fire triangle of oxygen, heat and fuel required for combustion. While wildfires can occur naturally, human activities are responsible for over 95% of wildfires through negligent acts like improperly extinguished campfires or intentional acts like arson. Areas at higher risk of wildfires have structural factors like flammable vegetation and topography, as well as atmospheric conditions influenced by weather like temperature, humidity and wind that can cause fires to ignite and spread more easily. The document stresses the importance of prevention through understanding risks and causes.
The document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to emergency preparedness, disaster response, and security best practices. The questions cover topics like bomb threats, fire safety, emergency planning procedures, labor disputes, executive protection, and earthquake preparedness. The correct answers to each question are indicated by bullets below the question stem.
Nemco are independent building risk management consultants specialising in assisting organisations in the prevention and control of the risks associated with fire, air quality and waterborne pathogens including those responsible for causing Legionnaires’ disease.
This document provides information on preparing for storms, including how to recognize warning signs, prepare, and plan an effective response. It discusses recognizing storm patterns through weather monitoring services, types of storms to be aware of, and key phases of planning like identifying risks, resources, command structure, and lessons learned. Effective preparation requires planning, assessing needs, training, implementing response plans, and reviewing plans after each storm to improve future response.
This document discusses various public and private support organizations that assist the fire service in the United States. It identifies national organizations like the American Red Cross, NFPA, and IAFC. It also discusses federal agencies including FEMA, OSHA, and NIOSH. Additionally, it covers state-level groups like state fire marshals and forestry departments, as well as local organizations that support fire departments through services, funding, and resources. The overall purpose is to outline the types of external groups that fire services can contact for information, training, standards, or assistance in their work.
The Charlotte Fire Department received a Class 1 rating, placing it in the top 0.2% of fire departments nationally. In 2015, it responded to over 110,000 incidents in an average time of 4 minutes and 34 seconds. The percentage of cardiac arrest cases where the patient was revived increased from 22% in 2007 to 49.36% in 2015, exceeding state and national averages. The department provides fire education to all Charlotte-Mecklenburg third graders and its firefighters hold multiple rescue certifications.
This document outlines fire safety management strategies. It discusses three essential elements: passive fire safety measures that are built into the structure, active measures like alarms and sprinklers, and management measures to prevent fires and ensure staff training. Emergency procedures, inspections, equipment maintenance, staff training, and record keeping are key parts of an effective fire safety program. Advance planning should also be done to minimize damage from any fires that do occur.
This document outlines the key elements of an emergency management system and emergency preparedness program. It discusses the four elements of emergency management: prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. It defines emergencies and disasters and describes different types of natural and man-made emergencies. The objectives are to understand the importance of emergency preparedness and identify workplace hazards. It provides guidance on forming a fire brigade team and their roles, identifying the fire triangle components, and properly using fire extinguishers.
The document outlines a school safety plan with a focus on disaster management. It discusses establishing a national school safety program to promote disaster preparedness culture in schools. The plan involves hazard and vulnerability assessments, preparedness through resource inventory and mock drills, establishing response protocols, and ongoing mitigation efforts like safety audits and evacuation planning. The overall goal is to reduce disaster risks and create a safe learning environment for students.
Report on UNDP LDCF GEF ToT training held on 1 - 10 January 2015 Nairobi KenyaAlmaz Demessie
The document provides a summary of a Training of Trainers (ToT) program held in Nairobi, Kenya from January 1-10, 2015. The training was jointly organized by the Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector of Ethiopia and UNDP Ethiopia. It aimed to build the capacity of 10 Ethiopian participants in using climate and weather information for early warning systems and disaster risk management. Over the course of 10 days, participants received training on topics like meteorology, climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and sector-specific climate information needs. The training aimed to equip participants with the knowledge and skills to develop training programs to strengthen Ethiopia's early warning systems.
- Rapid intervention teams (RIT) are required by OSHA regulations to enter immediately dangerous areas to rescue firefighters in distress.
- Studies show it takes an average of 12 minutes to reach a downed firefighter and 22 minutes total to rescue them. Rescues are made more difficult without proper planning and training.
- Proper pre-fire planning, including identifying potential structural hazards, can help commanders deploy RIT teams more effectively to rescue trapped firefighters. Standardized firefighter training in survival skills also improves rescue outcomes. Strict discipline is needed to ensure rescuer safety during stressful rescue operations.
Fire safety in laboratories is important. Different types of fire extinguishers are designed for different classes of fires. It is important to know which type of extinguisher to use for various fires. All laboratories should have fire extinguishers located inside or directly outside, and they should be inspected annually. Personnel should be trained on how to use the extinguishers and the evacuation plan. In case of a fire alarm, all personnel must stop work, leave belongings, and calmly evacuate to the parking area. The PASS method can help remember how to use an extinguisher - Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep side to side until the fire is out
This document provides information on responding to wildfires. It discusses who will help during a wildfire emergency, including fire services, civil protection organizations, and sometimes the army or volunteers. It also discusses the roles of aerial firefighting units. It emphasizes the importance of calling emergency services if a fire is spotted and provides guidance on safely evacuating a fire area by walking away from flames and smoke.
