This document summarizes a regional hydrogeological study of the Bakken Formation in the Canadian region. It analyzes data on structure, hydraulic head, water chemistry, and pressure to generate maps showing groundwater flow direction, total dissolved solids distribution, and driving forces. It also uses a UVZ method to identify possible sites of hydrocarbon entrapment based on formation density, with light oil likely trapped at more locations than heavier oil. The study provides insight into the groundwater system and potential petroleum accumulations in the Canadian portion of the Bakken Formation.
1. The study investigates using fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) as a proxy for continuously measuring dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a salt marsh creek to help create carbon budgets.
2. A strong positive correlation was found between FDOM and DOC concentrations for both rising and falling tides, suggesting FDOM could be used as a DOC proxy.
3. FDOM/DOC concentrations were higher during low tide, indicating the marsh is a source of FDOM/DOC, and tidal amplitude was correlated with peak FDOM/DOC amplitudes.
Conclusions
• Studyingthecurrentstateofsub-seapermafrost is of critical importance in order to elucidate the time scale of the ongoing process;
• Giventhatspatialandtemporalvariabilityof methane releases is very high, this underscores importance of establishing monitoring network over the ESAS;
• ConsideringthesignificanceoftheESAS methane reservoir and enhancing mechanism of its destabilization, this region should be considered the most potential in terms of possible climate change caused by abrupt release of methane.
This document discusses land surface modeling in weather and climate models. It describes the role of land surface models in providing surface boundary conditions, such as heat and water fluxes. It outlines the requirements for land models, including atmospheric forcing data, appropriate physical representations, land cover and soil data, and initial land states. It then covers applications for weather and climate modeling, validation of land models, ongoing work to improve them, and their expanding role within Earth system modeling.
The document discusses satellite radar altimeter measurements of elevation changes in the Larsen Ice Shelf between 1992 and 2001. It finds that the ice shelf lowered by up to 0.27 meters per year on average. This thinning is explained by increased summer meltwater and loss of basal ice through melting. Enhanced ocean-driven melting may provide a link between regional climate warming and the successive breakup of sections of the Larsen Ice Shelf. Testing rules out other potential causes of thinning like changes in sea level, ocean density, or surface accumulation. The long-term thinning observed suggests meltwater production alone does not account for the lowering, indicating additional thinning mechanisms are also involved.
This document provides an overview of the structure and composition of Earth. It discusses:
1) Earth's surface dimensions, relief, and ocean floors. The surface varies from high mountains to ocean depths of over 11km. Ocean floors have been mapped using seismic methods.
2) The solid interior of Earth, which can be studied directly to depths of a few km and extrapolated to greater depths. Temperature increases downward, and the core is composed of iron and nickel.
3) Earth is divided into spheres - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. The geosphere includes the crust, mantle, and core layers. The crust and upper mantle form the lithosphere.
1) Scientists discovered a massive subsurface ice layer beneath an area of intermittent melt pond formation on the Larsen C Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
2) The ice layer is at least 16 km across, several km long, and tens of meters deep. It consists of two units - an upper solid ice unit formed from refreezing of ponded water, and a lower infiltration ice unit formed from refreezing of meltwater that percolated into dense firn.
3) Analysis of borehole data, firn modeling, and satellite images indicates the ice layer formed in response to intense surface melting and pond formation between 2001-2009, and is likely warmer and denser than ice in areas without such melting
This document discusses how a physically-based numerical model can be used to quantify changes in groundwater flow and solute transport times in warming permafrost regions. The model couples equations to account for water partitioning and transport in partially frozen ground. Simulation results show that as permafrost degrades over 100 years of 0.05°C annual warming, travel times increase due to longer flow pathways, slower vertical infiltration, and seasonal freezing effects like cryosuction rerouting flow. Transport pathways also lengthen and change, highlighting the need to consider impacts on reactive solute transport and Arctic carbon cycle feedbacks to climate.
1. The study investigates using fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) as a proxy for continuously measuring dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a salt marsh creek to help create carbon budgets.
2. A strong positive correlation was found between FDOM and DOC concentrations for both rising and falling tides, suggesting FDOM could be used as a DOC proxy.
3. FDOM/DOC concentrations were higher during low tide, indicating the marsh is a source of FDOM/DOC, and tidal amplitude was correlated with peak FDOM/DOC amplitudes.
Conclusions
• Studyingthecurrentstateofsub-seapermafrost is of critical importance in order to elucidate the time scale of the ongoing process;
• Giventhatspatialandtemporalvariabilityof methane releases is very high, this underscores importance of establishing monitoring network over the ESAS;
• ConsideringthesignificanceoftheESAS methane reservoir and enhancing mechanism of its destabilization, this region should be considered the most potential in terms of possible climate change caused by abrupt release of methane.
