The Government of Pakistan filed a case against the Government of India in 1971-1973 regarding Pakistani prisoners of war held by India after the 1971 war between the two countries. Over 92,000 Pakistani prisoners of war and civilians were detained by India, in violation of the Geneva Conventions which require prisoners to be repatriated after hostilities end. India planned to transfer 195 prisoners to Bangladesh for trials for genocide, despite Pakistan having sole jurisdiction over its nationals. The Government of Pakistan argued that India's actions violated the Geneva Conventions and its obligations to repatriate prisoners of war.
Kashmir dispute demands for Right to Self Determination; by amar jahangirAmir Jahangir
The document discusses the Kashmir dispute and the demands for the right of self-determination by Kashmiris. It provides background on the geographical position and divisions of Kashmir. It describes how the dispute arose from the partition of India in 1947 and the conflicting claims over Kashmir by India and Pakistan. It outlines UN resolutions calling for a plebiscite to allow Kashmiris to decide the region's status. Finally, it discusses the aspirations of Kashmiris, the positions of India and Pakistan, and argues that international law and UN resolutions guarantee Kashmiris' right to self-determination.
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from 1947 to 1997. It details how Kashmir's ruler initially opted for independence but then signed onto accession with India, leading Pakistan to send forces and sparking the first war over Kashmir in 1947. The conflict has since involved UN resolutions and mediation attempts, as well as additional wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Insurgencies also began in Indian-administered Kashmir in 1989, straining relations further and raising nuclear tensions between the neighbors.
This document discusses Pakistan's relationship with the United Nations from its emergence as a nation in 1947 to its contributions to UN peacekeeping missions. It covers Pakistan's disputes with neighboring countries such as Afghanistan and India over issues like borders and water rights. It also summarizes several UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan such as those in Congo, Bosnia, Somalia, and Sierra Leone. Pakistan has been one of the top contributors of troops to UN peacekeeping and has played an important role in many missions over the decades.
India and Pakistan share linguistic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, yet their relation has been mired in complexity due to a number of historical and political events.
Indo-Pak relations have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Jammu & Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations.
The partition of British India was one of the largest human migrations ever seen and sparked bloody massacres of refugees across the region. It displaced up to 12.5 million people, with an estimated loss of life of 1 million. India became a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority, while Pakistan emerged as an Islamic republic with an overwhelming Muslim majority population and a very small population subscribing to other faiths.
The document discusses the top 10 reasons for the long-standing conflict between India and Pakistan since their formation as independent states in 1947. The key reasons include the partition which displaced millions, the disputed territory of Kashmir, and the wars fought between the two countries over Kashmir in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999. The conflict has been exacerbated by both countries developing nuclear weapons capability. The issue of Kashmir remains unresolved and is the fundamental cause of tensions between India and Pakistan.
An armed conflict concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in battle-related death
1948 war over Kashmir
1965 India-Pakistan war
1971 India-Pakistan and Fall of Dhaka
Siachen Dispute and Sir creek
Kargil conflict 99
The document summarizes the various perspectives on the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. It discusses the background of Kashmir being a princely state historically ruled by a Maharaja. It then outlines India, Pakistan, China and Kashmiri views on the conflict. India claims the instrument of accession signed Kashmir to India. Pakistan rejects this and cites the Muslim majority and UN resolutions. Kashmiris want independence or to join Pakistan, citing a distinct identity and human rights issues under Indian rule. The dispute remains unresolved between the nuclear powers of India and Pakistan over the region.
Safdar ali_Pak-india relations assignmentSafdar Ali
The document provides a historical overview of relations between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. It discusses several points of conflict and tension between the two countries, including the Kashmir dispute, multiple wars, terrorist attacks, and ongoing tensions over their shared border. While relations have often been strained due to these issues, the document also outlines some agreements and processes the two countries have engaged in to reduce tensions, such as the Simla Agreement, Composite Dialogue Process, and ceasefire negotiations along the Line of Control.
Kashmir dispute demands for Right to Self Determination; by amar jahangirAmir Jahangir
The document discusses the Kashmir dispute and the demands for the right of self-determination by Kashmiris. It provides background on the geographical position and divisions of Kashmir. It describes how the dispute arose from the partition of India in 1947 and the conflicting claims over Kashmir by India and Pakistan. It outlines UN resolutions calling for a plebiscite to allow Kashmiris to decide the region's status. Finally, it discusses the aspirations of Kashmiris, the positions of India and Pakistan, and argues that international law and UN resolutions guarantee Kashmiris' right to self-determination.
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from 1947 to 1997. It details how Kashmir's ruler initially opted for independence but then signed onto accession with India, leading Pakistan to send forces and sparking the first war over Kashmir in 1947. The conflict has since involved UN resolutions and mediation attempts, as well as additional wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Insurgencies also began in Indian-administered Kashmir in 1989, straining relations further and raising nuclear tensions between the neighbors.
This document discusses Pakistan's relationship with the United Nations from its emergence as a nation in 1947 to its contributions to UN peacekeeping missions. It covers Pakistan's disputes with neighboring countries such as Afghanistan and India over issues like borders and water rights. It also summarizes several UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan such as those in Congo, Bosnia, Somalia, and Sierra Leone. Pakistan has been one of the top contributors of troops to UN peacekeeping and has played an important role in many missions over the decades.
India and Pakistan share linguistic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, yet their relation has been mired in complexity due to a number of historical and political events.
Indo-Pak relations have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Jammu & Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations.