Volunteer Fire Brigade Training Module 5 rescue and emergency medical operationsRonaldo Pioquinto
This document provides training on rescue and emergency medical operations for fire brigade members. It discusses search and rescue principles and tactics in four phases: assessment on arrival, pre-rescue operations, rescue operations, and termination. It also covers rope rescue methods and techniques, as well as basic life support. The goal is to provide firefighters with the knowledge and skills to safely and successfully rescue victims.
The document outlines an emergency response plan for a chemical company. It discusses key elements of the plan including fire protection and escape routes, warning organization, first aid measures, training staff, and ensuring access for rescue services. The plan emphasizes the importance of identifying hazards, having well-trained employees, and establishing clear procedures for responding to accidents.
The document discusses disaster management, including search and rescue operations, technologies used, tools and equipment, and the emergency operations center. It describes the incident command system framework and its functions. Key aspects covered are relief and rehabilitation efforts, hazard mapping, reconstruction approaches, and what is needed for success of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.
Internal Disaster Preparedness and Management in HospitalsLallu Joseph
This presentation deals on the following
1. Disaster definition- Internal and external
2. Learning from Disasters- Case Studies- AMRI, Chennai Floods
3. Four phases of emergency management
5. Risk assessment
6. 5 steps of emergency preparedness
7. Emergency management and evacuation plan for hospitals
8. Mock drills and how to conduct them
9. Table top exercises
In Trivandrum, a bustling city known for its rich culture and vibrant atmosphere, the importance of fire and safety course training in Trivandrum cannot be overstated. With rapid urbanization and an increasing number of establishments, it's crucial for individuals and organizations to prioritize fire safety measures. Fortunately, mastering fire safety is within reach through dedicated training courses tailored to the unique needs of the region.
This document provides information about wildfires and safety during wildfires. It discusses:
- What a wildfire is and the damage they can cause
- How to stay safe during a wildfire by following an emergency plan and listening to authorities
- Who will help during a wildfire including fire services, police, ambulance services, and local authorities
- What to do if someone is injured which is to call 999 and provide information to the emergency operator
The document is an educational resource aimed at teaching secondary level students about wildfire safety and response. It covers key actions to take during a wildfire and the various agencies that will provide assistance.
The document discusses EMS participation in fire department training drills. It provides guidelines for EMS response to structure fires, including initially positioning ambulances out of the way of fire apparatus, communicating concise size-up information to fire units, and practicing treatment of injured firefighters in full protective equipment. The document also contains questions to test understanding of the guidelines.
BFS 3251, Introduction to Fire Protection 1 UNIT VII.docxhartrobert670
The document discusses emergency operations for firefighters. It covers key topics like the 16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives, the importance of personnel safety, rapid intervention teams, and the "Two In, Two Out" rule. It also summarizes different types of emergency operations including structure fires, wildland fires, hazardous materials incidents, and medical emergencies. The overall message is that emergency operations require specific training and safety procedures to protect firefighters.
Mango Webinar - Dealing with Emergencies (ID 389681).pptxssuser68b89e
This document provides information about emergency planning for a webinar presented by Craig Thornton from Mango Limited and Laurie O'Donoghue from Total Management and Training. It discusses legislation requirements for emergency plans in Australia and New Zealand and outlines key elements that must be included. It also describes the emergency preparedness assessment process, developing emergency procedures and training personnel in their emergency roles. Maintaining emergency equipment and facilities and reviewing the emergency plan on a regular basis are emphasized.
Unit 3 Disaster Management and emergency preparedness (2) (1).pptxOSCAR212326
1) The document defines key terms related to disaster management such as disaster, emergency, incident, hazard, and risk. It categorizes disasters into natural, mixed, and man-made types.
2) Disaster is defined as a serious disruption that exceeds the ability of the affected community to cope using its own resources. Developing countries suffer greater losses from disasters than industrialized countries.
3) A disaster management plan aims to minimize losses and ensure safety and continuity of operations during emergencies. It involves prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery phases.
This document provides information about disaster management in hospitals. It begins with an introduction to disaster management, defining key terms like disaster, management, and disaster management. It then discusses the phases of disaster management and outlines disaster action plans, management plans, and relevant acts. It also covers hospital disaster plans and committees. The document discusses various types of disasters and provides examples of recent hospital disasters in India. It emphasizes the importance of disaster preparedness and provides guidelines for various emergency responses, including to fires and floods.
2010 Fsp Overview W Objective Statementsandrewwcwong
The document discusses emergency fire safety planning requirements in Canada. It provides an overview of what a fire safety plan is, its purpose, and application according to the Ontario Fire Code. It also outlines responsibilities, enforcement, and considerations for developing action plans around maintenance, emergency response, fire drills, and using the fire safety plan as a management tool.