This document discusses land surface modeling in weather and climate models. It describes the role of land surface models in providing surface boundary conditions, such as heat and water fluxes. It outlines the requirements for land models, including atmospheric forcing data, appropriate physical representations, land cover and soil data, and initial land states. It then covers applications for weather and climate modeling, validation of land models, ongoing work to improve them, and their expanding role within Earth system modeling.
The document discusses satellite radar altimeter measurements of elevation changes in the Larsen Ice Shelf between 1992 and 2001. It finds that the ice shelf lowered by up to 0.27 meters per year on average. This thinning is explained by increased summer meltwater and loss of basal ice through melting. Enhanced ocean-driven melting may provide a link between regional climate warming and the successive breakup of sections of the Larsen Ice Shelf. Testing rules out other potential causes of thinning like changes in sea level, ocean density, or surface accumulation. The long-term thinning observed suggests meltwater production alone does not account for the lowering, indicating additional thinning mechanisms are also involved.
This document provides an overview of the structure and composition of Earth. It discusses:
1) Earth's surface dimensions, relief, and ocean floors. The surface varies from high mountains to ocean depths of over 11km. Ocean floors have been mapped using seismic methods.
2) The solid interior of Earth, which can be studied directly to depths of a few km and extrapolated to greater depths. Temperature increases downward, and the core is composed of iron and nickel.
3) Earth is divided into spheres - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. The geosphere includes the crust, mantle, and core layers. The crust and upper mantle form the lithosphere.
1) Scientists discovered a massive subsurface ice layer beneath an area of intermittent melt pond formation on the Larsen C Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
2) The ice layer is at least 16 km across, several km long, and tens of meters deep. It consists of two units - an upper solid ice unit formed from refreezing of ponded water, and a lower infiltration ice unit formed from refreezing of meltwater that percolated into dense firn.
3) Analysis of borehole data, firn modeling, and satellite images indicates the ice layer formed in response to intense surface melting and pond formation between 2001-2009, and is likely warmer and denser than ice in areas without such melting
This document discusses how a physically-based numerical model can be used to quantify changes in groundwater flow and solute transport times in warming permafrost regions. The model couples equations to account for water partitioning and transport in partially frozen ground. Simulation results show that as permafrost degrades over 100 years of 0.05°C annual warming, travel times increase due to longer flow pathways, slower vertical infiltration, and seasonal freezing effects like cryosuction rerouting flow. Transport pathways also lengthen and change, highlighting the need to consider impacts on reactive solute transport and Arctic carbon cycle feedbacks to climate.
River ice jams : risk evaluation, driving conditions and geomorphological imp...etbou24
This ppt describes my scientific activities over the last few years. It is of interest for scientists and engineers how want to know more about long-term ice jams dynamics and physical impacts. Please contact me for more info:
boucher@cerege.fr
The Record of Sea Level Change From Satellite Measurements: What Have We Lea...dallasmasters
2005 American Geophysical Union Bowie Lecture: The Record of Sea Level Change From Satellite Measurements: What Have We Learned? presented by Professor R. Steven Nerem of the University of Colorado at Boulder.
This document discusses comparisons between observed sea level data from tide gauges around the Mediterranean Sea in 2002 and predictions from two dynamical models - the barotropic Mog2D model and the ocean circulation Mercator PSY2 model. It finds that a combination of the low-pass filtered Mercator sea level and the Mog2D model most closely matches the observations. This combined prediction explains 10-20 square cm of the total sea level variance compared to the observations. While the individual models leave significant residuals, the composite prediction fits the tide gauge data remarkably well except for some events that neither model captured fully.
Geologic Controls on Liquefaction Processes at the Bottineau Quicksand SiteBrody Awalt
The document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between geology and the development of quicksand near Bottineau, North Dakota. The study identified two stratigraphic units at the site through sediment sampling and analysis. Hydrologic data from installed wells showed a perched water table at the base of the upper unit, likely caused by the lower unit acting as an aquiclude. This finding suggests that the local geology is controlling the formation of quicksand by impeding lateral groundwater flow and forcing water to the surface.
Milankovitch cycles, which describe variations in the Earth's orbit and axis, were originally thought to be the primary driver of glacial cycles during the Quaternary period. However, they cannot fully explain the observed changes, including the shift from 40,000-year to 100,000-year cycles around 0.9 million years ago. Other proposed mechanisms include feedbacks between atmospheric CO2 levels and climate, modulation of precession cycles by eccentricity, changes in ocean circulation like the thermohaline circulation, and switching between extensive and minimal sea ice coverage around ice sheets. While the exact causes are still debated, most scientists agree that orbital forcing alone cannot account for glacial oscillations and that internal feedbacks within the
- The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is the lowest part of the troposphere directly influenced by the Earth's surface. It exhibits diurnal temperature variations and responds rapidly to surface forcings.