The partition of British India was one of the largest human migrations ever seen and sparked bloody massacres of refugees across the region. It displaced up to 12.5 million people, with an estimated loss of life of 1 million. India became a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority, while Pakistan emerged as an Islamic republic with an overwhelming Muslim majority population and a very small population subscribing to other faiths.
The document discusses the top 10 reasons for the long-standing conflict between India and Pakistan since their formation as independent states in 1947. The key reasons include the partition which displaced millions, the disputed territory of Kashmir, and the wars fought between the two countries over Kashmir in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999. The conflict has been exacerbated by both countries developing nuclear weapons capability. The issue of Kashmir remains unresolved and is the fundamental cause of tensions between India and Pakistan.
An armed conflict concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in battle-related death
1948 war over Kashmir
1965 India-Pakistan war
1971 India-Pakistan and Fall of Dhaka
Siachen Dispute and Sir creek
Kargil conflict 99
The document summarizes the various perspectives on the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. It discusses the background of Kashmir being a princely state historically ruled by a Maharaja. It then outlines India, Pakistan, China and Kashmiri views on the conflict. India claims the instrument of accession signed Kashmir to India. Pakistan rejects this and cites the Muslim majority and UN resolutions. Kashmiris want independence or to join Pakistan, citing a distinct identity and human rights issues under Indian rule. The dispute remains unresolved between the nuclear powers of India and Pakistan over the region.
Safdar ali_Pak-india relations assignmentSafdar Ali
The document provides a historical overview of relations between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. It discusses several points of conflict and tension between the two countries, including the Kashmir dispute, multiple wars, terrorist attacks, and ongoing tensions over their shared border. While relations have often been strained due to these issues, the document also outlines some agreements and processes the two countries have engaged in to reduce tensions, such as the Simla Agreement, Composite Dialogue Process, and ceasefire negotiations along the Line of Control.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It provides background on the history and division of Kashmir, positions of India and Pakistan, and UN involvement. The UN has brokered ceasefires but an attempted plebiscite to determine Kashmir's status has been delayed. The document proposes that the UN take a more proactive role by encouraging normalized relations between India and Pakistan and providing peacekeeping forces to secure borders and prevent militant movement.
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was fought between India and Pakistan over the liberation of Bangladesh. East Pakistan sought independence after winning the 1970 election but being denied power. Mass arrests and violence against East Pakistan led to 10 million refugees fleeing to India. In response, India provided support and training to the Mukti Bahini forces of Bangladesh. By late 1971, full-scale war had broken out across East and West Pakistan as India supported Bangladeshi independence forces. The war ended in two weeks with the surrender of Pakistani forces in the east and the creation of an independent Bangladesh.
This document summarizes Pak-India relations since their partition in 1947. It outlines key events that have strained their relationship such as the Kashmir dispute, three Indo-Pakistan wars between 1965-1971, the Kargil War in 1999, and recent tensions in 2019. While agreements like the Indus Water Treaty and Simla Agreement have aimed to reduce tensions, disputes over Kashmir and cross-border attacks have typically undermined efforts to build trust and cooperation between the two countries.
Kashmir issue : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on Kashmir ISsue
Pakistan and India have had difficult relations since their independence in 1947 due to different cultures, traditions, and ways of life. Major issues include the Kashmir conflict over control of the region, military tensions and border skirmishes, environmental concerns, disputes over water rights, and allegations of human rights abuses. The Kashmir conflict stems from the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 and the states' inability to resolve whether Kashmir should be part of Pakistan or India.
This document provides a historical overview of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from 1947 to the present. It discusses how the partition of British India led to disputes over the princely state of Kashmir, which both countries claimed. India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir and attempted negotiations, but they have failed to resolve the conflict. The UN intervened in 1948 and called for a plebiscite in Kashmir after withdrawal of troops, but demilitarization plans were rejected by both sides. The conflict has remained unresolved despite several attempts at mediation and negotiations over the decades.
The 1971 Indo-Pakistani War began on December 3rd and lasted 13 days, ending with Pakistan's surrender in East Pakistan on December 16th. The war was fought between India and Pakistan on both the eastern and western fronts, and resulted in East Pakistan gaining independence as Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani soldiers surrendered to India, and as many as 3 million civilians were killed in Bangladesh during the conflict. The war was sparked by Pakistan's suppression of Bengali nationalism in East Pakistan, which led to 10 million refugees fleeing to India and prompting India to support Bangladeshi independence forces.
The document discusses Pakistan-India relations over several decades since independence. It notes that relations have been defined by tensions, misunderstandings and wars due to unresolved disputes like Kashmir and water sharing. While economic cooperation and trade could improve ties, strategic differences like India's pursuit of regional hegemony versus Pakistan's support for regional bipolarity continue to create conflicts. Key flashpoints remain Kashmir, where India's actions are aimed at suppressing calls for freedom, and water sharing, where India has violated the Indus Water Treaty several times through illegal dam construction. Overall, the document argues that both countries must make sincere efforts like confidence building measures to resolve long-standing issues and improve their relations.
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan since partition in 1947. It discusses that Kashmir is currently divided between Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistani administered Azad Kashmir, and Chinese controlled Kashmir. It outlines several proposed solutions to resolve the conflict such as making the Line of Control an official border, dividing Kashmir along the Chenab river, granting independence, or providing autonomy under joint Indian-Pakistani control similar to Andorra. However, it notes that implementing any solution requires agreement between India and Pakistan, which has so far not been possible given both countries' claims over the territory.
This powerpoint presentation is created by Gyanbikash.com for the students of class nine to ten from their English first part NCTB textbook for multimedia class.