The document provides an overview of emergency operations for firefighters, covering various types of incidents including structure fires, wildland fires, hazardous materials incidents, and more. It discusses important safety considerations for different emergency situations, such as using proper protective equipment, maintaining communication, establishing escape routes and safety zones, and more. Key initiatives for firefighter safety are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to firefighting, including definitions, objectives, units involved, the fire triangle, stages of fire, methods of spread, prevention and control techniques, detection systems, barriers, extinguishing methods, and fire classifications. It defines firefighting as using manpower and equipment to remove one of the elements (fuel, heat, or oxygen) needed for combustion. The objectives are to prevent loss of life and property and facilitate safe evacuation. Firefighting units work to perform rescues and extinguish fires while also developing protection plans and training auxiliary firefighters.
The document provides an overview of emergency preparedness at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario. It outlines the college's fire and life safety plan including procedures like REACT (Remove, Ensure, Activate, Call, Try) and expectations for fire evacuations. The document also describes the types of fire alarms on campus, evacuation assembly sites, responsibilities for first aid kits, and steps after providing first aid. Additionally, it discusses what constitutes an effective emergency response and gives examples of Chapman's Ice Cream and Maple Leaf Foods demonstrating good disaster planning and corporate citizenship in emergency situations.
The document provides an overview of the roles and responsibilities of fire departments in responding to various emergency situations, including structure fires, wildland fires, hazardous materials incidents, gas leaks, and technical rescue operations. It emphasizes the importance of safety procedures like maintaining proper staffing levels, using appropriate protective equipment, establishing communication, and designating rescue teams. The document outlines standard operating procedures and key considerations for different emergency types.
The document provides information on building capacity for crisis response and incident management. It discusses the four phases of crisis management: mitigation/prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. It emphasizes the importance of having crisis plans, conducting drills, assessing buildings, and using an incident command system. The document stresses being prepared at all levels through assessment, planning, training, and coordination with first responders.
Similar to Professionals - Wildfires - Response part 2 (20)
During heat waves, it is important to check on at-risk individuals and ensure they are staying hydrated, keeping cool, and have support if needed. Signs of heat-related illnesses like dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke should be watched for, and first aid provided which may include cooling the person, giving fluids, and calling for emergency help. Fires are a risk during heat waves due to high temperatures and low humidity, and precautions should be taken. Drowning is also a hazard as more people spend time in water to cool off. Power cuts may occur due to infrastructure issues, so people should be prepared with emergency supplies.
This document provides guidance on preparing for and responding to heat waves. It discusses identifying those at risk and checking on elderly community members. It recommends having an emergency plan and kit in case of power outages. Tips are provided on keeping homes cool and hydrated, with specific guidance for caring for children and those with medical conditions. Responders are advised to gradually acclimate to heat, drink plenty of water, and take breaks when working during heat waves. The overall message is to check on vulnerable groups, prepare homes and emergency supplies, and follow safety precautions to prevent heat-related illness.
Heat waves are periods of abnormally hot weather that can pose health risks. They are characterized by temperatures above the 90th percentile for at least two days. Global warming is increasing the frequency and severity of heat waves. During a heat wave, people are at risk of heat-related illnesses like heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Heat waves can also negatively impact infrastructure, agriculture, wildlife and reduce worker productivity. Preparation and mitigation strategies are needed to address the public health and economic challenges posed by increasing heat waves.
This document provides information about responding to heat waves and emergencies. It discusses what to do if someone is hurt or there is an emergency, including calling 999 and providing key details to the operator. It also outlines steps to take during a heat wave like staying hydrated, wearing loose clothing, and checking on vulnerable groups. Tips are provided for monitoring pets for heat stress and keeping them cool.
The document provides information on how to prepare and stay safe during heat waves. It discusses how to get weather information from national meteorological services and websites. Those most vulnerable to heat waves are babies, children, elderly people, pregnant women, and those with medical conditions. The document recommends listening to weather forecasts, checking on vulnerable neighbors, staying hydrated and keeping cool. It also provides tips on what to do during power outages.
Heat waves are extended periods of unusually hot weather that can negatively impact human and animal health. Signs of a heat wave include unseasonably warm temperatures that are at least 9 degrees Celsius higher than average for that time of year, high humidity, and durations of multiple days. Heat waves are especially dangerous for elderly people, young children, and those with preexisting health conditions as their bodies have a harder time regulating temperature. Prolonged exposure can lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke.
This document provides information on preparing for wildfires. It discusses why preparation is important, how to get information on ongoing wildfires from websites like meteoalarm.eu and national meteorological services, and steps to take to prepare like making an emergency plan and pack. The emergency plan should include who to contact, how to turn off utilities, practicing escape routes from home, and checking insurance. Being prepared is key to staying safe during a wildfire.
