Large role of united states, russia and china (1)

Runningheader: Role of USA, Soviet Union and China in Liberation War 1971 1
Large role of USA, Soviet Union and China in Liberation War 1971
Md. Reyad Hossain
ID: 17191018
Department of Sociology
Bangladesh University of Professionals

Role of USA, Soviet Union and China in Liberation War 1971 2
Abstract
In 1971, the liberation war was an identical incident in Bengali nation’s history. In that time it
had succeed to get international standards. In this war America and China publicly take positions
against Bangladesh, while on the other hand, the India and the Soviet Union express clear
support for the people of Bangladesh. For this, India and the Soviet Union signed a MoU on 1
August 1971.
USA had helped Pakistan by giving weapons and Pakistan army used these arms to kill Bengali
people. Even they sent 156 onlookers by United Nations to take all activities of Bengali peoples.
Henry Kissinger advised the Indian representative to keep India away from the assistance of the
Liberation War and President Nixon reports a notice to the Soviet Union for providing arms to
India. But India and Soviet Union did not obey these prohibitions. They kept up their support in
favor of Bengali people.
But, China's official position in the Liberation War was favor of Pakistan. Until the beginning of
the Indo-Pak war on 3 December 1971, China was a pro-Pakistan but did not have any comments
against the struggle of Bengal. Even from April to October, China did not make any comment
about the Liberation War. But secretly provided moral strength and courage to Pakistani military
forces and provided direct military equipment.

Introduction
The liberation war of 1971 was a unique general event in human history. Because the liberation
war of Bangladesh is essentially the movement for establishing the self-determination of the
people of the country, but in a special world situation, it achieves international standards. The
biggest proof of this is that America and China publicly take positions against Bangladesh, while
on the other hand, the India and the Soviet Union express clear support for the people of
Bangladesh. For this, India and the Soviet Union signed a MoU on 1 August 1971. In fact, the
direct influence of the Cold War between the two super powers of the time is reflected on the
liberation war of Bangladesh.
Background
Before 1971, Bangladesh used to be a bit of Pakistan as East Pakistan. As showed by
Najam Sethi, an inside and out respected and regarded feature writer from Pakistan, East
Pakistan reliably cried that they got less progression stores and less thought from the West

Pakistan (Punjabi) administering government. Bengalis in East Pakistan moreover contradicted
the allotment of Urdu as the state vernacular. The pay from convey, paying little heed to whether
it was from the Cotton of West Pakistan or Jute of East Pakistan, was dealt with for the most part
by West Pakistan. All in all, in a race coordinated just a couple of months already the war, the
triumph was grabbed by the East Pakistani pioneer and still he was not given the power, thusly
filling the improvement in East Pakistan.
Pakistani equipped power started its movement in East Pakistan to contain the improvement and
shock among the Bengalis. It is accounted for that the armed force was engaged with mass
executing of open and mass assault of ladies. India knew about this and was sitting tight for a
trigger to begin the war. India began accepting gigantic number of evacuees which wound up
unmanageable, pushing it to intercede in the circumstance. The circumstance soon pulled in the
consideration of numerous different nations. Hence the war later was amongst India and
Pakistan, as well as numerous nations were engaged with 1971 Indo Pakistani (War of Liberation
of Bangladesh) straightforwardly or by implication.
Role of USA

On 21 and 22 June of ‘71, news of the utilization of US weapons of unarmed Bengali
killing was distributed in the New York Times. Amid this time, the United States sent two
weapons vessels called 'Sundarbans and Padma' to Pakistan. On June 28, the Foreign Office
Press Office, Charles Bare reported to send 4-5 more warships to Pakistan in a month or two. In
the primary seven days stretch of July, Henry Kissinger encouraged Indian Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi to cease from helping the Bengali freedom fighter in the interest of the US government.
At one phase, India debilitated to state that if India chips away at benefit of the Bengali freedom
warriors, at that point China can assault Pakistan for India. With that he reviewed Henry
Kissinger, India, that it would not be conceivable to ensure the India's help for India's fringe
security against conceivable Chinese attacks after the 1962 clash on China-India outskirt. The
principle motivation behind these works was to keep India from helping the Bengali individuals'
freedom. Toward the finish of July, numerous announcements of the Americans turned out to be
clear despite Bangladesh's freedom. 1 of them the supply of arms to Pakistan proceeded in the
murdering of the Bengali individuals. On July 17, Henry Kissinger advised the Indian
representative to keep India away from the assistance of the Liberation War, 3 notwithstanding
conceivable military mediation of China, communicated its failure to shield. The opportunity
contenders raised the interest for enlistment of spectators to cross the fringe and keep a watch in
the wide open.
At the recommendation of the United States, activities have been taken to send 156 onlookers at
the United Nations East Bengal fringe. On the guidance of the United States to stop the section
of the flexibility warriors into India, the UN by implication remained against Bangladesh's
autonomy. Despite the fact that it didn't last. Of these 156, 73 were radio specialized experts, a
US based association called Taz-Oh.