- GPS radio occultation (RO) technique uses GPS signals passed through the atmosphere to determine properties like temperature, pressure, and water vapor in the ABL. Data from the COSMIC satellite constellation has provided global observations of the boundary layer.
- GPS RO is a useful remote sensing technique for studying characteristics of the ABL like refractivity and temperature profiles, with advantages of all-weather capability and global coverage.
This document provides an outline of a PhD project aiming to assess the shallow geothermal potential of Northern Ireland. The project has three main aims: 1) audit the shallow geothermal resource, 2) grade areas based on their economic heat potential, and 3) progress high-potential options to a business case. The researcher will develop screening criteria for sites and geologically map focus areas to characterize aquifers. Maps of permeable rock units and groundwater data will be used to create a shallow geothermal potential map. Proglacial sediments like deltas, eskers and outwash plains provide the most prospective reservoirs due to their high permeability. The researcher has identified the Malone Sands delta near Belfast and Kil
Reservoir Characterization from Abnormal Pressure in Parts of Eleme, Southea...Scientific Review SR
This document analyzes well log data from two wells, Wells A and B, in Eleme, Nigeria to characterize abnormal reservoir pressures. Well logs including density, sonic, and acoustic impedance were interpreted to determine zones of abnormal pressure. For Well A, abnormal pressure was found between 2185-2785m, and for Well B between 1805-2525m. These zones had densities greater than 1.07kg/cm3 and pressure gradients exceeding normal hydrostatic gradients for the area. Accurately determining abnormal pressure zones is important for safely drilling wells in the region.
1. Sea level rise is driven by thermal expansion of oceans, melting of land ice such as glaciers and ice sheets, and changes to land water storage.
2. Past rates of sea level rise have varied over time, with the 20th century rise likely the fastest in the past 2700 years.
3. Future projections estimate a rise between 0.5 to over 1 meter by 2100 depending on emissions scenario, with a long term commitment of 1-3 meters of rise for sustained warming over millennia.
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataoilandgas24
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data in exploring the environmental stresses and deterioration in ras gharib area, gulf of suez, egypt
This is a pdf. due to file size we are not able to upload the PowerPoint presentation you can email info@thecccw.org.uk for a copy which includes video clips
1) The study assessed the relationship between soil moisture held at different water potentials (matric potentials) and greenhouse gas fluxes in a corn-soybean field.
2) Soil samples were collected and analyzed at various matric potentials (0, -0.05, -0.1, -0.33, and -15 bars) to determine soil moisture levels. Higher moisture levels were found at 0 and -0.05 bars.
3) When soil moisture was near saturated conditions (0 bar matric potential), CO2 and N2O fluxes were positively correlated with soil moisture levels, while CH4 fluxes were negatively correlated.
This study reconstructs stable nitrogen isotopic ratios from sediment core samples at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1010 along the California margin from the past 5 million years. The results show relatively stable and enriched δ15N values, which can be interpreted in two ways. First, near complete nutrient utilization at coastal sites led to Rayleigh distillation effects transporting nitrate to Site 1010 through surface currents. Second, Site 1010 itself experiences complete nitrate utilization with no changes in denitrification, unlike sites 1012 and 1242 which do show changes. The aim is to expand reconstructions of oxygen minimum zone conditions to this site further offshore to help understand global changes in the fixed nitrogen inventory and atmospheric CO2 during the Pli
The MOSAiC expedition will conduct the first year-long drift through the central Arctic while frozen into sea ice. Over 500 people from over 20 countries will work on the expedition to study the Arctic climate. The research icebreaker Polarstern will drift with the ice for a full year starting in September 2019, accompanied by other icebreakers and research aircraft at different times. The multidisciplinary research will improve understanding of Arctic climate processes, feedbacks, and linkages to lower latitudes to advance climate models and projections of future Arctic and global climate change.
Recent research since the 2007 IPCC report shows that climate change is accelerating more rapidly than previously projected in many areas. Key findings include more rapid melting of Arctic sea ice, Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, faster sea level rise, and increasing ocean temperatures and acidification. Atmospheric CO2 and methane levels continue to rise sharply. While natural solar variability may have a small temporary cooling influence currently, the overall impacts of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions on global warming are clear and intensifying.
Recent research since the 2007 IPCC report shows that many aspects of the climate are changing faster than previously projected, including rising sea levels, melting Arctic sea ice and glaciers, and warming oceans. Unless greenhouse gas emissions are rapidly reduced, thresholds may be crossed leading to accelerated and irreversible climate change impacts.
