The basics about Life processes are discussed in these slides

1. LIFE PROCESSES-I
CHAPTER-6

2. INTRODUCTION

3. LIFE
PROCESSES
Process that occur in living organisms which are
essential for metabolism, maintenance and to sustain
life.
Some of the important Life processes include
Nutrition
Respiration
Transportation
Excretion.
How do you differentiate between Living and Non-living organism.

4. Characteristics
of Living
Organisms
 Ability to Move
 Ability to Grow
 Ability to Reproduce
 Ability to Breath/Respire/Gaseous exchange
 Ability to Transport.
 Ability to Excrete.

5. NUTRITION

6. NUTRITION
 The process by which organisms can either synthesize their own
energy rich compounds or consume energy rich compounds in order
to obtain energy.
 Nutrition is subdivided into
Autotrophic Nutrition
(Auto-Self, trophic-nourishment)
Kind of Nutrition in which organisms can prepare their own
food. Ex:- Green Plants.
Heterotrophic Nutrition
(Hetero-Others, trophic-nourishment)
Kind of Nutrition in which organism do not possess the ability to
synthesize their own food. They depend on autotrophs for their
food supply directly or indirectly. Ex:- Animals. Fungi

7. AUTOTROPHIC
NUTRITION

8. AUTOTROPHIC
NUTRITION
 Autotrophs : The organisms which can make their own food are called
autotrophs (green plants).

Photosynthesis : The process by which green plants make their own
food with the help of CO2 and H2O in the presence of chlorophyll and
sunlight is also called photosynthesis.

Raw Materials for Photosynthesis :
CO2
H2O
SUNLIGHT
CHLOROPHYLL

Site of Photosynthesis : Chloroplast in the leaf. Chloroplast contain
chlorophyll. (green pigment).

9. Roots : No photosynthesis
Chloroplast absent
Young stem:
photosynthesis takes place
Leaves:
Major site of photosynthesis
SITE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
IN PLANTS

10. Leaf: Anatomical adaptation of photosynthesis
LEAF :
ANATOMICAL
ADAPTATION FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

11. Description Number and name of
the part
They are transparent to let light through to
the cells below.
2. Epidermis
Closely packed cells with lots of
chloroplast.
3. Palisade tissue
Cells with intercellular spaces allow gases
to diffuse between stomata and palisade
cells
4. Spongy tissue
Prevents water loss by transpiration. 1. Cuticle
Helps in transport of product of
photosynthesis.
6. Phloem
Cells change their shape to open and close
the stomata.
8. Guard cells
Tiny holes on the surface of leaf for gaseous
exchange.
9. Stomata
ROLE OF EACH
PARTS IN
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

12. PHOTOSYNTHETIC
APPARATUS

13. THE
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
ORGANELLE
Plant Cells
have Green
Chloroplasts
The thylakoid
membrane of the
chloroplast is
impregnated with
photosynthetic
pigments (i.e.,
chlorophylls, carotenoids).

14. Palisade cell
Photosynthesis occurs
insideChloroplasts
Guard cell and epidermal cell
difference
Role of intercellular spaces in
spongy cells

15. LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLLCELL
LEAF
Chloroplast
Mesophyll
CHLOROPLAST
StromaGrana
Thylakoid
compartmentThylakoidStroma
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane
Granum
CHLOROPLASTS

16. PIGMENTS
 Chloroplasts contain several pigments
 Chlorophyll a
 Chlorophyll b
 Carotenoids

17.  Chloroplasts
 Location - Chloroplasts are the small disc-like/oval plastids/ cell
organelles present in the green parts of plants.
 Membranes – double membrane (outer and inner)
 Stroma – Liquid matrix containing grana
 Grana – Stack of Thylakoids carrying pigments chlorophylls
 Stroma lamellae/Fret – Grana are joined by fret
 Pigments – Helps in harvesting light
 Starch – stored food.
CHLOROPLASTs
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane
Thylakoid
compartmentThylakoidStroma
Granum

18. How to draw chloroplast…..?
ULTRA STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST
Which part of chloroplast give the different colours to leaf …..?

19. GASEOUS
EXCHANGE

20. GASEOUS
EXCHANGE
THROUGH
STOMATA

21. STEPS IN
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

22. STEPS IN
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of
water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates

23. EQUATION FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

24. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
The reaction of photosynthesis can be represented by the
following equation:
CO2
H2O C6H12O6 O2+ +
Is this a balanced equation?
How would you balance the equation?
6 12 6
light energy
chlorophyll
carbon
dioxide + water oxygen+glucose
light energy
chlorophyll
What is the equation for this reaction?
6 H2O+
WHAT IS THE
EQUATION FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

25. HETEROTROPHIC
NUTRITION

26. HETEROTROPHIC
NUTRITION
 Kind of nutrition of which organisms do not possess the ability to
synthesize their own food. They depend on autotrophs for their food
supply directly or indirectly. Eg. Animals, Fungi
 It is further subdivided into
HETEROTROPHIC
NUTRITION
SAPROPHYTIC
PARASITIC
HOLOZOIC

27. SAPROHYTIC
& PARASITIC
NUTRITION
 SAPHROPHYTIC : Organisms feed on dead decaying plants or
animal materials. Ex:- Fungi, Bacteria.
 PARASITIC : Organisms obtain food from the body of another
living (host).
 ENDOPARASITE : Parasite lives inside the body of the host, eg:-
Tapeworm, Round worm, etc
 EXOPARASITE : Parasite lives on the body of the host, eg:- Lice,
Leech.

28. HOLOZOIC
NUTRITION
 HOLOZOIC : Organism (mostly animals) take in the whole food
and then digest it into smaller particles with enzyme. Ex:- Amoeba,
Paramoecium, Animals, Birds, Humans etc.
 Steps in Holozoic Nutrition
 Ingestion : Taking in of food.
 Digestion : Breaking down of complex food into simpler,
absorbable form.
 Assimilation : Utilization of digested food from the body.
 Egestion : Removing undigested food from the body.

29. NUTRITION
IN AMOEBA

30. NUTRITION IN
HUMANS

31. SCHEMATICS
OF
DIGESTION
PROCESS

32. CHEMICAL
DIGESTION
PROCESS

33. ABSORPTION
IN
INSTESTINE
(VILLI:-INCREASETHESURFACE
AREAOFABSORPTION)

34. SUMMARY
 NUTRITION
AUTOTROPHIC &
HETEROTROPHIC
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS : PROCESS BYWHICH AUTOTROPHS
SYNTHESIZETHEIR OWN ENERGY RICH COMPOUNDS.
 RAW MATERIALSOF PHOTOSYNTHESIS INCLUDE
CO2
H2O
CHLOROPHYLL
SUNLIGHT
 HETEROTROPHSARE ORGANIMSTHAT ARE UNABLETO
SYNTHESIZETHEIR OWN ENERGY RICH COMPOUNDSAND
INTURN DEPENDONAUTOTROPHS.
 DIGESTION IN HIGHER ORGANISMS INVOVLEDTHE BREAK
DOWN OF COMPLEX SUBSTANCES INTO SIMPLER SUBTANCE.

35. THANK YOU