America's help to convey Pakistani warriors toward the east is more genuine. As a component of
this procedure, a since quite a while ago experienced American occupied with against guerrilla
fighting in Vietnam and Brazil, stepped up with regards to choose a police master, Robert
Jackson, with the essential police group in Dhaka. By setting up contacts with an area of the
exile government, wanting to separation and focus on the Liberation War from inside. As a piece
of that, a gathering was framed with Khondakar Mushtaq and Mahbubul Alam Chasari. In this
gathering of the exile government bureau, Mujib discharged the freedom war as the boss. Sheik
Mujib's discharge, as the Prime Minister of East Pakistan, demonstrated the method of reasoning
for having a Confederation with Pakistan. Be that as it may, this cycle was lost at the prospect of
enthusiastic legislator Tajuddin.
Another part under the administration of Yusuf Ali, through the transitory President Syed Nazrul
Islam, attempted to proclaim a joint truce by passing the Joint Command, however the plot was
not executed till the end. As of now, Khandaker Mostak and Mahbubul Alam Krishi were subtly
educated.
On one side, the rancher, then again, Mujib's nephew Mujib Bahini, drove by Sheik Moni, took
position against the exile government's Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmed. He remained against
Tajuddin, 40 territorial commonplace individuals (MLA) of local authoritative regions (Khulna,
Barisal, Patuakhali, Faridpur). They announced insidiousness against Tajuddin.
These were finished by the Eastern arrangement of the Americans. In the second seven day
stretch of (October twelfth), the US Ambassador to India, in a gathering with Indian Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi, obviously told that if India does not quit helping the opportunity
warriors, at that point Pakistan can assault India from the west. At that point America began
contemplating the freedom war of Bangladesh. The United States comprehends that without the

immediate military intercession of China there is no real way to keep the up and coming fiasco.
America neglected to prevail by making an inward division between the opportunity contenders.
In the most recent seventh day stretch of (November 22nd), US President Nixon reports a notice
to the Soviet Union for providing arms to India. On November 23, Henry Kissinger attempted to
help the proposition of the recently selected Chinese delegate Huanghu to the United Nations in
help of the American proposition for Pakistan in the Security Council. Today, as US President
Obama is endeavoring to increase Chinese help against Iran. In any case, around then China was
not great to meeting the Security Council on this issue. Henry Kissinger neglected to wind up a
UK exile, yet flopped in Britain. Meanwhile, India will think about sending the seventh armada
of marines against Bangladesh's autonomy.
On December 3, Pakistan began air strikes in West India. After this occurrence, the US
organization proceeded with the accompanying endeavors for the following one week. 1) Despite
the likelihood of a Soviet veto, a truce by the Security Council meeting and the arrival of Indian
officers from Bangladesh. 2) In the new innovative understanding of the Pakistan-US respective
assentation of 1959, the United States propelled a seven armada on the shoreline of Bangladesh,
against Bangladesh to implement US military mediation for Pakistan. In the primary seventh day
stretch of (December fourth), in the Security Council meeting in Washington, Henry Kissinger
turned out to be extremely dynamic to bring the United States as a motivation for the truce and
withdrawal of troops without earlier counsel.
The postponement to achieve the seventh armada and at last stressed Kissinger of Pakistani
powers and their battling gear, so the US government ended up proactive for a truce. After the
gathering of the Security Council, the then US Representative George Bush raised the interest for
a truce and withdrawal of Indian troops. The gathering of the Soviet Union agent in the