Indian involvement During Liberation war of Bangladesh Makhsudul Hasan
India took advantage of Pakistan's mistreatment of Bangladeshis to support Bangladesh's liberation movement against Pakistan. From September 1971, the Indian army gradually provided more direct support to Mukti Bahini units in Bangladesh, conducting operations within 10 miles of the border by November. This was done to weaken Pakistan's military positions along the border in preparation for the war in December. Prior to major Indian army involvement, the Border Security Force provided some assistance and training to Mukti Bahini units. Overall, growing Indian support for Bangladeshi independence helped weaken Pakistan and ultimately led to Bangladesh gaining independence.
Presentation on the causes of conflicts that leads to the current scenarios in Kashmir and also talking briefly about the other side of Kashmir which is very beautiful
Pakistan & India relationships Over the Years by ZZSyed Zahoor
The document discusses Pakistan and India's relationship over time based on the perspectives of various Pakistani politicians and civil society leaders. It outlines a history of tensions and conflicts between the two countries, as well as periods of more positive diplomacy and peace talks. Imran Khan, leader of the PTI party, is discussed as advocating for increased economic cooperation, open borders, and a resolution of the Kashmir issue in order to improve relations. Benazir Bhutto is also mentioned, noting her views evolved from supporting Kashmiri separatism to calling for economic integration between Pakistan and India.
The document provides historical information about Afghanistan and the United Nations involvement in the country over several decades. It discusses the UN response to the Soviet invasion in 1979, humanitarian aid efforts during periods of conflict and civil war, peace negotiations and agreements brokered by UN envoys, as well as two important conferences - the Bonn Conference in 2001 that established an interim government, and the Tokyo Conference in 2002 that secured funding for reconstruction. The UN has played a key role in Afghanistan for many years through peace efforts, humanitarian assistance, overseeing elections, and development projects aimed at stability and prosperity.
A country within a country-Kashmir ConflictSandeep Dixit
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region. Kashmir is located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and has a population of about 10 million people, with Muslims making up three-quarters of the population. India controls the southeastern part of Kashmir as a state called Jammu and Kashmir, while Pakistan controls the northwestern part, divided into Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas. Both countries claim the entire Kashmir region but have fought multiple wars over it since independence in 1947. The dispute remains dangerous as both countries are now nuclear powers.
The document summarizes key events of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. It describes how Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Awami League won democratic elections in Pakistan in 1970 but power was not transferred. The Pakistan military launched a violent crackdown in Bangladesh, leading Bangladesh to declare independence on March 26, 1971. India supported Bangladesh and 10 million Bangladeshis sought refuge in India, straining resources. After international failures to resolve the crisis, India intervened militarily in December 1971, achieving a swift victory and the liberation of Bangladesh.
1) Pakistan brought a case against India regarding 195 Pakistani prisoners of war and civilians being held in India that Bangladesh sought to try for genocide.
2) Pakistan argued that under the Geneva Conventions and Genocide Convention, prisoners must be repatriated after hostilities end and the state where the alleged acts occurred has sole jurisdiction over genocide charges.
3) India was breaching its obligations by not repatriating prisoners and by planning to transfer prisoners to Bangladesh for trial instead of allowing Pakistan jurisdiction.
The document summarizes the history of Bangladesh from 1947 to 1971, beginning with the partition of British India and the creation of Pakistan and India as separate states. It describes the establishment of East and West Pakistan on either side of India, and the tensions that arose from their separation and cultural differences. Key events included the Bengali language movement of 1952, the election of 1954 which brought Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to power, and his formulation of the Six Points demand for greater autonomy of East Pakistan. Despite Awami League's victory in the 1970 elections, talks over power sharing failed and led to Bangladesh declaring independence in 1971 after the Pakistan army launched a violent crackdown, resulting in war and Bangladesh gaining independence in December 1971
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It provides background on the history and division of Kashmir, positions of India and Pakistan, and UN involvement. The UN has brokered ceasefires but an attempted plebiscite to determine Kashmir's status has been delayed. The document proposes that the UN take a more proactive role by encouraging normalized relations between India and Pakistan and providing peacekeeping forces to secure borders and prevent militant movement.
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was fought between India and Pakistan over the liberation of Bangladesh. East Pakistan sought independence after winning the 1970 election but being denied power. Mass arrests and violence against East Pakistan led to 10 million refugees fleeing to India. In response, India provided support and training to the Mukti Bahini forces of Bangladesh. By late 1971, full-scale war had broken out across East and West Pakistan as India supported Bangladeshi independence forces. The war ended in two weeks with the surrender of Pakistani forces in the east and the creation of an independent Bangladesh.
This document summarizes Pak-India relations since their partition in 1947. It outlines key events that have strained their relationship such as the Kashmir dispute, three Indo-Pakistan wars between 1965-1971, the Kargil War in 1999, and recent tensions in 2019. While agreements like the Indus Water Treaty and Simla Agreement have aimed to reduce tensions, disputes over Kashmir and cross-border attacks have typically undermined efforts to build trust and cooperation between the two countries.
Kashmir issue : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on Kashmir ISsue
Pakistan and India have had difficult relations since their independence in 1947 due to different cultures, traditions, and ways of life. Major issues include the Kashmir conflict over control of the region, military tensions and border skirmishes, environmental concerns, disputes over water rights, and allegations of human rights abuses. The Kashmir conflict stems from the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 and the states' inability to resolve whether Kashmir should be part of Pakistan or India.