This document provides information about wildfires, including what they are, their causes, areas at risk, signs of wildfires, and their impacts. A wildfire is an uncontrolled fire that burns vegetation and can spread rapidly. Factors like fuel, topography, and weather determine how likely an area is to experience wildfires and how quickly fires may spread. Signs of wildfires include large columns of smoke, fleeing animals, and the smell of burning. Wildfires can significantly impact lives, property, infrastructure, and the environment through destruction and damage.
This document provides information about flood safety and preparedness. It discusses what a flood is and why it is dangerous. It outlines steps to stay safe during a flood, such as making an emergency plan and listening to weather forecasts. It describes who can help during a flood, including local authorities, and what their roles are. The document instructs what to do, such as following an emergency plan and evacuating to higher ground if needed. It advises what not to do, like walking in flood waters. Finally, it covers what to do after a flood, like calling for help if in danger and following instructions.
This document provides information on preparing for floods, including making an emergency plan and grab bag. It explains that an emergency plan should include who to contact, where to go, and what to take. A grab bag contains essential supplies like documents, medications, food and water. The document also discusses getting information about flood risks from websites and following authorities' advice during emergencies.
This document provides an overview of floods and flooding for educational purposes. It defines a flood as occurring when normally dry areas are covered by water for a limited time period. The document then covers various topics related to floods, including what causes floods such as heavy rain, melting snow or ice, or dams and dikes breaking. It discusses where floods can occur, including coastal areas, near streams and lakes, or low-lying flat lands. Signs of flooding and why floods are dangerous are also addressed. The goal is to educate about floods and flooding for prevention, preparedness and response.
This document provides information about storm safety and preparedness. It begins with an overview of what will be covered, including the definition of a storm, how to stay safe during one, who provides emergency assistance, what to do in an emergency, dos and don'ts during a storm, and recovery after a storm. Specific tips are given, such as following an emergency plan, calling 999 for help, and staying indoors during bad weather. The roles of emergency services like police, fire, and ambulance are described. The goal is to educate about appropriate responses to natural disasters like storms.
This document provides information on how to prepare for wildfires, including how to find information about ongoing wildfires. It recommends creating a home emergency plan that includes contact details, meeting points, items to evacuate, insurance information, and escape routes. Information sources mentioned include the website meteoalarm.eu, national meteorological services, radio, television, emergency websites and social media.
This document provides guidance on responding to floods. It discusses preparing for flood warnings by covering doors and clearing drains. During a flood, authorities will coordinate emergency responses, evacuate areas, and close roads if needed. Emergency services will try to divert or pump floodwater, rescue people, provide shelter, and keep people informed. The document emphasizes calling emergency services by dialing 999 if there is an emergency, clearly explaining the location and situation, and following operators' instructions.
This document provides information on preparing for floods. It discusses finding information about flood risks from meteorological services and emergency alerts. Specific steps for preparation are outlined, including being aware of local risks, learning from past flood events in the area, and using a four-step model of identifying risks, assessing risks, assessing needed preparations, and making a plan. The importance of starting preparations when warnings are issued is also highlighted.
The document discusses floods, including what they are, their causes, types, and risks. It defines a flood as the temporary covering of normally dry land with water. Floods are categorized based on their source (such as rivers, rain, or coastal flooding), speed of onset, and geographical scope. Areas at high risk of flooding include coastlines, waterways, low-lying terrain, and urban centers. The document outlines signs that a flood may occur like heavy rain, high winds, or rising water levels.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. Wildfire Response and Recovery
Part 2:
How to select appropriate
suppression tactics at wildfires
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
Natural Disasters
2
3. This is the second part of the module on wildfire response and recovery
and will explain how to select appropriate suppression tactics. The
module will explain:
• Direct attack
• Indirect attack
• Aerial attack
• Using flame length as a guide
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
4. The main types of suppression tactics that can be used at a wildfire
incident are:
Suppression plans for an individual incident may need to include a
combination of some, or all, of the above.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
Natural Disasters
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DIRECT ATTACK INDIRECT ATTACK AERIAL ATTACK
Suppression tactics
5. The main types of suppression tactics that can be used at a wildfire
incident are:
Suppression plans for an individual incident may need to include a
combination of some, or all, of the above.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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DIRECT ATTACK INDIRECT ATTACK AERIAL ATTACK
Each of these types of attack will now be
explained in turn.
Suppression tactics
6. e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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DIRECT ATTACK
Suppression tactics
7. Direct attack is where personnel and resources
work at, or very close to, the burning edge of the
fire.
During direct attack, firefighters attack the fire
aggressively by using hand tools and beaters and/or
by applying water and/or retardants.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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DIRECT ATTACK
Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)
Suppression tactics
8. Direct attack using hand tools, beaters and
knapsack sprayers can be a very successful
suppression tactic when deployed against
fires of low or moderate intensities (flame
lengths up to 1.5 metres). An effective tactic
can sometimes be the deployment of
firefighters working in small teams using
knapsack sprayers to reduce the intensity of
the flames and beaters to smother and
extinguish the flames (as pictured on the
right)
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
9. e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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IMPORTANT: If flame
lengths are longer than
1.5 metres then direct
attack using hand tools is
not safe. Personnel should
relocate to safety zone if
this situation should arise
during direct attack.
