Solar panels, wind turbines, solar water heaters, solar cookers, smart thermostats, and energy efficient lighting can be installed in homes to reduce carbon footprint and electricity bills. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, wind turbines convert wind energy into electricity, and solar water heaters and cookers use sunlight to heat water and cook food. Smart thermostats and energy efficient lighting help lower energy usage and costs. These technologies are renewable, clean energy alternatives that can help households reduce their environmental impact and electricity costs when used for residential power and heating needs.

1. SCIENCE HHW BY
SHAZAN AALMIN 6D

2. THE. LIST OF ITEM THAT CAN BE INSTALLED IN HOME TO
REDUCE CARBON FOOTPRINT AND ELECTRICITY BILL

3. 1. SOLAR PANELS
• solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by using photovoltaic (PV) cells. PV cells are made of materials
that generate electrons when exposed to light. The electrons flow through a circuit and produce direct current (DC) electricity,
which can be used to power various devices or be stored in batteries. Solar panels are also known as solar cell
panels, solar electric panels, or PV modules.
• Solar array mounted on a rooftop
• Solar panels are usually arranged in groups called arrays or systems. A photovoltaic system consists of one or more solar
panels, an inverter that converts DC electricity to alternating current (AC) electricity, and sometimes other components such
as controllers, meters, and trackers. A photovoltaic system can be used to provide electricity for off-grid applications, such as
remote homes or cabins, or to feed electricity back into the grid and earn credits or payments from the utility company. This is
called a grid-connected photovoltaic system.
• Some advantages of solar panels are that they use a renewable and clean source of energy, reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, and lower electricity bills. Some disadvantages are that they depend on the availability and intensity of sunlight,
require maintenance and cleaning, and have high initial costs. Solar panels are widely used for residential, commercial, and
industrial purposes, as

4. 2.WIND TURBINES
• A wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. As of 2020,
hundreds of thousands of large turbines, in installations known as wind farms, were generating over
650 gigawatts of power, with 60 GW added each year.Wind turbines are an increasingly important
source of intermittent renewable energy, and are used in many countries to lower energy costs and
reduce reliance on fossil fuels. One study claimed that, as of 2009, wind had the “lowest relative
greenhouse gas emissions, the least water consumption demands and the most favorable social
impacts” compared to photovoltaic, hydro, geothermal, coal and gas energy source
• Smaller wind turbines are used for applications such as battery charging and remote devices such as
traffic warning signs. Larger turbines can contribute to a domestic power supply while selling unused
power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid.
• Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, with either horizontal or vertical axes, though
horizontal is most common.

5. 3.SOLAR WATER HEATER
• Solar water heating (SWH) is heating water by sunlight, using a solar thermal collector. A variety of
configurations are available at varying cost to provide solutions in different climates and latitudes.
SWHs are widely used for residential and some industrial applications (For example: in Israel).[1]
• Solar water collectors installed in Spain
• A sun-facing collector heats a working fluid that passes into a storage system for later use. SWH are
active (pumped) and passive (convection-driven). They use water only, or both water and a working
fluid. They are heated directly or via light-concentrating mirrors. They operate independently or as
hybrids with electric or gas heaters.[2] In large-scale installations, mirrors may concentrate sunlight
into a smaller collector.[original research?]
• As of 2017, global solar hot water (SHW) thermal capacity is 472 GW and the market is dominated by
China, the United States and Turkey.[3] Barbados, Austria, Cyprus, Israel and Greece are the leading
countries by capacity per person.[3]

6. 4.SOLAR COOKERS
• A solar cooker is a device which uses the energy of direct sunlight to heat, cook
or pasteurize drink and other food materials. Many solar cookers currently in use
are relatively inexpensive, low-tech devices, although some are as powerful or as
expensive as traditional stoves,[1] and advanced, large scale solar cookers can
cook for hundreds of people.[2] Because they use no fuel and cost nothing to
operate, many nonprofit organizations are promoting their use worldwide in
order to help reduce fuel costs and air pollution, and to help slow down
deforestation and desertification.

7. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF COOKER
• Concentrating sunlight: A mirrored surface with high specular reflection is used to concentrate light from the Sun
into a small cooking area. Depending on the geometry of the surface, sunlight could be concentrated by several
orders of magnitude producing temperatures high enough to melt salt and metal. Such high temperatures are not
really required for most household solar cooking applications. Solar cooking products are typically designed to
achieve temperatures of 65 °C (150 °F) (baking temperatures) to 400 °C (750 °F) (grilling/searing temperatures) on a
sunny day.
• Converting light energy to heat energy: Solar cookers concentrate sunlight onto a receiver such as a cooking pan.
The interaction between the light energy and the receiver material converts light to heat and this is called
conduction. The conversion is maximized by using materials that conduct and retain heat. Pots and pans used on
solar cookers should be matte black in color to maximize absorption.
• Trapping heat energy: It is important to reduce convection by isolating the air inside the cooker from the air outside
the cooker. Simply using a glass lid on your pot enhances light absorption from the top of the pan and provides a
greenhouse effect that improves heat retention and minimizes convection loss. This “glazing” transmits incoming
visible sunlight but is opaque to escaping infrared thermal radiation. In resource constrained settings, a high-
temperature plastic bag can serve a similar function, trapping air inside and making it possible to reach temperatures
on cold and windy days similar to those possible on hot days.

8. 5.SMART THERMOSTATS
• Smart thermostats are Wi-Fi thermostats that can be used with home automation and are responsible for controlling
a home’s heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. They perform similar functions as a Programmable thermostat as
they allow the user to control the temperature of their home throughout the day using a schedule, but also contain
additional features, such as sensors and Wi-Fi connectivity, that improve upon the issues with programmable
thermostats.
• A Nest Labs thermostat
• Like other Wi-Fi thermostats, they are connected to the Internet via a Wi-Fi network. They allow users to adjust
heating settings from other internet-connected devices, such as a laptop or smartphones. This allows users to
control the thermostat remotely. This ease of use is essential for ensuring energy savings: studies have shown that
households with programmable thermostats actually have higher energy consumption than those with simple
thermostats because residents program them incorrectly or disable them completely.
• Smart thermostats also record internal/external temperatures, the time the HVAC system has been running and can
notify the user if the system’s air filter needs to be replaced. This information is typically displayed later on an
internet-connected device such as a smartpho

9. 6.ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING
• When the energy usage of a product is reduced without affecting its output or
final response or user comfort levels is referred as energy efficiency. An energy
efficient product consumes less energy to perform the same function when
compared to the same product with more energy consumption.
• The energy efficiency in the lighting sector gives the required illumination level of
the lighting scheme for the application it has been designed for, while consuming
the least amount of energy. Simply, energy efficient lighting can save the
electricity while maintaining good quality and quantity of the light.