This document provides a historical overview of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from 1947 to the present. It discusses how the partition of British India led to disputes over the princely state of Kashmir, which both countries claimed. India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir and attempted negotiations, but they have failed to resolve the conflict. The UN intervened in 1948 and called for a plebiscite in Kashmir after withdrawal of troops, but demilitarization plans were rejected by both sides. The conflict has remained unresolved despite several attempts at mediation and negotiations over the decades.
The 1971 Indo-Pakistani War began on December 3rd and lasted 13 days, ending with Pakistan's surrender in East Pakistan on December 16th. The war was fought between India and Pakistan on both the eastern and western fronts, and resulted in East Pakistan gaining independence as Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani soldiers surrendered to India, and as many as 3 million civilians were killed in Bangladesh during the conflict. The war was sparked by Pakistan's suppression of Bengali nationalism in East Pakistan, which led to 10 million refugees fleeing to India and prompting India to support Bangladeshi independence forces.
The document discusses Pakistan-India relations over several decades since independence. It notes that relations have been defined by tensions, misunderstandings and wars due to unresolved disputes like Kashmir and water sharing. While economic cooperation and trade could improve ties, strategic differences like India's pursuit of regional hegemony versus Pakistan's support for regional bipolarity continue to create conflicts. Key flashpoints remain Kashmir, where India's actions are aimed at suppressing calls for freedom, and water sharing, where India has violated the Indus Water Treaty several times through illegal dam construction. Overall, the document argues that both countries must make sincere efforts like confidence building measures to resolve long-standing issues and improve their relations.
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan since partition in 1947. It discusses that Kashmir is currently divided between Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistani administered Azad Kashmir, and Chinese controlled Kashmir. It outlines several proposed solutions to resolve the conflict such as making the Line of Control an official border, dividing Kashmir along the Chenab river, granting independence, or providing autonomy under joint Indian-Pakistani control similar to Andorra. However, it notes that implementing any solution requires agreement between India and Pakistan, which has so far not been possible given both countries' claims over the territory.
This powerpoint presentation is created by Gyanbikash.com for the students of class nine to ten from their English first part NCTB textbook for multimedia class.
Indian involvement During Liberation war of Bangladesh Makhsudul Hasan
India took advantage of Pakistan's mistreatment of Bangladeshis to support Bangladesh's liberation movement against Pakistan. From September 1971, the Indian army gradually provided more direct support to Mukti Bahini units in Bangladesh, conducting operations within 10 miles of the border by November. This was done to weaken Pakistan's military positions along the border in preparation for the war in December. Prior to major Indian army involvement, the Border Security Force provided some assistance and training to Mukti Bahini units. Overall, growing Indian support for Bangladeshi independence helped weaken Pakistan and ultimately led to Bangladesh gaining independence.
Presentation on the causes of conflicts that leads to the current scenarios in Kashmir and also talking briefly about the other side of Kashmir which is very beautiful
Pakistan & India relationships Over the Years by ZZSyed Zahoor
The document discusses Pakistan and India's relationship over time based on the perspectives of various Pakistani politicians and civil society leaders. It outlines a history of tensions and conflicts between the two countries, as well as periods of more positive diplomacy and peace talks. Imran Khan, leader of the PTI party, is discussed as advocating for increased economic cooperation, open borders, and a resolution of the Kashmir issue in order to improve relations. Benazir Bhutto is also mentioned, noting her views evolved from supporting Kashmiri separatism to calling for economic integration between Pakistan and India.
The document provides historical information about Afghanistan and the United Nations involvement in the country over several decades. It discusses the UN response to the Soviet invasion in 1979, humanitarian aid efforts during periods of conflict and civil war, peace negotiations and agreements brokered by UN envoys, as well as two important conferences - the Bonn Conference in 2001 that established an interim government, and the Tokyo Conference in 2002 that secured funding for reconstruction. The UN has played a key role in Afghanistan for many years through peace efforts, humanitarian assistance, overseeing elections, and development projects aimed at stability and prosperity.
A country within a country-Kashmir ConflictSandeep Dixit
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region. Kashmir is located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and has a population of about 10 million people, with Muslims making up three-quarters of the population. India controls the southeastern part of Kashmir as a state called Jammu and Kashmir, while Pakistan controls the northwestern part, divided into Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas. Both countries claim the entire Kashmir region but have fought multiple wars over it since independence in 1947. The dispute remains dangerous as both countries are now nuclear powers.
The document summarizes key events of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. It describes how Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Awami League won democratic elections in Pakistan in 1970 but power was not transferred. The Pakistan military launched a violent crackdown in Bangladesh, leading Bangladesh to declare independence on March 26, 1971. India supported Bangladesh and 10 million Bangladeshis sought refuge in India, straining resources. After international failures to resolve the crisis, India intervened militarily in December 1971, achieving a swift victory and the liberation of Bangladesh.
1) Pakistan brought a case against India regarding 195 Pakistani prisoners of war and civilians being held in India that Bangladesh sought to try for genocide.
2) Pakistan argued that under the Geneva Conventions and Genocide Convention, prisoners must be repatriated after hostilities end and the state where the alleged acts occurred has sole jurisdiction over genocide charges.
3) India was breaching its obligations by not repatriating prisoners and by planning to transfer prisoners to Bangladesh for trial instead of allowing Pakistan jurisdiction.