Suppression tactics
10. Direct attack can be applied on different parts of the wildfire. The part
of the fire that is being attacked is used to define the specific type of
attack:
• Flank attack
• Head attack
• Tail attack
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
11. Direct attack can be applied on different parts of the wildfire. The part
of the fire that is being attacked is used to define the specific type of
attack:
• Flank attack
• Head attack
• Tail attack
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
Natural Disasters
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Flank attack, head attack
and tail attack will now be
explained in turn…
Suppression tactics
12. Flank attack:
Attacking the fire along the flank
or both flanks simultaneously,
usually moving from the tail
towards the head.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
13. Head attack:
Attacking the head of the fire.
This attack method is usually
only successful on lower
intensity fires and when the
flanks of the fire have already
been extinguished. This type of
attack will be dangerous on
moderate to high intensity fires.
Crews should never be deployed
in front of the fire and/or in
unburned fuel.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
14. Tail attack:
Attacking the tail of the fire. A
tail attack may sometimes be
accompanied by a flank attack,
with direct attack crews starting
at the tail and moving along the
flanks.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
15. Remember to keep to the black area!
When using any direct attack tactic,
personnel should always approach and
attack the fire from the rear and, where
possible, from the black area. The black area
is the area that has already been burned by
the wildfire
This approach prevents personnel from
being deployed in unburnt fuel in front of an
advancing fire, which can be extremely
hazardous.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
Suppression tactics
16. e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
Natural Disasters
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INDIRECT ATTACK
Suppression tactics
17. Indirect attack is where personnel and resources complete suppression
activities some distance away from the fire front. This type of attack can
be used on flames of any length, but it is often used for high and
extreme intensity fires where it is not safe to use direct attack.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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INDIRECT ATTACK
Suppression tactics
18. Indirect attack methods include:
• Using existing firebreaks or fuel breaks as control lines
• Creating new control lines
• Controlled burning
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
19. Indirect attack methods include:
• Using existing firebreaks or fuel breaks as control lines
• Creating new control lines
• Controlled burning
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
Control lines, firebreaks, fuel breaks and controlled burning will now be
explained in more detail…
20. Control lines
Control lines are constructed or
natural barriers, including treated
fire edges, which are used to
control a fire. They can be
constructed manually,
mechanically or by applying water
or retardants (which are called
wet lines).
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Source: Junta de Castilla y Leon (Spain)
Here is an example of a control line being used
to control a fire…
Suppression tactics
21. e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
Here are some examples of manual construction of controls lines…
…using hand tools to remove heather …and using an excavator
Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)
Suppression tactics
22. e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Here are some examples of the construction of wet lines…
…using a tractor and slurry tank along a
forest track
…and using aircraft to drop retardent
Suppression tactics
Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)Source: Frederiksborg Fire and Rescue Service (Denmark)
23. When constructing control lines,
it is vital that the rate of
firespread is taken into account
so that there is sufficient time for
personnel to construct the
control line and leave the area
before the fire arrives.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)
24. Firebreak
Firebreaks are areas where there is a
change or discontinuity in fuel that
will reduce the likelihood of
combustion, fire intensity and/or the
rate of firespread.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)
Suppression tactics
25. Fuel break
Fuel breaks are areas where
vegetation and all other
combustible materials have been
removed to expose the mineral
soil.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Source: Junta de Castilla y Leon (Spain)
Suppression tactics
26. Important points about safety distances for using hand tools
Hand tools can be used for both direct and indirect attack. Most hand tools have the
potential to cause harm to personnel, so it is vitally important that personnel receive
appropriate training in how to use and maintain their hand tools.
If personnel are tasked with using hand tools, particularly edged tools such as
pulaskis or rake hoes, care should be taken to ensure that adequate space between
personnel is maintained. This helps to prevent injuries.
The spacing required to maintain safety will depend on the type of tool in use and
the task being undertaken and individual risk assessments should be completed for
each tool.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
27. However, a general rule of thumb is that the minimum working
distance for swinging tools is twice the length of the tool plus the length
of the arm, or approximately 3 metres.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
Minimum working distance is approximately 3 metres
28. Further information on control line construction can be found within:
• Scottish Government’s (2013) Fire and Rescue Service Wildfire
Operational Guidance
• NWCG Training Module on Suppression, Communication, and Mop-
up
The video on the following page may also be useful.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Further information on Control Line Construction
Suppression tactics
29. Controlled burning
Controlled burning involves lighting controlled fires in front of an advancing fire in
order to assist in the suppression of the fire.
