PRIMARY AND SECONDARY.pptx
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Standards are used to determine the concentration of unknown substances. Primary standards are highly pure, stable chemicals that serve as the original reference material. Secondary standards have lower purity than primary standards but can be used by smaller labs after being standardized against a primary standard, serving as an external quality control. Primary standards are the original calibrators due to their high purity, stability, and other ideal properties.
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Primary and secondary standards
The document discusses primary and secondary standards used in volumetric analysis. It defines primary standards as highly pure, stable chemicals that can be weighed easily and used directly for standardization. Secondary standards have lower purity and stability than primary standards but can be used indirectly after standardization against a primary standard. Common primary standards mentioned include potassium hydrogen phthalate and anhydrous sodium carbonate. Secondary standards discussed include sodium hydroxide solutions, which are standardized against primary acids due to their hygroscopic nature. The key requirements for a chemical to be used as a primary standard are that it is pure, stable, non-hygroscopic, and has a high molecular weight.
primary and secondary standards.pptx
This document discusses primary and secondary standards used in pharmaceutical analysis. It defines a primary standard as a highly pure reagent or chemical used to prepare standard solutions of known concentration that do not require further standardization. Primary standards should be stable, pure, and soluble. Secondary standards are substances whose concentration has been determined by comparison to a primary standard. Secondary standards have less purity and stability than primary standards but their solutions remain stable for long periods of time. The document provides examples of properties primary and secondary standards should possess.
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Primary standards are very pure substances used to determine unknown concentrations, typically through titration. They are stable, anhydrous, and have a high molecular weight. Common primary standards include sodium carbonate, potassium hydrogenphthalate, and pure metals.
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This document discusses primary and secondary standards used in pharmaceutical analysis. It defines a primary standard as a highly pure reagent or chemical used to prepare standard solutions of known concentration that do not require further standardization. Primary standards should be stable, pure, and soluble. Secondary standards are substances whose concentration has been determined by comparison to a primary standard. Secondary standards have less purity and stability than primary standards but their solutions remain stable for long periods of time. The document provides examples of properties primary and secondary standards should possess.
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- 2. STANDARDS standard means a material containing a substance of our interest with a known concentration. By using this standard we can find out the concentration of that substance in a new material. Therefore, primary standard serves the purpose of being the primary calibrator or primary reference material.
- 3. 1. Functions Therefore, standard has the following uses in Biochemistry lab (a) To provide a reference using which we can determine unknown concentration (b) To standardize volumetric solutions (c) Preparation of secondary standard (d) To calibrate an instrument. 2. Types Standards can be divided into two types: 1. Primary standard 2. Secondary standard
- 4. Primary standard From the name itself it is obvious that this is a standard which comes first. That’s why the name is primary. A primary standard is a chemical or reagent which has certain properties such as (a) It is extremely pure, (b) Highly stable (c) It is anhydrous (d) It is less hygroscopic (e) Has very high molecular weight (f) Can be weighed easily (g) Should be ready to use and available (h) Should be preferably non toxic (i) Should not be expensive
- 5. A primary standard material should be extremely pure which means that it should be a chemical of high grade of purity, preferably 99.98%. In a chemistry lab you will come across chemicals of different grade of purity. If you check the label you will notice a number with percentage termed as purity. So when a chemical has purity of 99.98% or more it is a suitable material to be considered for primary standard.
- 6. Secondary standard From the name itself it is obvious that this is a standard which comes second. That’s why the name is secondary. A secondary standard is used by standard laboratories such as companies involved in preparation of reagents, kits or laboratories responsible for producing quality control material for other labs. They use primary standard as the primary calibrator or primary reference material. Secondary standard in turn is used for the purpose of calibration of control material in smaller lab for analysis of unknown concentration of a substance. So basically, secondary standard serves the purpose of external quality control for smaller labs. This makes it essential that the secondary standard must first be standardized against the primary standard.
- 7. A secondary standard is a chemical or reagent which has certain properties such as (a) It has less purity than primary standard (b) Less stable and more reactive than primary standard (c) But its solution remains stable for a long time (d) Titrated against primary standard