The document summarizes the history of Bangladesh from 1947 to 1971, beginning with the partition of British India and the creation of Pakistan and India as separate states. It describes the establishment of East and West Pakistan on either side of India, and the tensions that arose from their separation and cultural differences. Key events included the Bengali language movement of 1952, the election of 1954 which brought Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to power, and his formulation of the Six Points demand for greater autonomy of East Pakistan. Despite Awami League's victory in the 1970 elections, talks over power sharing failed and led to Bangladesh declaring independence in 1971 after the Pakistan army launched a violent crackdown, resulting in war and Bangladesh gaining independence in December 1971
Large role of united states, russia and china (1)Sajib Islam
The document summarizes the roles of the USA, Soviet Union, and China in the 1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh. The USA supported Pakistan by providing them weapons, which Pakistan used to kill Bangladeshis. The USA also sent UN observers to monitor the situation. The Soviet Union supported India and Bangladeshis' independence. China officially supported Pakistan until India entered the war in December 1971, after which China took a neutral stance. The Cold War influenced these countries' positions, with the USA against and Soviet Union supporting Bangladeshi independence.
The document discusses the Bangladesh Liberation War that occurred from March to December 1971. It led to Bangladesh gaining independence after the Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight and engaged in mass murder, deportation, and rape against Bengali civilians in East Pakistan. An estimated 10 million refugees fled to India and the Mukti Bahini guerilla forces were formed to resist the Pakistani military. India eventually joined the war in support of Bangladeshi forces. Pakistan surrendered on December 16th, 1971, resulting in the creation of the independent country of Bangladesh.
Liberation War Of Bangladesh Presentation-GED-102.pptxMdSanjidulKarim
The document discusses several topics related to the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971:
1) The genocide committed by Pakistani forces against Bengalis, including the killing of 50,000 people in the first three days.
2) The role of exiled Bengalis in drumming up international support for independence and humanitarian aid.
3) The support provided by neighboring India in sheltering refugees, providing weapons and training, and fighting alongside Bangladeshi forces. Meanwhile, the US and China supported Pakistan.
4) The UN brought relief aid but many member states were slow to recognize Bangladesh's independence.
The International Crimes Tribunal Bangladesh delivered its first verdict in the case of AbulKalam Azad on January 22, 2012. The Tribunal framed eight charges against Azad, who was accused of crimes against humanity and genocide as a member of the auxiliary Razakar force in Faridpur district during the 1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh. Azad absconded and could not be located to be arrested. The Tribunal therefore held the trial in absentia, with a state defense counsel appointed to represent Azad. In its lengthy judgment, the Tribunal provided historical background on the liberation war and the atrocities committed, as well as details of the investigation and procedural history of the case.
Ayub Khan became Pakistan's first native Commander-in-Chief in 1951 and seized power in a 1958 military coup. As President, he introduced reforms but faced increasing opposition. In 1965, war broke out with India over Kashmir, and both sides claimed victory before agreeing to a ceasefire. Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Declaration in 1966 but criticism of his authoritarian rule and family's corruption grew. He stepped down in 1969.
This document provides a summary of key events in the Pakistan Movement from 1940-1947, including the Civil Disobedience Movement, Cripps Mission, Quit India Movement, Simla Conference, Cabinet Mission Plan, Mountbatten Plan, establishment of Pakistan's Constituent Assembly, Radcliffe Award on borders, and transfer of power on August 14-15, 1947 when Pakistan gained independence with Jinnah as Governor General and Liaquat Ali Khan as first Prime Minister.
The Israeli-palestinian-conflict-historical-reviewhindujudaic
The document provides a historical review of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from 1922-2010. It summarizes key events and resolutions such as the 1922 British Mandate for Palestine, the 1947 UN partition plan, the 1967 Six Day War, and peace proposals like Camp David and Taba. Population statistics are presented over time showing the growing Jewish population within Israel and settlements compared to the Arab population in historic Palestine/Israel and the West Bank and Gaza. Maps depict the current status of the region and growth of Israeli settlements since 1992.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from different perspectives. It provides background on the princely state of Kashmir and how it became part of India via an Instrument of Accession signed by its ruler. India sees Kashmir as an integral part of India based on this document, while Pakistan disputes the circumstances around its signing. Both countries have fought multiple wars over the region and continue to disagree on its status and governance. The document also notes China's claims to parts of Kashmir and outlines contentious policies like Article 370 and AFSPA that have fueled local unrest. It concludes by advocating for greater UN involvement to restore peace and respect for human rights in the disputed region.
The document summarizes the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 between India and Pakistan over the independence of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). It provides background on the politics and geography of Pakistan and India. The causes of the war included East Pakistanis feeling marginalized and demands for greater autonomy. The war began when Pakistan launched air strikes on India and engaged Indian forces on the western front. India supported the Mukti Bahini resistance in East Pakistan and achieved victory in December 1971 after the surrender of over 90,000 Pakistani troops, leading to the independence of Bangladesh.
The 1971 Indo-Pakistani War began in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in March 1971 and culminated in East Pakistan declaring independence as Bangladesh in December 1971. The war broke out due to political and economic discrimination of East Pakistan by West Pakistan which led to Bengali nationalist movements. In December 1971, Pakistan launched air strikes on India, beginning the war. India supported the Mukti Bahini insurgency in East Pakistan with arms and training. By December, Indian and Mukti Bahini forces defeated Pakistan in East Pakistan, leading to the creation of Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani troops surrendered in East Pakistan, marking the end of the war and the largest military surrender since World War II.
The International Crimes Tribunal Bangladesh delivered its final judgment in the case of Abdul Quader Mollah on February 5, 2013. The court framed six charges against Mollah relating to the commission of crimes against humanity during the 1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh. Over the course of the trial, both prosecution and defense made arguments from legal and factual perspectives. In its judgment, the court discussed the historical background of the war, charges against Mollah, evidence presented, and found Mollah culpable for the crimes. He was sentenced to life in prison.
