This document discusses probability and the Python programming language. It defines probability as the percentage of possibility and describes probability terms like sample space, sample point, experiment, outcome, and event. It presents the probability formula and explains theoretical, experimental, and axiomatic probabilities. Examples of calculating probabilities are shown. The document also lists some applications of probability and defines Python as an interpreted, object-oriented programming language. It describes advantages of Python like being high-level, having built-in data structures, supporting modules and packages, using dynamic typing and binding, and being easy to use. Finally, it provides an example Python program to simulate coin tosses.

1. A
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DEPARTMENT OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
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BBILT
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2. TOPIC: Probability and Python

3. WHAT IS PROBABILITY?
Probability means percentage of possibility.
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PROBABILITY TREE DIAGRAM

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PROBABILITY TERMS AND DEFINITION
COMPETITORS
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
SAMPLE SPACE
The set of all the possible outcomes to
occur in any trial.
1. Tossing a coin, Sample Space(S)= {H,T}
1. Rolling a die, Sample Space(S)=
{1,2,3,4,5,6}
SAMPLE POINT It is one of the possible results
In a deck of cards:
1. 4 of hearts is a sample point
2. The queen of clubs is a point
EXPERIMENT OR
TRIAL
A series of actions where the outcomes are
always uncertain.
The tossing of a coin, Selecting a card from
a deck of cards, throwing a dice.
OUT COME
It is a single outcome of an experiment Getting a Heads while tossing a coin is an
event
Possible results of a trail/experiment Tail is a possible outcome when coin is
tossed.
EVENT

5. 5
PROBABILI Y FORMULA
PROBABILITY
OF AN EVENT
OCCURING
NUMBER OF WAYS
IT CAN OCCUR
TOTAL NUMBER
OF OUTCOMES

6. • THEORETICAL PROBABILITY
TYPES OF PROBABILITIES
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• EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY
The theoretical probability is mainly based on the reasoning behind probability.
• AXIOMATIC PROBABILITY
With the axiomatic approach to probability, the chances of occurrence or non-
occurrence of the events can be quantified
The experimental probability can be calculated based on the number of
possible outcomes by the total number of trials

7. PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
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Assume an event E can occur in r ways out of a sum of n probable or possible equally
likely ways. Then the probability of happening of the event or its success is
expressed as;
P(E) = r/n
The probability that the event will not occur or known as its failure is expressed as:
P(E’) = (n-r)/n = 1-(r/n)
E’ represents that the event will not occur.
Therefore, now we can say;
P(E) + P(E’) = 1
This means that the total of all the probabilities in any random test or experiment is
equal to 1.

8. • Number of ways it can happen: 1 (there is only face with a “4” on it
• Total number of outcome: 6( there are 6 faces altogether
so the probability =1/6
MATHEMATICAL
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2. THERE ARE 5 MARBLES
IN A BAG: 4 ARE BLUE, AND
1 IS RED. WHAT IS THE
PROBABILITY THAT A BLUE
MARBLE GETS PICKED?
• Number of ways it can happen: 4 (there are 4 blues)
• Total number of outcomes: 5 (there are 5 marbles in total
so the probability = 4/5 = 0.8
3. TWO DICE ARE ROLLED
SIMULTANEOUSLY. CALCULATE
THE PROBABILITY OF GETTING
THE SUM OF THE NUMBERS ON
THE TWO DICE IS 6.
1. FIND THE PROBABILITY
OF GETTING 4 ON
ROLLING A DIE
Favourable outcomes = {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2) and (5, 1)}
n(E) = 5
Using, P(A) = n(E) / n(S)
P(Getting sum of numbers on two dice 6) = 5/ 36
SOLUTIONS

9. • It is used for risk assessment and modelling in various
industries
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APPLICATIONS OF PROBABILITY
• Flipping a coin
•Throwing a dice in the air
•Pulling a red ball out of a bucket of red and white ball
Winning a lucky draw
• Weather forecasting or prediction of weather changes
• It is used for risk assessment and modelling in various
industries
• Probability of a team winning in a sport based on players
and strength of team
In the share market, chances of getting the hike of share prices

10. • WHAT IS PYTHON?
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level
programming language with dynamic semantics.
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python
WHY python?
HIGH-LEVEL
BUILT IN
DATA
STRUCTURES
SUPPORTS
MODULES
AND
PACKAGES
DYNAMIC
TYPING AND
DYNAMIC
BINDING
EASY AND
SIMPLE TO
USE

11. a program in python that simulates 100 coin tosses and gives the
total number of tosses with the total number of heads and tails.

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