The document discusses various solar thermal technologies including parabolic troughs, solar power towers, and solar dishes. It provides details on the largest parabolic trough installation in California and the conversion of Solar One to Solar Two by adding more heliostats. It also notes that Stirling Energy Systems' solar dish technology is the most efficient for converting solar energy to electricity.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power.
what is solar energy definition
10 advantages of solar energy
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interesting civil engineering topics
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Solar power plants can generate electricity either directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power that heats a liquid to power steam turbines. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid for steam generation. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar power has advantages of no fuel costs or pollution but higher initial costs than other technologies.
We have always used the energy of the sun as far back as humans have existed on this planet.
We know today that the sun is simply our nearest star and without it, life would not exist on our planet. We use the sun’s energy everyday in many different ways.
we hang our clothes out in the sun to dry, for drying fish, fruits, etc.
Decaying plants hundreds of millions of years ago produced the coal, oil and natural gas that we use today. So, fossil fuels is actually sunlight stored millions and millions of years ago.
Indirectly, the sun and other stars are responsible for ALL our energy. Even nuclear energy in the fury of a nova – a star exploding.
There are many applications for the direct use of solar thermal energy, space heating and cooling, water heating, crop drying and solar cooking.
The most common use for solar thermal technology is for domestic water heating.
The document discusses passive solar building design concepts and provides examples of solar buildings designed by the author. It summarizes four projects, including an award-winning passive solar home in Northern California that uses prevailing winds for cooling and solar-heated towers nestled in redwoods with a roof-top solar-heated hot tub. It also discusses design principles like orientation, thermal mass, insulating envelopes, and the benefits of passive solar design in reducing energy costs.
SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pdfrajeshpradha1
This document discusses solar energy and its various applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy is radiation from the sun that can be converted to thermal or electrical energy. It then discusses three main uses of solar energy: converting it to thermal energy, converting it to electricity, and photosynthesis. The document goes on to provide details on converting solar energy to thermal energy through various solar collectors and applications. It also discusses converting solar energy to electricity through solar photovoltaics and converting it through the process of photosynthesis in plants. The document concludes by describing different types of solar energy collectors like flat-plate, evacuated tube, and concentrating collectors that use technologies like parabolic troughs and dishes.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power.
what is solar energy definition
10 advantages of solar energy
what is solar energy kids
what is solar energy system
what is solar power definition
facts about solar energy
use of solar energy
solar energy information
interesting civil engineering topics
seminar topics pdf
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Solar power plants can generate electricity either directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power that heats a liquid to power steam turbines. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid for steam generation. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar power has advantages of no fuel costs or pollution but higher initial costs than other technologies.
We have always used the energy of the sun as far back as humans have existed on this planet.
We know today that the sun is simply our nearest star and without it, life would not exist on our planet. We use the sun’s energy everyday in many different ways.
we hang our clothes out in the sun to dry, for drying fish, fruits, etc.
Decaying plants hundreds of millions of years ago produced the coal, oil and natural gas that we use today. So, fossil fuels is actually sunlight stored millions and millions of years ago.
Indirectly, the sun and other stars are responsible for ALL our energy. Even nuclear energy in the fury of a nova – a star exploding.
There are many applications for the direct use of solar thermal energy, space heating and cooling, water heating, crop drying and solar cooking.
The most common use for solar thermal technology is for domestic water heating.
The document discusses passive solar building design concepts and provides examples of solar buildings designed by the author. It summarizes four projects, including an award-winning passive solar home in Northern California that uses prevailing winds for cooling and solar-heated towers nestled in redwoods with a roof-top solar-heated hot tub. It also discusses design principles like orientation, thermal mass, insulating envelopes, and the benefits of passive solar design in reducing energy costs.
SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pdfrajeshpradha1
This document discusses solar energy and its various applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy is radiation from the sun that can be converted to thermal or electrical energy. It then discusses three main uses of solar energy: converting it to thermal energy, converting it to electricity, and photosynthesis. The document goes on to provide details on converting solar energy to thermal energy through various solar collectors and applications. It also discusses converting solar energy to electricity through solar photovoltaics and converting it through the process of photosynthesis in plants. The document concludes by describing different types of solar energy collectors like flat-plate, evacuated tube, and concentrating collectors that use technologies like parabolic troughs and dishes.
This document discusses solar water heating systems. It begins by explaining that solar water heating systems convert sunlight into heat to warm water using solar thermal collectors. There are various configurations available with different costs depending on the climate and location. It then describes the main components of solar water heating systems - the solar collector which heats a working fluid, and the circulation system which either directly or indirectly transfers the heated fluid to heat and store water. Common types of solar collectors are also outlined, including flat plate, evacuated tube, and integrated collector storage batch collectors. The document concludes by providing example costs and specifications of systems in India.
This document discusses various types of non-conventional energy sources, with a focus on solar energy. It describes different solar energy collection technologies like flat plate collectors and focusing collectors. Flat plate collectors consist of an absorber plate and fluid tubes enclosed in an insulated casing to transfer solar heat. Focusing collectors use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller receiver area, achieving higher temperatures. Examples of focusing collectors are parabolic troughs, dishes, and power towers which can generate electricity at utility scale. The document also outlines the components of solar thermal systems and provides an overview of solar energy applications.
Solar collectors convert solar radiation into heat and transfer the heat to a fluid. There are two main types: flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. Flat plate collectors are simpler and less expensive, while concentrating collectors can reach higher temperatures but are more complex. The key components of flat plate collectors are an absorber surface, glass cover, fluid tubes, and insulation. Concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto receivers to achieve higher temperatures suitable for steam generation.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
Solar water heaters use solar energy (sun light) to generate heat which used to heat water for home uses, industrial uses hotel or many places where hot water necessary. Solar water system is safe, efficient and eco- friendly system
This document discusses power generation from solar thermal plants. It describes how solar thermal energy collectors are classified as low, medium, or high temperature based on their use. Low temperature collectors are used to heat pools, medium for water and air heating, and high temperature concentrate sunlight for electricity production. Heat is collected, stored, and transferred for power generation during the day and at night. Conversion rates from solar to electrical energy are highest for dish/Stirling systems at 31.25% and around 20% for trough and Fresnel systems. Applications include residential and commercial water and space heating.
A solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic power plant in the world was the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation located in the Mojave Desert, California. But now the largest is in india, India owns world's largest solar power plant - Believe it or not | The Economic ... Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished) and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.
Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s. Solar power is increasingly used.
The document discusses different types of solar thermal power generation systems that use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam to drive turbines for power generation. It describes the main types as parabolic trough systems, solar power tower systems, solar dish/engine systems, and compact linear Fresnel reflectors. These systems work by using mirrors to concentrate sunlight and heat a working fluid like molten salt that is then used to generate electricity via steam turbines. The document also discusses advantages like no fuel costs, disadvantages like high installation costs, and challenges around energy storage and bringing costs down further.
Solar thermal energy harnesses heat from the sun to provide thermal energy and electricity. There are two main types of solar thermal systems - active systems with moving parts like pumps, and passive systems relying on design without mechanical components. Technologies are also grouped by temperature as low, medium, or high temperature systems. Low temperature applications mainly provide hot water or space heating using collectors like flat plate, evacuated tube, or evacuated flat plate designs. Medium and high temperature systems can be used for industrial processes or electricity generation using concentrated solar power technologies like parabolic troughs or towers.
This document discusses various techniques for harnessing solar energy, including solar thermal and photovoltaic methods. It describes different types of solar collectors like flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. It also discusses solar thermal energy storage methods like sensible heat storage using water or molten salts, latent heat storage using phase change materials, and thermochemical storage using reversible chemical reactions.