The document discusses the conflict in Kashmir over several decades beginning in 1947 when India gained independence. It summarizes the first war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir in 1947-1948, as well as subsequent wars in 1965 and 1971. It then outlines issues such as the differing views between India and Pakistan over control of Kashmir, human rights violations including extrajudicial killings, and laws imposed by India like the Armed Forces Special Powers Act that have enabled impunity. The document concludes by discussing phenomena like enforced disappearances and mass graves that have been uncovered in Kashmir.
The early years of Pakistan from 1947-1953 saw many challenges as the new nation established itself. Prime ministers during this period included Liaquat Ali Khan and Khawaja Nazimuddin. Pakistan gained independence in 1947 and joined the UN but faced issues like riots and refugees from India, the lack of infrastructure and capital, and disputes over Kashmir and water rights with India. The government worked to address problems and adopt policies around foreign relations, security, and the economy during a turbulent start for the new country.
kashmir issue from 1948 uncp resolutions how it was profitable for Pakistan and india 9 resolution discussed indian negation to UNO ,1947 war,dexon plan was discussed ,1st ,2nd and 3rd war,india independence act in 1947,conflict between india and kashmir
The document summarizes key events in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958 after independence. It discusses the formation of Pakistan's first cabinet led by Liaquat Ali Khan as Prime Minister. It also outlines some of the major problems Pakistan faced such as refugees, water disputes with India, and the accession of princely states. In particular, it provides details on the Kashmir conflict and how the issue remains unresolved despite UN resolutions calling for a plebiscite.
Foreign Policy
Aims of foreign policy of Pakistan
China and Pakistan’s Relations
Relationship’s History of Pakistan and America
India-Pakistan Relations
Kashmir Conflict
Pak-Afghan Relations
The conflict between India and Pakistan originated from tensions between Indian and Muslim nationalism during British rule. The partition of British India led to an independent India and Pakistan in 1947, but also sparked religious conflict over the region of Jammu and Kashmir. Over 70 years since independence, India and Pakistan have fought three wars and have ongoing tensions over Kashmir, though they have also had some successes in sharing water resources and resolving border disputes. Religious nationalism and tensions over Kashmir have periodically led to outbreaks of violence between the two countries.
Similar to Presentationon the proof of pakistani prisoners of war (20)
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In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
5. Quiz:
Why Government of Pakistan file case in 1971-73
( for prisoners of wars to be realize ) against
Government of India?
6. Preface
• This case, entered on the Court's General List on 11 May 1973 under
number 60.
• It was discontinued by an Order of the Court of 15 December 1973
(Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War, I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 347).
( The Hague, 1976)
• The subject of the dispute relates to charges of genocide against 195 of the
over 92,000 Pakistani prisoners of war and civilian internees king held in
India.
8. • The succinct statement of the facts and grounds on which the claim
of the Government of Pakistan is based is as follow
• (a) On 21 November 1971, taking advantage of the internal situation
in East Pakistan.
• Acting in breach of her obligations under the United Nations charter,
the Government of India launched direct armed attacks against
Pakistan's Eastern Province.
• These armed attacks continued to mount until Pakistan was forced to
take measures in self-defense .
• The fighting spread to West Pakistan and resulted in a state of war
between India and Pakistan on 3 December 1971.
• India notified the existence of a state of war to Pakistan through the
Government of Switzerland on 4 December 1971.
Claims of the Government of Pakistan
9. • (b) On 11 December 1971, the Chief of Staff of the Indian Armed
Forces, General S. H. F. 1. Manekshaw, called upon the Pakistan
Forces in East Pakistan to surrender to the Indian army.
• In a radio broadcast he gave his "solemn assurance" that the personnel
who surrendered would be treated with the dignity and respect all
soldiers are entitled to, and that India would abide by the provisions of
the Geneva Conventions.
• Consequent upon this call by General Manekshaw and wishing to
avoid any further bloodshed and destruction, the vastly outnumbered
Pakistani forces under the Eastern Command surrendered to the Indian
army on , 16 December 1971.
Cont…
10. • (c) The External Affairs Minister of the Government of India
confirmed this assurance of General Manekshaw in the United
Nations Security Council on 12 December 1971 in these words:
"India stands committed to dealing with the enemy forces according
to Geneva Conventions."
• He also recalled that India's Chief of Army Staff had assured West
Pakistani troops in East Pakistan of their safe evacuation to Wes
Pakistan, if they surrendered.
Cont…
11. • (d) Consequent upon his call, on 16 December 1971 the Eastern
Command of the Pakistan army surrendered, and a large number of
armed personnel became prisoners of war of India which was the
sole belligerent power in the international conflict with Pakistan.
• Consistent with Article 12 of the Third Geneva Convention of 12
August 1949, relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, the
prisoners passed into the hands of the belligerent power, India.
• The responsibility for the treatment of prisoners of war, thus, in
accordance with the above-mentioned Article, rested exclusively
with the "Enemy Power" India and not with the individuals or
military units that had captured them.
Cont…
12. • The prisoners of war, including civilians paid out of the resources of
the armed forces, according to the information received through the
International Committee of the Red Cross, number 81,888.
• In addition, India continues to detain over 10,000 civilians, among
them 6,500 women and children.
