This document is a student project on probability that covers various probability concepts including: 1. Definitions of probability and examples of probability statements. 2. Types of events such as exhaustive, equally likely, mutually exclusive, dependent, and independent events. 3. Counting techniques used in probability like factorials and permutations. 4. Examples are provided to illustrate different probability concepts and counting techniques.

1. INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOR GIRLS
PROJECT ON
PROBABILITY
By:Anika Agarwal
BBM Sec-C
Sem- IV
ICG/2009/8973

2. PROBABILITY
• The word probability is related with chance of happening
or non happening of an event.
• Ex- “the probability that it will rain today”
- “probability of getting a head or tail by
tossing a
coin.
The credit for origin of probability goes to the European
Gamblers of 17th century. They used to gamble on games
of chances such as throwing a dice, tossing up a coin etc.

3. EVEVNTS
1. EXHAUSTIVE EVENTS
- A : the event of getting 1
B : the event of getting 2
F : the event of getting 6
The six Events "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F" together are called
exhaustive events.
[One of these events will occur whenever the experiment is
conducted.]
2. EQUALLY- LIKELY EVENTS
- In the experiment of tossing a coin:
A : the event of getting a "HEAD" and
B : the event of getting a "TAIL"
Events "A" and "B" are said to be equally likely events
[Both the events have the same chance of occurrence].

4. 5. DEPENDENT EVENT
-A box contains 3 white marbles and 4 black marbles. What is the
probability of drawing 2 black marbles and 1 white marble in
succession without replacement?
On the first draw the probability of drawing a black marble is
p1= 4/7
On the second draw the probability of drawing a black marble is
p2= 3/6= 1/2
On the third draw the probability of drawing a white marble is
p3= 3/5
Therefore, the probability of drawing 2 black marbles and 1 white
marble is
p1*p2*p3= 4/7*1/2*3/5= 6/35

5. 3. MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
- What is the probability of drawing either a king, a queen, or a jack from a deck of playing
cards?
-The individual probabilities are
King- 4/52
Queen- 4/52
Jack- 4/52
Therefore, the probability of success is
P= 4/52+4/52+4/52 = 12/52
= 3/13
4. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
-A card is chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards. It is then replaced and a second
card is chosen. What is the probability of choosing a jack and an eight?
Probabilities:
P(jack) = 4/52
P(8) = 4/52
P(jack and 8) = P(jack) * P(8)
= 4/52* 4/52 = 16/2704 = 1/169

6. TECHNIQUES OF COUNTING
• Counting has its importance in probability
because the chance of occurrence of an event
has to be assessed by counting the results
favorable to the happenings of the event from
amongst all possible results.
• Some of the techniques are:- Factorial
- Permutations

7. FACTORIAL
• A factorial is derived by multiplication. Given any whole
number (not a fraction), the factorial can be found by
multiplying all the whole numbers together from the given
down to one. Here are two examples:
• If three is the given whole number, then three
factorial is 3 x 2 x 1 or 6.
• If six is the given whole number, then six
factorial is 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 or 720.
A factorial is designated by an exclamation point (! ), so a
three factorial would be designated 3!.

8. PERMUTATIONS
• Permutation refers to the different
arrangement of objects in a set where all
elements are different.
• These arrangements are to be done
without repetition of any individual object.
Ex- if we had strips of red, yellow and green
color, we can obtain different flags by
putting them in different ways.

9. Q. How many different ways can a set of four state flags be
arranged?
_
4 _ _ 3 _ _ 2 _ _ 1 _
The first slot has four choices, the next slot has
three choices, the third has two choices and there
is only one choice of a flag for the last slot. We
multiply these together to get 4*3*2*1 = 24
possible different arrangements of the four flags.
This permutation is done without replacement .

10. •
It is represented by the following formulae:
nPr= n!/n!-r!
n= total elements
r= elements selected.
Q. Taking all the letters used in JINDAL, find the
number of different words if:
(a) Every word begins with J; and
(b) None of the words begin with J.

11. (a) There are 6 alphabets and first word should
always be ‘J’.
Remaining 5 words can be written as5p5= 5!=5*4*3*2*1= 120 words.
(b) All the 6 alphabets are different, words can be
formed using all the six alphabets.
6p6= 6!= 6*5*4*3*2*1= 720 words.
- It includes all the words starting from ‘J’.
Therefore, words not starting with ‘J’ are
=720-120= 600 words.

12. • Number of permutations of such items in which
some items are common.
The formula used is:n!/p!q!r!
Q. How many permutations can be made out of
letters of the word ‘AGGRAWAL’?
There are eight letters in this word and G is
repeated twice and A is repeated thrice.

13. The formula will be:n!/p!q!
Where: n=8; p=2; q=3
8!/2!/3!= 8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1/(2*1) (3*2*1)
3360 ways (Ans).

14. THANK YOU..!