Sea level rise, emerging issues paper, royal society of new zealand, sept 2010petergnz
Sea levels are rising due to global warming. In the past when the Earth was warmer, sea levels were several meters higher. Recent scientific studies project greater sea level rise than previous IPCC reports, ranging from 0.5 to over 1 meter by 2100. Uncertainty remains about how quickly polar ice sheets will melt and increase sea level rise. Thermal expansion of oceans as they warm also contributes to rising sea levels. Local risks may be increased in some areas depending on tectonic movements of the land.
The document outlines cycles of climatic change during the Quaternary period, including glacial and interglacial periods. It discusses the Eemian/Sangamon interglacial 130,000-115,000 years ago, the Early-Middle Weichselian/Wisconsin glacial period 115,000-50,000 years ago, and the Last Glacial Maximum 20,000-18,000 years ago. During glacial periods, continental ice sheets grew and sea levels dropped globally. Interglacials were warmer with higher sea levels. Reconstructions show the extent of ice sheets and changes in ocean temperatures over this timeframe.
Exploration and analysis of oil and gas field ( 3D seismic survey)Apurva Mittal
This document discusses different types of seismic surveys used in oil and gas exploration and production. It describes 2D seismic surveys, which are inexpensive but provide lower quality data. 3D seismic surveys acquire more detailed data in three dimensions and are more effective for mapping anomalies. 4D seismic surveys involve repeat 3D surveys over time to monitor reservoir performance and locate remaining resources as extraction progresses. Factors like vessel configuration, line orientation, and marine life can impact survey quality and efficiency.
GigNet Mobile App, South Africa’s first and only fully integrated entertainment networking platform that allows for the interaction of multiple user groups in a single entertainment ecosystem.
This document provides a rubric to evaluate presentations across four categories: use of color, use of images, presentation of information, and consideration of audience. It establishes four levels of achievement from advanced to needs improvement. For each category, it describes the characteristics that would earn a presentation the highest, satisfactory, beginning, or needs improvement rating in conveying information clearly to an audience.
River ice jams : risk evaluation, driving conditions and geomorphological imp...etbou24
This ppt describes my scientific activities over the last few years. It is of interest for scientists and engineers how want to know more about long-term ice jams dynamics and physical impacts. Please contact me for more info:
boucher@cerege.fr
The Record of Sea Level Change From Satellite Measurements: What Have We Lea...dallasmasters
2005 American Geophysical Union Bowie Lecture: The Record of Sea Level Change From Satellite Measurements: What Have We Learned? presented by Professor R. Steven Nerem of the University of Colorado at Boulder.
This document discusses comparisons between observed sea level data from tide gauges around the Mediterranean Sea in 2002 and predictions from two dynamical models - the barotropic Mog2D model and the ocean circulation Mercator PSY2 model. It finds that a combination of the low-pass filtered Mercator sea level and the Mog2D model most closely matches the observations. This combined prediction explains 10-20 square cm of the total sea level variance compared to the observations. While the individual models leave significant residuals, the composite prediction fits the tide gauge data remarkably well except for some events that neither model captured fully.
Geologic Controls on Liquefaction Processes at the Bottineau Quicksand SiteBrody Awalt
The document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between geology and the development of quicksand near Bottineau, North Dakota. The study identified two stratigraphic units at the site through sediment sampling and analysis. Hydrologic data from installed wells showed a perched water table at the base of the upper unit, likely caused by the lower unit acting as an aquiclude. This finding suggests that the local geology is controlling the formation of quicksand by impeding lateral groundwater flow and forcing water to the surface.
Milankovitch cycles, which describe variations in the Earth's orbit and axis, were originally thought to be the primary driver of glacial cycles during the Quaternary period. However, they cannot fully explain the observed changes, including the shift from 40,000-year to 100,000-year cycles around 0.9 million years ago. Other proposed mechanisms include feedbacks between atmospheric CO2 levels and climate, modulation of precession cycles by eccentricity, changes in ocean circulation like the thermohaline circulation, and switching between extensive and minimal sea ice coverage around ice sheets. While the exact causes are still debated, most scientists agree that orbital forcing alone cannot account for glacial oscillations and that internal feedbacks within the
- The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is the lowest part of the troposphere directly influenced by the Earth's surface. It exhibits diurnal temperature variations and responds rapidly to surface forcings.
- GPS radio occultation (RO) technique uses GPS signals passed through the atmosphere to determine properties like temperature, pressure, and water vapor in the ABL. Data from the COSMIC satellite constellation has provided global observations of the boundary layer.
- GPS RO is a useful remote sensing technique for studying characteristics of the ABL like refractivity and temperature profiles, with advantages of all-weather capability and global coverage.