This document discusses conventional and non-conventional energy sources. It describes conventional sources like coal, oil, natural gas, and electricity which are limited and non-renewable. Non-conventional sources discussed include solar, wind, and tidal energy which are renewable. It also explains different types of solar collectors like flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, and concentrating collectors that use technologies like parabolic troughs, dishes and towers to harness solar energy.
Solar energy can meet a significant portion of the United States' energy needs. It works through passive solar heating systems that use sunlight to directly or indirectly heat buildings, and active solar systems that use photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Photovoltaic cells are made of silicon and use the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from sunlight. When combined into modules and arrays, solar cells can power individual homes or be connected to the electric grid to supply power more broadly. While solar energy has high upfront costs, it has many benefits including reduced environmental impacts and increased energy security.
Solar thermal systems harness solar energy to produce heat that can then be used for applications like generating electricity or providing hot water. They have several advantages over photovoltaic solar cells, as they can absorb nearly the entire solar spectrum and are more efficient. There are different types of solar collectors classified by their concentrating temperature as low-temperature flat plate collectors, medium-temperature line focusing collectors like parabolic troughs, and high-temperature point focusing collectors including central towers. Solar thermal technology has been developed over centuries and is now used commercially around the world to provide electricity, heating, cooling, and hot water in a renewable way with low emissions, though the initial costs are high and they require significant amounts of land and water.
There is often a gap between electricity supply and demand in Delhi, especially during peak seasons. Solar water heaters can help bridge this gap by providing hot water using solar energy instead of conventional energy sources. Solar water heating systems work by collecting solar energy via panels and transferring the heat to water stored in an insulated tank. These systems typically provide hot water for domestic use and can save a significant amount of electricity annually. The two main types are flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors.
Solar water heating systems harness the sun's energy to provide hot water for homes and businesses. They can be used in places like schools, homes, hotels, and hospitals. The two most common types are evacuated tube systems and flat plate systems. Solar water heating can reduce energy costs and air and water pollution while helping to lower global warming. If adopted widely in Kenya, solar water heating could significantly reduce domestic electricity consumption and strain on the power infrastructure.
This document provides information about solar energy. It discusses that solar energy originates from the sun's thermonuclear fusion reactions. Solar radiation that reaches the Earth is called insolation. Solar energy can be used to generate heat and electricity. Methods of harnessing solar energy include solar thermal technologies like solar water and space heating, and generating electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrating solar power plants. Developing solar power in Pakistan has advantages like being pollution-free and suitable for remote areas not connected to the national power grid, though initial costs and reliance only during daylight hours are disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its various uses and applications. It discusses how solar energy works, how much the Earth receives, and major current uses like heating water, spaces, and generating electricity. Both passive and active solar heating systems are examined. Advantages of solar like being renewable and clean are outlined, as well as challenges like high initial costs and limited generation at night. The document concludes that further cost reductions from more production and research could significantly increase the viability and use of solar energy.
This document discusses solar water heating systems. It begins by explaining that solar water heating systems convert sunlight into heat to warm water using solar thermal collectors. There are various configurations available with different costs depending on the climate and location. It then describes the main components of solar water heating systems - the solar collector which heats a working fluid, and the circulation system which either directly or indirectly transfers the heated fluid to heat and store water. Common types of solar collectors are also outlined, including flat plate, evacuated tube, and integrated collector storage batch collectors. The document concludes by providing example costs and specifications of systems in India.
This document discusses various types of non-conventional energy sources, with a focus on solar energy. It describes different solar energy collection technologies like flat plate collectors and focusing collectors. Flat plate collectors consist of an absorber plate and fluid tubes enclosed in an insulated casing to transfer solar heat. Focusing collectors use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller receiver area, achieving higher temperatures. Examples of focusing collectors are parabolic troughs, dishes, and power towers which can generate electricity at utility scale. The document also outlines the components of solar thermal systems and provides an overview of solar energy applications.