• (f) On 16 December 1971, India made a cease-fire call which was
accepted by Pakistan and hostilities ceased at 14.30 hours GMT on
17 December 1971.
• The Security Council of the United Nations took cognizance of the
matter on 21 December 1971.
Cont…
13. • Mr. Swaran Singh, the Indian Foreign Minister, stated before the
Council: "With the independence of 'Bangla Dash' and the surrender
of Pakistan troops there, their earliest possible repatriation from the
Eastern theatre has to be arranged.
• They are under our protection and we have undertaken to treat them
in accordance with the Geneva Conventions.
• The Security Council adopted resolution No. 307, in respect of the
conflict on 21 December 1971, in which it noted the cessation of
hostilities and called upon India and Pakistan to withdraw from
territories occupied by them. The Security Council also called for the
observance.
Cont…
14. • G) In January 1972, the over 92,000 Pakistani prisoners of war,
who were under Indian custody, were transferred to Prisoner of War
Camps in India. India, as the sole Enemy Power, had the right to
detain the Pakistani prisoners of war until such time as hostilities
ceased.
• However, in spite of the cessation of hostilities, which the Security
Council acknowledged on 21 December 1971, India continues to
hold the Pakistani prisoners of war in contravention of the Geneva
Convention.
• Pakistani civilians, who voluntarily placed themselves under lndian
protection on the basis of the assurance of earliest possible
repatriation to West Pakistan, were wrongfully interned and
continue to be illegally and improperly detained.
Cont…
15. Role of Bangladesh
• Meanwhile, during the occupation, with Indian encouragement and help,
the leaders of East Pakistan set up that territory as the "independent State
of Bangla Desh"
• And declared their intention of holding trials for genocide and "crimes
against humanity" of a number of Pakistani prisoners of war now in Indian
custody.
• The Government of Pakistan cannot agree to the trial of its prisoners of
war by "Bangla Desh" since Pakistan has exclusive jurisdiction over its
nationals in respect of any acts of genocide allegedly committed in
Pakistani territory.
• Moreover, the concept of crimes against , humanity is not even remotely
applicable.
16. Cont…
• The "Bangla Desh" authorities have nevertheless continued to
make declarations of their intention to proceed with such trials,
principally in relation to alleged acts of genocide.
• This is apparent from Presidential Order No: 8 of 1972, issued
by the President of "Bangla Desh" and entitled the "Bangla
Desh" Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972.
• In the Preamble of the Order it is stated as follows: "Whereas
certain persons, individuals or as members of Organizations,
• Directly or indirectly have been collaborators of the Pakistan
armed forces, which had illegally occupied 'Bangla Desh' by
brute force, and have aided and abetted the Pakistan armed
forces in occupation in committing genocide and crimes
against humanity.
17. Intentions of Bangladesh leaders
• The intention, therefore, to try the personnel of the Pakistan
army for the alleged acts of genocide is clear.
• This intention is also borne out by the numerous statements
made by leaders of "Bangladesh", some of which are noted
here:
(i) On 22 February 1972, a Government spokesman of
"Bangladesh“ stated that Pakistani officials would be tried for acts
of genocide. Sheikh Mujib ur Rehman also reiterated his
intentions in this regard.
(ii) On 8 June 1972 "Bangladesh" Prime Minister, Sheikh Mujib
ur Rehman, reiterated that the trial of some Pakistani prisoners of
war on charges of genocide would be held in "Bangladesh" .
18. Cont..
• (iii) On 14 June 1972 a "Bangladesh" Foreign Ministry official
stated that India had agreed to hand over some Pakistani
prisoners of war to "Bangladesh" for interrogation and trial on
charges of genocide
• (iv) On 26 April 1972 the "Bangla Desh" Prime Minister stated
that he could not understand how people who had committed
genocide could escape the consequences and that they must be
punished.
• (v) On 17 January 1973 India told the United Nations that
persons who had committed grave crimes such as genocide and
crimes against humanity were, in its view, not entitled to any
immunity under the Geneva Convention and that the Joint
Command of "Bangla Desh’’…
19. Cont…
• And lndian forces had the right to demand their evacuation on
behalf of the Government of "Bangla Desh" so that they could
be taken in to custody pending appropriate legal action under
the' law of the land and under international law .
• (vi) On 17 March 1972, the Deputy Minister for External
Affairs of lndia told the Rajya Sabha that lndia had informed
"Bangladesh" that in case it wanted to try any prisoner for
committing genocide and other war crimes, the lndian
Government would give all assistance.
• (vii) On 17 April 1973, the Dacca Radio announced that 195
Pakistani prisoners of war would be tried in "Bangladesh" for
committing genocide and crimes against humanity .
• This was confirmed by the Foreign Minister of "Bangladesh"
Dr. Kamal Hossain.
20. Reference/violation of Geneva Convention
• Under Article 118 of the Third Geneva Convention and Article 134
of the Fourth Geneva Convention.
• lndia is under obligation to repatriate prisoners of war and civilian
internees immediately upon the cessation of hostilities.
• In so far as the prisoners of war captured on the Western Front are
concerned.
• India and Pakistan have implemented Article 118 of the Third
Geneva Convention,
• Thus on I December 1972, Pakistan unilaterally returned 617 lndian
prisoners of war so as to initiate the process of repatriation.
21. • under the Convention, without having any assurance from India that it
would also start a similar process. India, however, did respond by
repatriating only 550 Pakistani prisoners of war.
• But the process of implementation of these obligations was never
completed and India refused to take further step in implementation of
its obligations under the above noted provision of the Geneva
Conventions.