gathering, because of the remain against the proposition, the American plot was crossed out.
England and France refrained from voting. Russia and Poland concur, hence, the furore of the
Americans. On December 5, the gathering of the Security Council was held. Russia requests
political settlement of East Pakistan, which decidedly represents some help for Bangladesh's
autonomy. At one phase, the US president told the Soviet president, Brejnov, that if the Soviet
Union does not cripple India in military resistances to secure Pakistan, at that point it isn't
conceivable to hold the Russian summit in that state. Inability to pass a truce in the Security
Council, the United States is currently looking to take it back to the General Assembly. Inability
to expel India from the Liberation War in different ways, in the long run invest India's obligation
and distributed advancement allotments.
These occurrences and the American media ended up vocal against the US War of War. At that
point Henry Kissinger attempted to take general sentiment through his put stock in media
laborers. In any case, his endeavors fizzled. seventh (December eighth in the subcontinent)
General Cadre passed a truce, pulling back Indian warriors and returning evacuees to 104-11
votes. Which was against Bangladesh's freedom war. Then again, Russia, India, Bhutan and a
few other communist nations took position against the American scheme against the freedom of
Bangladesh.
8 nations, including Britain and France, avoid voting. Yet, before that on 7 December, General
Niazi's greatest armed force surrendered in Jessore.
On December 8, the circumstance of Pakistan turned out to be more frail in the front line.
However, Henry Kissinger communicated his assurance to give military help to Pakistan. In the
light of the CIA's mystery data, on December 9, US President Nixon requested the seventh
armada to go to the Bay of Bengal. Meanwhile, the Americans were lying. Keeping in mind the

end goal to shield Pakistan from being assaulted by the Indian assault, Pakistan was sent to the
Bay of Bengal, 3 thousand kilometers from Pakistan by sending the seventh armada to the
Arabian Sea, to secure Pakistan, to spare it. The seventh armada was sent for the disappointment
of the Indian maritime square in the Bay of Bengal, to aid the task of the Pakistani armed force,
to counter the Indian air activities and to arrive the US Navy.
By 9 December, they were taking safe house in Dhaka in the wake of making a horrendous
annihilation of Pakistani powers in various areas. In this circumstance, on 9 December,
Pakistan's military initiative and senator Malik chose to leave East Pakistan with every one of the
officers. On December 10, Pakistan's military consultant Rao Farman Ali composed the truce
quickly to UN Assistant Secretary General Palmerk Henry, who was in Dhaka, giving over
energy to the delegates of East Pakistan, asking every single Pakistani power to be expelled from
East Pakistan. When the news achieved Washington, the US government scratched off the
proposition and revealed to General Yahya that the seventh armada had effectively left for the
Bay to help the Pakistani armed force. Then again, Russia's President Brezhnev said on
December 9, cautioning of the past US President Nixon's notice, that the answer for the issue of
the subcontinent is that Yahya should pull back the troops from East Pakistan.
Under the extraordinary summon of the Pakistan-India joint charge, Pakistan powers expanded
the level of weight on Nixon Brejnev, saying, if India still does not consent to the truce, at that
point the United States itself will be engaged with this war. Henry Kissinger advised a similar
episode to the US Ambassador to the Russian Embassy. On December 11, Kissinger cautioned
the Russian delegate Vorants that if America couldn't consent to a truce choice by December 12,
America would make military move individually. Yet, before finding the solution, the US
government gave a military intercession to Pakistan. In this circumstance, the Pakistan armed

force in East Pakistan united itself and issued a check in time for 24 hours on December 13 with
the assistance of their neighborhood teammates, they began the place of the Liberation War.
The role of Soviet Union
The Soviet Union was the principal awesome energy to condemn openly the Pakistani
military crackdown on Bengalis. It was likewise the main significant energy to formally perceive
the State of Bangladesh, which it did inside thirty-eight days of its true freedom from the
Pakistani powers.
The reaction of the Soviet Union to the 1971 emergency in East Pakistan was adapted by the
general Soviet approach concerning Asia in the 1960s. It was an approach of developing
contribution, at first embraced to contain America's impact in Asia, yet progressively
coordinated at stemming the political and military and also ideological progress of China which
around then was rising as the Soviet Union's foremost adversary in the Third World. The Soviet
Union's want to display its qualifications as an Asian power, it’s want to counter potential
American, Japanese or Chinese upheld plans for cooperation and arrangements prompted its