Solar collectors convert solar radiation into heat and transfer the heat to a fluid. There are two main types: flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. Flat plate collectors are simpler and less expensive, while concentrating collectors can reach higher temperatures but are more complex. The key components of flat plate collectors are an absorber surface, glass cover, fluid tubes, and insulation. Concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto receivers to achieve higher temperatures suitable for steam generation.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
Solar water heaters use solar energy (sun light) to generate heat which used to heat water for home uses, industrial uses hotel or many places where hot water necessary. Solar water system is safe, efficient and eco- friendly system
This document discusses power generation from solar thermal plants. It describes how solar thermal energy collectors are classified as low, medium, or high temperature based on their use. Low temperature collectors are used to heat pools, medium for water and air heating, and high temperature concentrate sunlight for electricity production. Heat is collected, stored, and transferred for power generation during the day and at night. Conversion rates from solar to electrical energy are highest for dish/Stirling systems at 31.25% and around 20% for trough and Fresnel systems. Applications include residential and commercial water and space heating.
A solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic power plant in the world was the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation located in the Mojave Desert, California. But now the largest is in india, India owns world's largest solar power plant - Believe it or not | The Economic ... Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished) and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.
Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s. Solar power is increasingly used.
The document discusses different types of solar thermal power generation systems that use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam to drive turbines for power generation. It describes the main types as parabolic trough systems, solar power tower systems, solar dish/engine systems, and compact linear Fresnel reflectors. These systems work by using mirrors to concentrate sunlight and heat a working fluid like molten salt that is then used to generate electricity via steam turbines. The document also discusses advantages like no fuel costs, disadvantages like high installation costs, and challenges around energy storage and bringing costs down further.
Solar thermal energy harnesses heat from the sun to provide thermal energy and electricity. There are two main types of solar thermal systems - active systems with moving parts like pumps, and passive systems relying on design without mechanical components. Technologies are also grouped by temperature as low, medium, or high temperature systems. Low temperature applications mainly provide hot water or space heating using collectors like flat plate, evacuated tube, or evacuated flat plate designs. Medium and high temperature systems can be used for industrial processes or electricity generation using concentrated solar power technologies like parabolic troughs or towers.
This document discusses various techniques for harnessing solar energy, including solar thermal and photovoltaic methods. It describes different types of solar collectors like flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. It also discusses solar thermal energy storage methods like sensible heat storage using water or molten salts, latent heat storage using phase change materials, and thermochemical storage using reversible chemical reactions.
This document discusses conventional and non-conventional energy sources. It describes conventional sources like coal, oil, natural gas, and electricity which are limited and non-renewable. Non-conventional sources discussed include solar, wind, and tidal energy which are renewable. It also explains different types of solar collectors like flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, and concentrating collectors that use technologies like parabolic troughs, dishes and towers to harness solar energy.
Solar energy can meet a significant portion of the United States' energy needs. It works through passive solar heating systems that use sunlight to directly or indirectly heat buildings, and active solar systems that use photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Photovoltaic cells are made of silicon and use the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from sunlight. When combined into modules and arrays, solar cells can power individual homes or be connected to the electric grid to supply power more broadly. While solar energy has high upfront costs, it has many benefits including reduced environmental impacts and increased energy security.
Solar thermal systems harness solar energy to produce heat that can then be used for applications like generating electricity or providing hot water. They have several advantages over photovoltaic solar cells, as they can absorb nearly the entire solar spectrum and are more efficient. There are different types of solar collectors classified by their concentrating temperature as low-temperature flat plate collectors, medium-temperature line focusing collectors like parabolic troughs, and high-temperature point focusing collectors including central towers. Solar thermal technology has been developed over centuries and is now used commercially around the world to provide electricity, heating, cooling, and hot water in a renewable way with low emissions, though the initial costs are high and they require significant amounts of land and water.
There is often a gap between electricity supply and demand in Delhi, especially during peak seasons. Solar water heaters can help bridge this gap by providing hot water using solar energy instead of conventional energy sources. Solar water heating systems work by collecting solar energy via panels and transferring the heat to water stored in an insulated tank. These systems typically provide hot water for domestic use and can save a significant amount of electricity annually. The two main types are flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors.