This document provides an outline of a PhD project aiming to assess the shallow geothermal potential of Northern Ireland. The project has three main aims: 1) audit the shallow geothermal resource, 2) grade areas based on their economic heat potential, and 3) progress high-potential options to a business case. The researcher will develop screening criteria for sites and geologically map focus areas to characterize aquifers. Maps of permeable rock units and groundwater data will be used to create a shallow geothermal potential map. Proglacial sediments like deltas, eskers and outwash plains provide the most prospective reservoirs due to their high permeability. The researcher has identified the Malone Sands delta near Belfast and Kil
Reservoir Characterization from Abnormal Pressure in Parts of Eleme, Southea...Scientific Review SR
This document analyzes well log data from two wells, Wells A and B, in Eleme, Nigeria to characterize abnormal reservoir pressures. Well logs including density, sonic, and acoustic impedance were interpreted to determine zones of abnormal pressure. For Well A, abnormal pressure was found between 2185-2785m, and for Well B between 1805-2525m. These zones had densities greater than 1.07kg/cm3 and pressure gradients exceeding normal hydrostatic gradients for the area. Accurately determining abnormal pressure zones is important for safely drilling wells in the region.
1. Sea level rise is driven by thermal expansion of oceans, melting of land ice such as glaciers and ice sheets, and changes to land water storage.
2. Past rates of sea level rise have varied over time, with the 20th century rise likely the fastest in the past 2700 years.
3. Future projections estimate a rise between 0.5 to over 1 meter by 2100 depending on emissions scenario, with a long term commitment of 1-3 meters of rise for sustained warming over millennia.
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataoilandgas24
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data in exploring the environmental stresses and deterioration in ras gharib area, gulf of suez, egypt
This is a pdf. due to file size we are not able to upload the PowerPoint presentation you can email info@thecccw.org.uk for a copy which includes video clips
1) The study assessed the relationship between soil moisture held at different water potentials (matric potentials) and greenhouse gas fluxes in a corn-soybean field.
2) Soil samples were collected and analyzed at various matric potentials (0, -0.05, -0.1, -0.33, and -15 bars) to determine soil moisture levels. Higher moisture levels were found at 0 and -0.05 bars.
3) When soil moisture was near saturated conditions (0 bar matric potential), CO2 and N2O fluxes were positively correlated with soil moisture levels, while CH4 fluxes were negatively correlated.
This study reconstructs stable nitrogen isotopic ratios from sediment core samples at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1010 along the California margin from the past 5 million years. The results show relatively stable and enriched δ15N values, which can be interpreted in two ways. First, near complete nutrient utilization at coastal sites led to Rayleigh distillation effects transporting nitrate to Site 1010 through surface currents. Second, Site 1010 itself experiences complete nitrate utilization with no changes in denitrification, unlike sites 1012 and 1242 which do show changes. The aim is to expand reconstructions of oxygen minimum zone conditions to this site further offshore to help understand global changes in the fixed nitrogen inventory and atmospheric CO2 during the Pli
The MOSAiC expedition will conduct the first year-long drift through the central Arctic while frozen into sea ice. Over 500 people from over 20 countries will work on the expedition to study the Arctic climate. The research icebreaker Polarstern will drift with the ice for a full year starting in September 2019, accompanied by other icebreakers and research aircraft at different times. The multidisciplinary research will improve understanding of Arctic climate processes, feedbacks, and linkages to lower latitudes to advance climate models and projections of future Arctic and global climate change.
Recent research since the 2007 IPCC report shows that climate change is accelerating more rapidly than previously projected in many areas. Key findings include more rapid melting of Arctic sea ice, Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, faster sea level rise, and increasing ocean temperatures and acidification. Atmospheric CO2 and methane levels continue to rise sharply. While natural solar variability may have a small temporary cooling influence currently, the overall impacts of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions on global warming are clear and intensifying.
Recent research since the 2007 IPCC report shows that many aspects of the climate are changing faster than previously projected, including rising sea levels, melting Arctic sea ice and glaciers, and warming oceans. Unless greenhouse gas emissions are rapidly reduced, thresholds may be crossed leading to accelerated and irreversible climate change impacts.
Sea level rise, emerging issues paper, royal society of new zealand, sept 2010petergnz
Sea levels are rising due to global warming. In the past when the Earth was warmer, sea levels were several meters higher. Recent scientific studies project greater sea level rise than previous IPCC reports, ranging from 0.5 to over 1 meter by 2100. Uncertainty remains about how quickly polar ice sheets will melt and increase sea level rise. Thermal expansion of oceans as they warm also contributes to rising sea levels. Local risks may be increased in some areas depending on tectonic movements of the land.