starting in the spring of 1969 a battle for an arrangement of aggregate security in Asia. This
battle turned into the pillar of the Soviet Union's tact in Asia as occasions and advancements in
the South Asian sub-mainland were setting the phase for the contention in East Pakistan.
The Soviet Union's nearby tie with India was a fundamental factor in forming the Soviet reaction
towards the East Pakistan emergency in 1971. A genial working relationship had won between
the two nations since the visit of Bulganin and Khrushchev to New Delhi in December 1955. The
Indo Soviet ties were additionally fortified in the wake of the 1962 Sino Indian fringe war.
India's annihilation in the 1962 conflict and the compounding Sino Soviet relations in the end
(for the most part amid 1969 1971) made Moscow connect more hugeness to its ties with India.
As the predominant power in the South Asian subcontinent, India could be developed as a viable
counterpoise to China and in this way could give assistance to Moscow to contain Beijing
militarily and carefully.
Another imperative factor behind the Soviet Union's reaction and rather close association in the
1971 emergency in South Asia was simply the Soviet picture as "a Great Power arranged on two
landmasses Europe and Asia" which, as the Soviet Foreign Minister, Andrei Gromyko, talking in
the Supreme Soviet in June 1968, stated, did not "beg anyone to be permitted to have their say in
the arrangement of any inquiry including the upkeep of global peace, concerning the opportunity
and freedom of the people groups ...".
The moderately high need given by the Soviet approach producers to Bangladesh emergency in
1971 was the outcome of their impression of the contemporary world and Asia and the best
possible Soviet part in both the world and Asian measurements as an incredible power. Moscow
was worried about keeping up the steadiness and security of its partner, India. It needed to
guarantee the situation of India as the predominant power in South Asia. Bangladesh may have

been seen by the pioneers of the Soviet Union as a "periphery obligation to their Indian
advantages", yet in 1971 it was of extensive significance to them as the primary experiment of
their political and conciliatory capacities in a developing "triangular world". The Sino American
armistice had opened Moscow's eyes to the new and none excessively lovely plausibility of
being cornered and confined. The clear union of the Chinese and the American strategies and
targets as to the Bangladesh issue in 1971 expanded the Soviet feelings of trepidation in this
regard and likely further solidified the Soviet make plans to back Indian help to Bangladesh.
Along these lines behind all that occurred in the sub-mainland over the 1971 Bangladesh battle
"was a power battle amongst China and the Soviet Union and a key clash amongst Moscow and
Washington". In South Asia amid December 1971 the Soviet Union appeared to have increased
most from this three-cornered battle.
A Bangladesh liberated from Pakistan, which was sponsored by both China and America, was
for the Soviet Union in 1971 a proof of the authenticity and quick (however not really perpetual)
accomplishment of its worldwide and Asian approaches. The introduction of Bangladesh with
India's help and thoughtful Soviet supervision did without a doubt stamp the development of the
Soviet Union as "the military weapons store and political safeguard of India with access for
[Moscow's] rising maritime energy to the Indian Ocean and a base of political and military
activities on China's southern flank".
Independent of the thought processes and picks up of the Soviet Union in its contribution in the
Bangladesh war of freedom, its strong and undeterred help to the Bengali reason was important
to the Bengali. Amid the penultimate days of Indo-Pak war over Bangladesh, the Soviet veto in
the UN Security Council against US supported proposition for truce made ready for the Indo-
Bangladesh partnered powers to walk into Dhaka and secure the thrashing and surrender of 90