Solar water heating systems harness the sun's energy to provide hot water for homes and businesses. They can be used in places like schools, homes, hotels, and hospitals. The two most common types are evacuated tube systems and flat plate systems. Solar water heating can reduce energy costs and air and water pollution while helping to lower global warming. If adopted widely in Kenya, solar water heating could significantly reduce domestic electricity consumption and strain on the power infrastructure.
This document provides information about solar energy. It discusses that solar energy originates from the sun's thermonuclear fusion reactions. Solar radiation that reaches the Earth is called insolation. Solar energy can be used to generate heat and electricity. Methods of harnessing solar energy include solar thermal technologies like solar water and space heating, and generating electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrating solar power plants. Developing solar power in Pakistan has advantages like being pollution-free and suitable for remote areas not connected to the national power grid, though initial costs and reliance only during daylight hours are disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its various uses and applications. It discusses how solar energy works, how much the Earth receives, and major current uses like heating water, spaces, and generating electricity. Both passive and active solar heating systems are examined. Advantages of solar like being renewable and clean are outlined, as well as challenges like high initial costs and limited generation at night. The document concludes that further cost reductions from more production and research could significantly increase the viability and use of solar energy.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
2. Parabolic Trough
The largest ‘solar thermal-electric’ installation of its kind in the world,
the Luz project in California’s Mojave Desert, has a peak output of some
350 megawatts and occupies several square kilometers of land
3. Solar Power Tower
In 1995 Solar One was converted into Solar Two, by adding a second ring
of 108 larger 95 m² (1,000 ft²) heliostats around the existing Solar One,
totaling 1926 heliostats with a total area of 82,750 m² (891,000 ft²)
4. Solar Dish
Stirling Energy Systems‘ solar dish technology is the world’s most efficient
device for the conversion of solar energy to grid-delivered electricity,
nearly twice as efficient as any alternative solar technology.
5. Plant Locations
• Direct normal solar radiation
• Land Ownership
• Road Access
• Local transmission infrastructure
capabilities and loadings
• State-level policies and regulations
8. Economic and Environmental Benefits
• Creation of jobs for both construction and
operation
• Increase in state and local tax revenues
• Increase in gross state output
9. Market Development
• The Southwest CSP has set a goal of
achieving 1,000 MW of CSP systems in
the southwestern US by 2010.
• US DOE’s goal is to develop 30,000 MW
of new clean and diversified generation by
2015.
• SolarPaces plans to deploy 5,000 MW of
CSP by 2015.
12. Types of Solar Water Heating Systems
• Flat-plate collector
– Glazed flat-plate collectors are insulated, weatherproofed boxes that
contain a dark absorber plate under one or more glass or plastic covers.
Unglazed flat-plate collectors; typically used for solar pool heating, have a
dark absorber plate, made of metal or plastic, without a cover or enclosure.
• Integral collector-storage systems
– Also known as ICS or batch systems, they feature one or more black tanks
or tubes in an insulated, glazed box. Cold water first passes through the
solar collector, which preheats the water. The water then continues on to
the conventional backup water heater, providing a reliable source of hot
water. In cold winter climates these systems must be drained to avoid
freezing.
• Evacuated-tube solar collectors
– They feature parallel rows of transparent glass tubes. Each tube contains a
glass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin's
coating absorbs solar energy but inhibits radiative heat loss. These
collectors are used more frequently for U.S. commercial applications.
13. Active solar water heating systems
• Direct circulation systems
– Pumps circulate household water through the
collectors and into the home. They work well
in climates where it rarely freezes.
• Indirect circulation systems
– Pumps circulate a non-freezing, heat-transfer
fluid through the collectors and a heat
exchanger. This heats the water that then
flows into the home. They are popular in
climates prone to freezing temperatures.