Controlled burns may be used for a number of purposes, including to:
• Widen any existing control lines
• Create new control lines
• Burn out fuel ahead of the advancing fire
• Alter fire behaviour
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
30. e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
Here are some examples of controlled burns…
…and in Northumberland (UK)…in Castilla y Leon (Spain)
Suppression tactics
Source: Junta de Castilla y Leon (Spain)
31. To carry out controlled burns, the following specialist personnel will be
required:
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Suppression tactics
Name of role Responsibilities
Burn Supervisor* A specialist with overall responsibility for managing the controlled burn. The burn supervisor should also
have some more specific responsibilities such as:
- Completing a risk assessment
- Implementing an appropriate safety protocol (i.e. LACES)
- Developing a burn plan
- Monitoring the burn plan and all personnel during the operation
Burners Specialists that are trained to use burners and to carry out controlled burns. They should be able to
complete test burns, assess and monitor fire behaviour and fire spread, continually monitor their safety and
the safety of others and adjust ignition patterns to achieve the desired flame length and rate of spread.
*Also sometimes referred to as a burn boss.
32. An appropriate holding team is also an essential requirement for all
controlled burns.
The holding team should include a number of personnel that are
tasked with securing the burn site and from preventing the fire
spreading outside the burn site. The number of personnel required will
depend on the size and complexity of the burn and the equipment
available for their use.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
33. This image shows a
controlled burn taking place
personnel performing the
required roles for controlled
burning
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
Suppression tactics
34. This image shows a
controlled burn taking place
personnel performing the
required roles for controlled
burning
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
Natural Disasters
35
Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
Burn supervisor
Suppression tactics
35. This image shows a
controlled burn taking place
personnel performing the
required roles for controlled
burning
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
Natural Disasters
36
Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
Suppression tactics
36. This image shows a
controlled burn taking place
personnel performing the
required roles for controlled
burning
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
Natural Disasters
37
Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
Burner
Suppression tactics
37. This image shows a
controlled burn taking place
personnel performing the
required roles for controlled
burning
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
Natural Disasters
38
Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
Suppression tactics
38. This image shows a
controlled burn taking place
personnel performing the
required roles for controlled
burning
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
Natural Disasters
39
Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
Members of a
holding team
Suppression tactics
39. There are two distinct types of controlled burns, each of which has its
own benefits and limitations:
• Offensive burning
• Defensive burning
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
Drip torches
are an
important tool
for controlled
burns…
Source: Junta de Castilla y Leon (Spain)
40. Defensive burning
Lighting a controlled fire to remove fuel in front of an advancing fire,
and extinguishing the controlled fire before the wildfire arrives. This
method is normally applied some distance from the fire front and
should be planned in good time.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
41. Offensive burning
Lighting a controlled fire and allowing it to burn into the approaching fire
front.
Offensive burns may be used for a number of reasons, including:
• To reduce fire intensity and the likelihood of spot fires
• To defend a control line, burning out fuel between the control line and
the advancing fire and ensuring the two fires meet some distance away
from the control line. This reduces the likelihood of spot fires breaching
the control line.
Offensive burning is a higher risk strategy that requires careful planning.
e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Suppression tactics
42. Suitable control mechanisms are required to ensure that controlled burns
(both offensive and defensive) are used safely and appropriately at wildfire
incidents.
These control mechanisms should include the following:
• Controlled burns are carefully planned
• Controlled burns are only carried out by personnel that have received
appropriate training and have the relevant experience
• Excellent communications are established between the Incident Commander
and the burning team
• An appropriate holding team is in position prior to commencing the burn
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Suppression tactics
43. If controlled burns are to be considered as a potential suppression tactic for
wildfires, Fire and Rescue Services and those involved in suppressing wildfires
should develop appropriate Standard Operating Procedures that outline the
process and procedure for carrying out controlled burns. This will require
further research and investigation.
One source of further information is:
• Section 8B of the Scottish Government’s (2013) Fire and Rescue Service
Wildfire Operational Guidance
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Suppression tactics
Further information on Controlled Burning
44. It is also useful to look at Standard Operating Procedures and processes
that have been developed for controlled burning by other organisations.
Click here to view an example procedure for Controlled Burning from
Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service in the UK
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Further information on Controlled Burning
Suppression tactics
45. Parallel attack
Parallel attack is a specific type of indirect attack where control
lines are created along the flanks of the fire towards and around the
head of the fire. This suppression method is usually most effective
when performed using appropriate vehicles, such as tractors
pulling swipes or flails, or bulldozers.
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Suppression tactics
46. e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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AERIAL ATTACK
Suppression tactics
47. Aerial attack is the use of aircraft for direct or indirect attack:
• Direct aerial attack involves aircraft dropping water or fire retardants
onto the burning area
• Indirect aerial attack involves aircraft dropping water or fire
retardants in front of the burning area to form control lines or to
strengthen existing control lines
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AERIAL ATTACK
Suppression tactics
48. e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)
Suppression tactics
49. Aircraft and unmanned aircraft may also be used to support other tasks
or activities at wildfires:
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• Aerial reconnaissance of the
incident
• Moving personnel and
equipment to, or around, the
incident ground
Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)
Suppression tactics
50. Aircraft can be used effectively to provide access to remote and otherwise
inaccessible areas.