The document outlines cycles of climatic change during the Quaternary period, including glacial and interglacial periods. It discusses the Eemian/Sangamon interglacial 130,000-115,000 years ago, the Early-Middle Weichselian/Wisconsin glacial period 115,000-50,000 years ago, and the Last Glacial Maximum 20,000-18,000 years ago. During glacial periods, continental ice sheets grew and sea levels dropped globally. Interglacials were warmer with higher sea levels. Reconstructions show the extent of ice sheets and changes in ocean temperatures over this timeframe.
Exploration and analysis of oil and gas field ( 3D seismic survey)Apurva Mittal
This document discusses different types of seismic surveys used in oil and gas exploration and production. It describes 2D seismic surveys, which are inexpensive but provide lower quality data. 3D seismic surveys acquire more detailed data in three dimensions and are more effective for mapping anomalies. 4D seismic surveys involve repeat 3D surveys over time to monitor reservoir performance and locate remaining resources as extraction progresses. Factors like vessel configuration, line orientation, and marine life can impact survey quality and efficiency.
GigNet Mobile App, South Africa’s first and only fully integrated entertainment networking platform that allows for the interaction of multiple user groups in a single entertainment ecosystem.
This document provides a rubric to evaluate presentations across four categories: use of color, use of images, presentation of information, and consideration of audience. It establishes four levels of achievement from advanced to needs improvement. For each category, it describes the characteristics that would earn a presentation the highest, satisfactory, beginning, or needs improvement rating in conveying information clearly to an audience.
Alphabets and numbers can be found in nature. Many plants and animals exhibit patterns that resemble letters or symbols. Their shapes, colors and arrangements sometimes form recognizable characters or numerals similar to those used in human languages.
According to a 2011 cancer facts report, 178,000 new cancer cases were diagnosed in Canada that year, resulting in approximately 75,000 deaths. Radiation therapy is used to treat 48% of cancer patients. Between 15-70% of cancer patients develop bone metastases. The document appears to be discussing bone metastases in cancer patients and treatment methods like intensity modulated radiation therapy.
ETIK2016 - En værdig afslutning på livet. Den praktiserende læges rolleMads Astvad
Bruno Melgaard, nyligt afgået formand for PLO, foredrager om primærsektorens rolle hos patienter i den sidste fase af livet.
Oplæg ved ETIK2016. Kan ses og høres her:
http://scanfoam.org/etik2016/
Los invertebrados son animales que no tienen vértebras y que viven tanto en el agua como en la tierra, respirando a través de branquias o tráqueas. Se clasifican en grupos como crustáceos, moluscos y artrópodos, e incluyen animales como calamares, chipirones, cangrejos, langostas y arañas.
In deze presentatie geeft conversie-specialist Jurjen Jongejan aan hoe je conversie-attributie toepast in de praktijk. Haal meer rendement uit je advertentiebudget
This document is the executive summary of the Public Protector's report titled "State of Capture". It summarizes the key allegations investigated, which include the Gupta family's alleged improper influence over cabinet appointments and awarding of state contracts. The investigation examined whether President Zuma violated the executive ethics code and enabled "state capture" by the Gupta family for financial gain. The executive summary outlines the two-phased investigatory process conducted to address concerns around the erosion of public trust in government institutions.
This document summarizes a study that used a high-resolution climate model to examine how tropical cyclone activity responds to increased greenhouse gas forcing and solar forcing. The model was run with various prescribed sea surface temperature profiles and CO2 concentrations. The results showed that increased CO2 led to a strong direct decrease but also a strong indirect increase in tropical cyclone frequency due to higher temperatures. Solar forcing did not have the same effects as CO2 forcing. Environmental variables like potential intensity and vertical wind speed decreased in all simulations, suggesting they are important predictors of tropical cyclone changes. Geoengineering was deemed unlikely to effectively counteract increased CO2 forcing impacts on tropical cyclones.
This document analyzes water mass features and wind influence in Trevor Channel using data from stations sampled between February 16-19, 2015. Temperature-salinity diagrams identified three water masses - surface water from rivers, intermediate water from the open ocean, and warmer bottom water inside the channel. Stratification was indicated by salinity contours and water mass mixing trends. Correlation found weak positive relationship between current surface layer thickness and local wind speed from the previous day, but little relationship between wind and water mass features near the inlet mouth.
This document summarizes the dynamics of ice ages on Mars. It finds that Mars has experienced repeated cycles of growth and retreat of subsurface ice over the past 5 million years, driven by variations in the planet's orbital parameters. The ice is distributed in three layers at high latitudes - a dry layer, a pore-ice layer where ice fills soil pores, and a layer of nearly pure ice. The thickness of the pore-ice layer varies over time, with growth dominated by precession cycles. Mid-latitude icy impacts may be explained by a recent ice sheet that has not fully retreated. Atmospheric water vapor controls the extent and depth of subsurface ice distribution on Mars.