14. Passive solar water heating systems
• Integral collector-storage passive systems
– These work best in areas where temperatures rarely
fall below freezing. They also work well in households
with significant daytime and evening hot-water needs.
• Thermosyphon systems
– Water flows through the system when warm water
rises as cooler water sinks. The collector must be
installed below the storage tank so that warm water
will rise into the tank. These systems are reliable, but
contractors must pay careful attention to the roof
design because of the heavy storage tank. They are
usually more expensive than integral collector-storage
passive systems.
15. Comparison
• Passive solar water heating systems are
typically less expensive than active
systems, but they're usually not as
efficient. However, passive systems can
be more reliable and may last longer.
16. Passive solar home
• Passive solar homes range from those
heated almost entirely by the sun to those
with south-facing windows that provide
some fraction of the heating load. The
difference between a passive solar home
and a conventional home is design. The
key is designing a passive solar home to
best take advantage of your local climate.
For more information, see how a passive
solar home design works.
18. Solar Collector
• Solar Thermal is a clean, highly efficient
means of using renewable energy from the
sun to provide hot water for domestic,
commercial and industrial process . Put in
simple terms, if you place a container full
of liquid in the garden on a sunny day, in a
short time the contents of the container
become warm. Solar Collectors work in
much the same way, but are very more
efficient.
19. • A sealed circuit of fluid containing a
special mix of glycol and water is pumped
around the system through the Solar
panels where it is heated and passed
through a special solar coil within the hot
water tank. The heat is then transferred to
the main body of water within the tank,
once up to temperature, this water is ready
for use in the house, office or factory.
20. Passive Solar
• Passive Solar is accommodated in the design
of some homes where living rooms are south
facing with large windows and floors and
sometimes walls have a large thermal mass.
• While it is necessary to use the solar to heat in
winter overheating in summer has to be avoided,
this is normally done by having a roof overhang
which blocks the high summer sun but not the
low winter sun.
• While it can provide some free heat it doesn’t
supply hot water and there are design
constraints.
28. Solar Collector Markets
• China is by far the world’s largest manufacturer and user
of solar water heating.
• By the end of 2002, the total installed area of solar
domestic hot water systems there was about 40 million
m²; annual production and sales volume reached about 8
million m² in 2002.
• There are now more than 1000 manufacturers producing
and selling solar thermal systems, and a total turnover of
more than €1 billion has been achieved.
• Evacuated-tube collectors dominate the Chinese
domestic and export markets.
• Elsewhere, about 1 million m² of collector surface was
installed in the US by 2001; almost all of this was made
up of unglazed absorbers used for swimming pool
heating.
29. Solar Collector Markets
• In Europe, there was about 1.1 million m² of collector
area installed by 2002, and the flat-plate collector
dominates installations.
• About half of these installations have been realized in
Germany.
• The solar collector market mainly depends on political
conditions in a particular country, and in Germany, for
instance, the collector market dropped by 40% in 2002
due to uncertain political conditions, though it recovered
again in 2003.
• However, the EU has very ambitious targets for collector
installations, with a target of 100 million m² by 2010.
• Solar thermal systems will then play an important role in
the struggle against global warming.
31. Hybrid solar technology
• Developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
the hybrid solar technology uses a rooftop-
mounted 48-inch diameter collector and
secondary mirror that track the sun throughout
the day using GPS.
• The collector system focuses the sunlight into
127 optical fibers connected to special light
fixtures equipped with diffusion rods similar to
fluorescent light bulbs.
• The rods spread light in all directions.
32. Hybrid solar technology
• Hybrid solar lighting systems are being tested in
various demonstration projects around the
country including a Wal-Mart in McKinney,
Texas, a Staples store in Long Island, N.Y., a
Braden’s Furniture showroom in Knoxville,
Tenn., the Naval Exchange in Hawaii, some
office space at San Diego State University, the
Aveda corporate headquarters in Minneapolis
and Oak Ridge National Lab’s Multi-Purpose
Research Facility.