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Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain) Source: Northumberland Fire and
Rescue Service (UK)
Source: Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency
Suppression tactics
51. At some wildfire incidents, the early deployment of aircraft may prevent a small
wildfire from developing into a much larger, more costly, and more destructive fire.
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Source: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (UK)
Suppression tactics
52. While deploying aircraft may bring many benefits, fire and rescue services should
also be aware that a number of factors will limit the effectiveness of aircraft at
wildfire incidents and/or can present significant hazards to the aircraft, and to
personnel on the ground, such as:
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Suppression tactics
53. While deploying aircraft may bring many benefits, fire and rescue services should
also be aware that a number of factors will limit the effectiveness of aircraft at
wildfire incidents and/or can present significant hazards to the aircraft, and to
personnel on the ground, such as:
• The terrain – steep slopes and mountainous areas make low-flying operations
more complex and hazardous
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Suppression tactics
54. While deploying aircraft may bring many benefits, fire and rescue services should
also be aware that a number of factors will limit the effectiveness of aircraft at
wildfire incidents and/or can present significant hazards to the aircraft, and to
personnel on the ground, such as:
• The terrain – steep slopes and mountainous areas make low-flying operations
more complex and hazardous
• Man-made structures – such as power lines and communication masts, can make
flying conditions and water/retardant dropping hazardous
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Suppression tactics
55. While deploying aircraft may bring many benefits, fire and rescue services should
also be aware that a number of factors will limit the effectiveness of aircraft at
wildfire incidents and/or can present significant hazards to the aircraft, and to
personnel on the ground, such as:
• The terrain – steep slopes and mountainous areas make low-flying operations
more complex and hazardous
• Man-made structures – such as power lines and communication masts, can make
flying conditions and water/retardant dropping hazardous
• Weather conditions – high winds may make flying conditions dangerous and/or
may influence the accuracy of water and retardant drops
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Suppression tactics
56. While deploying aircraft may bring many benefits, fire and rescue services should
also be aware that a number of factors will limit the effectiveness of aircraft at
wildfire incidents and/or can present significant hazards to the aircraft, and to
personnel on the ground, such as:
• The terrain – steep slopes and mountainous areas make low-flying operations
more complex and hazardous
• Man-made structures – such as power lines and communication masts, can make
flying conditions and water/retardant dropping hazardous
• Weather conditions – high winds may make flying conditions dangerous and/or
may influence the accuracy of water and retardant drops
• Smoke and darkness – some aircraft cannot fly at night or during very reduced
visibility
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Suppression tactics
57. Other factors limiting the effectiveness of aircraft can include:
• Vegetation – vegetation may prevent water or retardant drops from reaching the
intended location on the ground or fire
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Suppression tactics
58. Other factors limiting the effectiveness of aircraft can include:
• Vegetation – vegetation may prevent water or retardant drops from reaching the
intended location on the ground or fire
• Turnaround times for refilling aircraft with water/retardant and fuel may be
lengthy
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Suppression tactics
59. Other factors limiting the effectiveness of aircraft can include:
• Vegetation – vegetation may prevent water or retardant drops from reaching the
intended location on the ground or fire
• Turnaround times for refilling aircraft with water/retardant and fuel may be
lengthy
• Delayed attendance times of requested aircraft may lead to an escalation of the
incident, or other changes in the situation prior to their arrival at the incident
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Suppression tactics
60. Other factors limiting the effectiveness of aircraft can include:
• Vegetation – vegetation may prevent water or retardant drops from reaching the
intended location on the ground or fire
• Turnaround times for refilling aircraft with water/retardant and fuel may be
lengthy
• Delayed attendance times of requested aircraft may lead to an escalation of the
incident, or other changes in the situation prior to their arrival at the incident
• Flying debris and downwash – all helicopters produce rotor downwash, which
can cause flying debris and affect the rate of firespread
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Suppression tactics
61. Other factors limiting the effectiveness of aircraft can include:
• Vegetation – vegetation may prevent water or retardant drops from reaching the
intended location on the ground or fire
• Turnaround times for refilling aircraft with water/retardant and fuel may be
lengthy
• Delayed attendance times of requested aircraft may lead to an escalation of the
incident, or other changes in the situation prior to their arrival at the incident
• Flying debris and downwash – all helicopters produce rotor downwash, which
can cause flying debris and affect the rate of firespread
• Animal behaviour – the presence of aircraft may affect the behaviour of wild or
domestic animals in the area
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Suppression tactics
62. When deploying aerial resources to attack a fire or to provide
reconnaissance, coordination between ground and aerial resources is
vitally important for:
• Maintaining safety of all personnel and members of the public
• Ensuring effective and efficient actions to suppress the fire
Aerial resources are only effective if there is close coordination and joint
working wit ground resources.