1) Oceans have absorbed over 90% of the excess heat from global warming since 1970, causing ocean temperatures and heat content to rise steadily. This increased heat will affect global climate patterns.
2) Measurements by multiple agencies show the ocean continues to warm both at the surface and at depth, with higher rates of warming at high latitudes and in the Southern Ocean. Warming oceans also lead to rising sea levels and ocean acidification.
3) Precipitation patterns are changing, with statistically significant increases at northern latitudes and decreases at southern latitudes, consistent with a warmer and moister atmosphere under climate change.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Boltysh crater fill sediments – a 500,000 year record of the lower DanianIain Gilmour
The document summarizes research on sediments from the Boltysh impact crater in Ukraine that preserve a 500,000 year record of the early Danian period. The continuous lacustrine sediments within the crater provide an expanded and detailed record of a negative carbon isotope excursion approximately 200,000 years above the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, correlating to the Dan-C2 excursion in the marine record. Changes in floral communities through the excursion reflect changing biomes from a rapidly warming climate during an early Danian hyperthermal event, followed by ecosystem recovery, analogous to other major climatic events in the geologic record. The timing of the excursion may correlate with the late stages of
The document discusses the consequences of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and rising sea levels. It notes that global temperatures have risen 0.6°C over the past 150 years and are predicted to increase 1.5-5.8°C by 2100, and that sea levels have risen by about 120 meters in the last 20,000 years and 1-2 mm per year in the last century, with predictions of a 0.13-0.94 meter rise by 2100. Higher CO2 levels will also likely lead to changes in precipitation patterns and more intense rainfall, and have consequences for marine processes and organisms.
This document discusses factors affecting the air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2) flux in the Arctic Ocean during summer. It finds that measuring CO2 fugacity (fCO2) at depths shallower than 5-10 meters can underestimate ocean CO2 uptake due to strong gradients created by sea ice melt. Wind speed explains 69% of the estimated gas transfer velocity, with the remaining 31% attributed to measurement uncertainty and other forcing factors like waves and bubbles. Uncertainty in eddy covariance flux measurements contributes most (60%) to uncertainty in the gas transfer velocity, while uncertainty in fCO2 and other drivers accounts for the remaining 40%.
The document discusses engineering hydrology, which uses hydrologic principles to solve problems related to water resource management and development. It defines engineering hydrology as studying the hydrologic cycle and its components like precipitation, evaporation, infiltration and runoff. Engineering hydrologists work on projects for water control, utilization and management by estimating maximum floods, droughts, water supply and more using statistical and modeling techniques. The key aspects of hydrology discussed are data collection, analysis and prediction.
SOIL MOISTURE ASSESSMENT BY REMOTE SENSING AND GISuzma shaikh
This document discusses the use of remote sensing and GIS techniques for soil moisture assessment. It provides an outline and overview of key topics including the importance of soil moisture information, conventional measurement methods, and advantages of remote sensing approaches. Two case studies are summarized that estimate soil moisture using multispectral data and analyze the relationship between NDVI and land surface temperature to estimate soil moisture levels. Remote sensing products for measuring soil moisture globally are also briefly outlined.
The document discusses a pause in the rise of upper ocean heat content observed since 2003 despite ongoing greenhouse gas forcing. The summary is:
1) This pause is not unusual according to climate model simulations and can be explained by natural variability.
2) It is associated with about 45% of the "missing heat" being radiated to space and 35% entering the deep ocean layers.
3) The causes are variations in cloud cover and heat uptake related to El Nino/La Nina events and deep convection in the North Atlantic Ocean.
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Presentation_final1
1. Regional Petroleum Hydrogeological study of Bakken Formation,
Canadian part
Birendra Kumar Piya
MSc Integrated Petroleum Geosciences 2012/2013
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and
Department of Physics, University of Alberta
Supervisor: Professor Ben J. Rostron
August 8, 2013
1
2. OBJECTIVE
To Carry out general hydrogeological study of Bakken
formation in Canadian parts.
To generate Potentiometric surface map, structural
maps and to determine the groundwater flow direction.