thousand Pakistani troops on the sixteenth December 1971. Soviet Union's certain part in this
way contributed tremendously to the noteworthy triumph of Bangladesh.
The role of China
China is one of the most powerful forces in the world that is involved in the war of
liberation. But China's official position in the War of Liberation was favor of Pakistan. China's
first reaction to the crisis in Bangladesh was revealed on April 11, 1971 by Chou Eni's letter to
President Yahya. In this letter, Chou en Lai said that the events of Pakistan are the internal
affairs of the country and that people will be forced to do so without foreign intervention. He
even conveyed the unequivocal support of China to the national independence and national
sovereignty of Pakistan. However, he did not make any speech directly against the Liberation
War in the letter. But during the war of liberation, China did not show any sympathy towards the
struggle and oppression of Bengalis. Rather, he told the Pak military cycle that his support was
very strong. Even with the appealing application of Maulana Bhasani, known as a pro-Chinese
politician, there was no change in Chinese policy. Until the beginning of the Indo-Pak war on 3
December 1971, China was a pro-Pakistan but did not have any comments against the struggle of

Bengal. Even from April to October, China did not make any comment about the Liberation
War. But secretly provided moral strength and courage to Pakistani military forces and provided
direct military equipment. After signing the Indo-Soviet Treaty on 9 August 1971, China's
policy-making policies became more prominent. In September, China assured Pakistan that
China would help Pakistan in protecting national interests. Until then, much of the speech of the
Bengali opposition was not found in Chinese speech. For this reason, the expatriate Bangladesh
government had long hoped that at last the Chinese might stand up to the struggling Bengalis.
But she did not succeed. On 5 November, a Chinese delegation led by Chinese trust Bhutto went
to China. Expectations from China or hoping for help. But China's Acting Foreign Minister
(Acting) B Peng Fai called for finding a just solution for the problems of East Pakistan. Despite
not having a speech against the Bengali, China regularly supplied arms to Pakistan through the
border of West Pakistan. China also sent 200 (two) military experts in October for training in
guerilla warfare. It should be noted that since the 1965 Pakistan-India war, since 1994, Pakistan
has received a total of $ 200 million of Chinese military equipment aid, out of which $ 45
million in arms was provided in 1971. And with the rifle of China and other advanced weapons,
the Pak army killed indiscriminately by the Bengalis. On December 3, 1971, Pakistan started a
military attack in eastern India, after the direct Pak-India war. Since then, China has been playing
the role of anti-Bengali opponents directly in the United Nations. China responsible for the
Soviet Union in the war for India. The Soviet Union presented two proposals to the United
Nations on 5 and 7 December to find out a political solution for East Pakistan and stop the
destruction caused by the barbarism of the Pak army by the end of the war. But China's first veto
against both of the proposals has been applied and India is recognized as an aggressive party in
China's own proposal. Here is a point to note that China applied the veto on the first resolution

after getting permanent status of the Security Council within 40 days of its membership of the
United Nations. On December 16, when Bangladesh won the victory, China made a statement in
the statement of the Soviet Union and India to create 'so-called' Bangladesh. China called for an
independent Bangladesh to be called so-called Bangladesh, which was utterly neglected. Even
before the death of Bangabandhu, China did not recognize Bangladesh as an independent state.
Conclusion
The liberation war of 1971 was a unique general event in human history. The part of super
powers in the war of freedom conveyed to intense help the truth of worldwide legislative issues
amid the mid 1970s. Every one of the two super powers had its impact as per its own particular
national, territorial and worldwide interests.
Bangladesh, as a piece of Pakistan, was a geopolitical irregularity with its own particular relevant
explanations behind fruitful division from a post pilgrim commonwealth. Also, it was a land
battling for autonomy when worldwide governmental issues were experiencing vital movements.
Association of the superpowers, positive or negative, brought about the rise of Bangladesh as a
free and sovereign state.

References
Bangladesh Liberation war. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation
_War
Bangladesh-Russia relations (2015, August). Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh–
Russia_relations
Dr. Mizanur Rahman Shelley (2012, 16 December). SUPER POWERS IN LIBERATION WAR.
http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/victory_day/2012/pg4.htm
Anwara Begum, (2015, 31 March). War of liberation and China.
http://archive.newagebd.net/107103/war-of-liberation-and-china/
Dr. Shubash Kapila (2013, 27 December). Bangladesh liberation 1971: Recalling United States
and China’s record.
http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1431
Sanskar, S. (2011, 30 October). 1971 India Pakistan War:
Role of Russia, China, America and Britain.
http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/10/1971-india-
pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html

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