Laparoscopic surgery, also known as minimally invasive surgery, uses small incisions and long thin instruments inserted through the abdomen to see inside and operate. Key elements include an insufflator to inflate the abdomen with carbon dioxide for better visibility, fiber optic cables and cameras for magnified viewing on monitors, and trocars or cannulas to insert instruments. Benefits over open surgery include less pain, smaller scars, faster recovery times, and better quality of life for patients. While initially developed in the early 1900s, laparoscopic procedures grew in the late 20th century with improved instrumentation and the adoption of the approach in various surgical specialties.

1. Laparoscopic surgery –
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) usually 0.5–1.5 cm
surgery makes use of images displayed on TV monitors to magnify
the surgical elements
New Option for Surgical Operations!.. Less pain, Fast recovery and
Better quality of life

2. Minimally invasive surgery is used to operate on
many areas of the body including the heart,
colon, hip, knee, shoulder, and brain..
Benefits of MIS include less pain and trauma, reduced blood
loss, and smaller surgical scars.

4. The key element in laparoscopic surgery

8. insufflator

9. fiber optic
Light source halogen or xenon

11. video camera

12. telescopic rod lens system

14. 5 mm or 10 mm cannula or trocar

20. The abdomen is usually insufflated, or essentially
blown up like a balloon, with carbon dioxide gas
CO2 is used because it is common to the human body and can be
absorbed by tissue and removed by the respiratory system.
It is also non-flammable, which is important because
electrosurgical devices are commonly used in laparoscopic
procedures

21. In 1902, Georg Kelling, of Dresden, Germany, performed the first
laparoscopic procedure in dogs and in 1910,
Hans Christian Jacobaeus, of Sweden, reported the first
laparoscopic operation in humans
The first publication on diagnostic laparoscopy by Raoul Palmer
appeared in the early 1950s, followed by the publication of
Frangenheim and Semm. Hans Lindermann and Kurt Semm practised
CO2 hysteroscopy during the mid-1970s.

22. In 1972, Clarke invented, published, patented, presented, and recorded
on film laparoscopic surgery, with instruments marketed by the Ven
Instrument Company of Buffalo, New York, USA.[4
In 1975, Tarasconi, from the Department of Ob-Gyn of the University
of Passo Fundo Medical School (Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil), started his
experience with organ resection by laparoscopy (Salpingectomy), first
reported in the Third AAGL Meeting.
November 1976 and later published in The Journal of Reproductive
Medicine in 1981.[5] This laparoscopic surgical procedure was the first
laparoscopic organ resection reported in medical literature

23. In 1981, Semm, from the gynecological clinic of Kiel University,
Germany, performed the first laparoscopic appendectomy..
Following his lecture on laparoscopic appendectomy, the president of
the German Surgical Society wrote to the Board of Directors of the
German Gynecological Society suggesting suspension of Semm from
medical practice

24. Semm published over 1000 papers in various journals.[4] He also
produced over 30 endoscopic films and more than 20,000
colored slides to teach and inform interested colleagues about
his technique
In 1985, he constructed the pelvi-trainer = laparo-trainer, a
practical surgical model whereby colleagues could practice
laparoscopic techniques

25. The introduction in 1990 of a laparoscopic
clip applier with twenty automatically
advancing clips (rather than a single load
clip applier that would have to be taken out,
reloaded and reintroduced for each clip
application) made general surgeons more
comfortable with making the leap to
laparoscopic cholecystectomies (gall bladder
removal). On the other hand, some surgeons
continue to use the single clip appliers as
they save as much as $200 per case for the
patient, detract nothing from the quality of
the clip ligation, and add only seconds to
case lengths.

26. The introduction in 1990 of a laparoscopic clip applier with twenty
automatically advancing clips (rather than a single load clip applier that
would have to be taken out, reloaded and reintroduced for each clip
application) made general surgeons more comfortable with making the
leap to laparoscopic cholecystectomies
Conceptually, the laparoscopic approach is intended to minimise
post-operative pain and speed up recovery times, while maintaining
an enhanced visual field for surgeons

27. Due to improved patient outcomes, in the last two decades, laparoscopic
surgery has been adopted by various surgical sub-specialties including
gastrointestinal surgery (including bariatric procedures for morbidobesity),
gynecologic surgery and urology.
Based on numerous prospective randomized controlled trials, the approach
has proven to be beneficial in reducing post-operative morbidities such as
wound infections and incisional hernias (especially in morbidly obese
patients), and is now deemed safe when applied to surgery for cancers such
as cancer of colon.

28. In recent years, electronic tools have been developed to aid surgeons.
Some of the features include:
Visual magnification — use of a large viewing screen improves
visibility
Stabilization — Electromechanical damping of vibrations, due to
machinery or shaky human hands
Simulators — use of specialized virtual reality training tools to improve
physicians' proficiency in surgery [26]
Reduced number of incisions

29. Robotic surgery, computer-assisted surgery, and robotically-
assisted surgery are terms for technological developments that
use robotic systems to aid in surgical procedures. Robotically-
assisted surgery was developed to overcome the limitations of
minimally-invasive surgery and to enhance the capabilities of
surgeons performing open surgery

30. In the case of robotically-assisted minimally-invasive surgery, instead of
directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of five methods to
control the instruments; either a direct telemanipulator or through
computer control. A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that allows
the surgeon to perform the normal movements associated with the
surgery whilst the robotic arms carry out those movements using end-
effectors and manipulators to perform the actual surgery on the patient

31. A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that allows the
surgeon to perform the normal movements associated with the
surgery whilst the robotic arms carry out those movements
using end-effectors and manipulators to perform the actual
surgery on the patient. In computer-controlled systems the
surgeon uses a computer to control the robotic arms and its
end-effectors, though these systems can also still use
telemanipulators for their input

39. Thank you!