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Suppression tactics
63. In order to establish close and effective
coordination between aerial and ground
resources, Incident Commanders should:
• Create an aerial sector
• Appoint an officer as aerial sector commander
• Provide ground support to the aerial sector
• Establish effective communications between the
aerial and ground sectors
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Suppression tactics
Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)
64. It is recommended that aerial sector commanders are given
responsibility for:
• Liaising with aircraft
• Relaying information from aircraft to the Incident Commander and
vice versa
• Briefing pilots and aircraft operators on their mission, objectives and
any hazards found at the incident location
• Provide regular briefings to the Incident Commander, pilots and
ground resources providing support to the aerial sector
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Suppression tactics
65. Aerial sector commanders should
also provide regular briefings to:
• Incident Commander
• Pilots and operators
• Ground resources providing
support to the aerial sector
• Personnel from all responding
agencies
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Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)
Suppression tactics
66. Take off and landing areas
Take off and landing areas (TOLAs) for helicopters and other aircraft also need to be carefully
planned and managed.. There are a number of important considerations for TOLAS including:
• The landing area must be large enough to accommodate all aircraft that may need to use it
• The landing area should be on level ground that is dry and firm
• The surface of the landing area should be compact – sandy and gritty soil types should be avoided
• Whenever possible, the approach to the take-off and landing site should be free of flight hazards
such as high vegetation, overhead pylons and/or other man-made structures. Also, helicopters
prefer to land into the wind
• All debris should be cleared from the surrounding area, to reduce the likelihood of flying debris
that may cause injury to ground personnel or damage
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Suppression tactics
67. Other important considerations for TOLAs include:
• Vehicles should be parked a sufficient distance away from the
take-off and landing area
• Where possible, the site should be located near to a road or track
as this will assist in the provision of fuel and other essentials
• Firefighting equipment should be made ready but should be kept
outside of the take-off and landing area
• Where possible, the take-off and landing area should be close to a
water supply that can be used to replenish the aircraft’s
firefighting systems
• The location of the take-off and landing area should be provided
in the form of a grid reference to pilots and other personnel
• Cones and tape should not be used to mark or cordon off the take-
off and landing area, as these can represent a significant hazard to
aircraft
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Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)
Suppression tactics
68. If aircraft are to be used at wildfire
incidents, firefighters should be
given specific training.
For example, firefighters need to be
trained in the correct way to
approach a helicopter at a landing
area
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Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)
Suppression tactics
69. e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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USING FLAME LENGTH AS A
GUIDE FOR SELECTING
SUPPRESSION TACTICS
Suppression tactics
70. We have now summarised the different types of
suppression tactics that can be used.
In summary, direct attack, indirect attack and aerial
attack all have their own advantages and disadvantages in
different circumstances. They also bring with them their
own specific hazards which need to be identified,
controlled and mitigated to ensure personnel are kept
safe.
To assist Incident Commanders in selecting the most
appropriate suppression tactics at wildfire incidents, some
fire and rescue services use flame length as a guide.
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An example of a guide
for selecting wildfire
suppression tactics
using flame length is
now provided.
Suppression tactics
71. e-Learning for the Prevention, Preparedness and Response to
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Fire intensity Flame length Tactic Primary suppression methods
Low 0 to 0.5 metres Direct attack Using hand tools
Applying water using knapsack sprayers
Applying water using pressurised water systems
Moderate 0.5 to 1.5 metres Direct attack Using hand tools supported by knapsack sprayers to reduce fire intensity
Applying water using pressurised water systems
High 1.5 to 3.5 metres Direct attack Applying water using pressurised water systems
Using aerial operations
Indirect attack Using control lines
Making a parallel attack
Applying retardants along control lines
Defensive and offensive use of fire
Using aerial operations
Extreme More than 3.5
metres
Direct attack Using aerial operations
Indirect attack Using control lines
Defensive and offensive use of fire
Using aerial operations
Using Flame
Length and
Fire Intensity
as a Guide
for Selecting
Suppression
Tactics at
Wildfires
Suppression tactics
72. Remember – even a small fire can be
dangerous and can cause injuries and
fatalities. Never let your guard down.
Always be prepared for changes.
The videos on the following pages provide
an important reminder of why it is
important to remember that all wildfires
have the potential to be dangerous and
destructive. Remember - all wildfires start
as very small fires!
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Suppression tactics
73. We hope you enjoyed this
part of the module!
Please visit the next part
which covers the recovery
phase of a wildfire incident.
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End of Wildfire Response and
Recovery : Part 2
Source: Junta de Andalucia (Spain)
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Response to Natural Disasters) with the support of the Erasmus+ programme.
Unless otherwise stated, this educational resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
License. It is attributed to the partners of the e-PPR project. Further information can be found at www.e-ppr.eu
The authors are committed to respecting the intellectual property rights of others, and have taken all reasonable efforts to ensure that
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