• Instead, Indian leaders have made it clear that trials will take place in
"Bangla Desh“.
• And 195 prisoners captured on the Easter Front shall be transferred to
"Bangla Desh" by India for the purpose of trials principally for acts of
genocide.
Cont…
22. Transferring prisoner to Bangladesh
• India as the Detaining Power has, therefore, sought to place
conditions on the repatriation of Pakistani prisoners of war
after the cessation of active hostilities and has acted in breach
of its international obligations under Article 118 of the Third,
and Articles 133 and 134 of the Fourth Geneva Convention.
• It is to be' noted in this context that 129 Pakistani prisoners of
war have been shot by Indian Guards of whom 45 succumbed
to their injuries.
• In addition, 120-soldiers and civilians have, according to
reports received through the International Committee of the
Red Cross, died of illness.
23. • Over-crowding, unhygienic conditions, malnutrition and inadequate
medical facilities which characterize the captivity of Pakistani
soldiers and especially of the civilians are no doubt the cause 'for
this loss of life.
• The Government of India has further held out threats reiterated in
the statement of 17 April 1973, that those of the Pakistani prisoners
of war and ‘ civilian internees who are required by the Government
of Bangladesh for trial would be transferred from India ta
Bangladesh.
• According to Indian Press reports, the number of such persons is
195.
Cont…
24. Pakistani negligence on Indian decision
• Pakistan does not accept that India has a right ta transfer its prisoners of war
for trial to "Bangla Desh" and claims that by virtue of Article VI of the
Genocide Convention, persons charged with genocide shall be tried by a
Competent Tribunal of the State in the territory of which the act was
committed.
• This means that Pakistan has exclusive jurisdiction to the custody of person
accused of the crimes of genocide, since at the time the acts are alleged to
have been committed, the territory of East was universally recognized as part
of Pakistan.
• Further, the Genocide Convention doe not warrant the holding of over
92,000 persons in custody in breach of their right under international law to
be repatriated, merely because of allegations against a few regarding acts of
genocide.
25. STATEMENTMADEBY MR. FARAH, PERMANENT
REPRESESTATIVEOF SOMALIA
• Now that the draft resolution contained in document S/10465
has been adopted by 13 votes in favour, two abstentions and
none against, I wish to make a brief statement on behalf of the
co-sponsors, in explanation of certain aspects of the
resolution.
• In operative paragraph 1 of the resolution the Council
demands of India and Pakistan that not only should there be
strict observance of a cease-fire and a cessation of all
hostilities in the areas of conflict,
• Withdrawals should take place of al1 their armed forces to
their respective sides.
26. • In the eastern theatre, since fighting has stopped foreign armed
forces should be completely withdrawn as soon as practicable
from that theatre.
• In the western theatre, the resolution just adopted would cal1 for
withdrawal of the armed forces of both parties.
• To summarize, where the draft 'resolution speaks of
withdrawals of all armed forces, it is in the foregoing context
that the co-sponsors wish the terms to be interpreted.
• The co-sponsors of the resolution have noted the declaration by
the Government of India that it has no territorial ambitions.
• In the implementation of this resolution, it is the view of the co-
sponsors that the parties may make any mutually acceptable
arrangement or adjustment that they may deem necessary.
Cont…
27. DACCAWILLTRY YAHYAOTHERSFORWARCRIMES
• Dacca, 22 February , Former Pakistani President Yahya Khan and
some top army personnel will be tried as war criminals by the Bangla
Desh Government for the genocide they had committed during the
nine months of their occupation.
• A Government spokesman told BSS today that the Government had
already prepared a list of more than 500 war criminals and against
each of them specific charges had been framed.
• The spokesman said that two categories of tribunals would be set up
shortly to try the war criminals-
I. one exclusively for the trials of those top army officials who were
responsible for planning the genocide .
II. The other for the lower ranks who executed the order of the high
officials
28. WAR CRIMESTRIAL OF 195BY MAY-END
• Dacca, 17 April, The Foreign Minister, Dr. Kamal Hussain,
today announced the Bangladesh Government's decision to try
195 POWs for war crimes.
• The proceedings will begin by the end of May.
• Dr. Hussain made the announcement soon after his return from
New Delhi where he had gone on a four day visit to draw up a
joint strategy with India for solving outstanding problems in
the sub-continent.
• He said the trial will be held in Dacca by a special tribunal
comprising persons of the status of Supreme Court Judge.
• Details of the trial decision were given in the form of a Press
release at a news conference.
• It said the trial will be held in accordance with universally
recognized juridical norms.
29. Cont…
• Investigation of the crimes allegedly committed by the
Pakistan occupation forces and members of the auxiliary
forces has been completed.
• The 195 prisoners to be tried have been charged with serious
crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, breach
of Article 3 of the Geneva Convention, murder, rape and
arson.
• The accused will be given facilities to arrange for their
defense and engage counsel of their choice, including
foreigners.
• The Foreign Minister, however, did not have an immediate
reply to the question whether Pakistani lawyers would be
allowed ta appear at the trial.
30. conclusion
• Hague, 11 May 1973 , International of justice.
• In accordance with Article 41 of the Statute, as read with
Article 66 of the Rules of Court, 1 have the honor to address to
you a request to the Court for indication of interim measures of
protection in the case instituted by the Government of
Pakistan against the Government of India relating to the
continued detention of over 92,000 Pakistani Prisoners of War
and civilian internees and the threatened transfer of one
hundred and ninety-five or any other number of such persons
to "Bangladesh" for the purpose of trial for alleged acts of
genocide.