To analyse and evaluate the chemistry (TDS) of the
formation waters
To generate Pressure versus depth plots
To determine the position of hydrocarbon entrapments
using UVZ method
2
3. Introduction
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Study area
Manitoba
Canadian
Shield
North Dakota
South Dakota
Siouxarch
Montana
Wyoming
Location :
Longitude: 990
30' to 1110
53' W
Latitude : 490
to 520
20' N
Area: 84,000 Sq. Miles̴
(216,700 km2
)
Thickness: 0 – 47m
Bakken formation area
200,000 Sq. miles (520,000 Km2
)
(Kent and Christopher, 1994, Wikipedia)
Modified from, Benn and Rostron, 1998, Bakken outline-Smith and Bustin, 2000
Study area
3
4. Geoscout
Final Report
Data
Source Accumap
(IHS)
•Structural data,
•Chemical data
•Pressure data
Culling of data
Data
analysis
Database
management
Microsoft Excel
Calculation of
Hydraulic heads
Calculation for
formation
density
Calculation of DFR
and driving force
Calculation of �∇
and �∇
Surfer and IlWISHydraulic head
map, UVZ map
Structure map,
TDS map,
Methods
Hitchon and Brulotte, (1994)
4
5. Formulas
• Hydraulic head (h) = z +( P/ρg) ….……..1
• U =V – Z…………………………………...2
• U= {ρo/(ρo - ρw)} * ho…………………… 3
• V={ρw/(ρw-ρo)}*hw …………………………4
• DFR = (Δρ * E)/(ρ0 * Hf)…………………5
• The driving force (F) = Hf +(Δρ/ρf) * E. ..6
Hubbert, 1953; Davies, 1987
5
8. The Laramide orogeny was caused
by subduction of a plate at a shallow
angle.
Wikipedia.org
Tectonics:
• Associated with laramide orogene
Mountain building activity, in late
Cretaceous period. Oceanic plate
sliding under the North American
plate at shallow angle.
According to Kent and Christopher (1994), the origin of
the basin is mainly due to subsidence and upliftment
caused due to normal process of heating and cooling
process in the inside of the earth.
8
9. Depositional environment
• Upper member: deposited in anaerobic condition (deep marine
environment ) i.e. restricted circulation of Oxygen
• Middle member: aerobic condition (diagenetically altered to
dolomites)
• Lower member: dysaerobic condition
• Deposited during major cycle of onlap and offlap sediments
(Transgression and regression series)
• The presence of some organic remains like planktonic organic
spores, fish remains, cephalopods, ostracodes and conodonts
indicate marine to marginal marine water conditions
• Absence of wave generated structure indicates deposition
below storm wave base
Halabura et al. (2007). Meissner, (1978) 9
11. Meissner, 1978
lower member = 3-20m
Middle member = few cm to
30m
Average = 13m
upper member
Max thickness varies 4-18m
= Average 2m
Halabura et al, 2007
11
12. Analysis
Hydraulic Head
h = z + P/ρg = z + Ψ
Hydraulic head is the sum of
elevation head and the pressure
head
ΨB
hB
SB
Surface
zB
Formation
Name
Bottom
Hole
Latitude
Bottom
Hole
Longitu
de
KB
Elevatio
n
(m)
Upper
Depth
(m)
Lower
Depth
(m)
Average kPa Head
H
BAKKEN /
TORQUAY 52.05 -109.99 753.7 766.0 778.8 772.4 5910.90 583.84
BAKKEN /
TORQUAY 52.05 -109.99 753.7 805.0 816.0 810.5 5910.9 545.74
BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.07 -108.98 726.9 886.1 897.9 892.0 9173.47 770.01
BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.06 -109.44 679.7 876.0 884.0 880.0 9101.63 727.49
BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.33 -109.99 700.1 857.0 873.0 865.0 8535.02 705.13
BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.38 -109.37 699.1 883.0 888.0 885.5 8400.70 669.94
BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.44 -109.83 689.5 739.0 751.0 745.0 8154.30 775.72
BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.50 -109.28 677.7 886.1 897.9 892.0 7675.20 568.09
BAKKEN / UNDEF 51.50 -109.81 693.8 876.0 884.0 880.0 7868.30 615.87
depth
P
Hubbert, 1953
12
13. • In practice direction of flow is normal to the equipotential lines,
provided no variable density and aquifer is horizontal
Final Potentiometric surface map
Contour interval 40m
1120 – 400m
13
36. Possible site of oil
accumulation
UVZ map for heavy Oil (0.933 g/cm3
)
Possible sites for hydrocarbon entrapment marked in a circle
More confined than the light one.
36
37. Conclusion
• Hydraulic head values gradually decreases towards North
and northeast direction
• Deeper parts of the formation indicate variable density flow
due to variation in density and the increase in salinity
• The TDS value increase towards deeper portion of the basin
and ranges from less than 10,000 mg/l to up to maximum of
317,00 mg/l.
• Hydrochemical study shows that, the formation water is rich in
sodium and chlorine ions that follow a positive trend with TDS.
• UVZ map for light oil show two possible sites for hydrocarbon
entrapments.
37
38. •The P-D plots results, occurrences of two pressure zones,
one at a depth less than 1300m (underpressure zone)
and the other at a depth greater than 1300m (overpressure
zone).
Recommendation:
Detail study covering entire Bakken formation (US and Canada
Part) is necessary to be carried out in order to understand
petroleum hydrogeological characteristics of the Bakken formation
as a whole. For this, enough data, enough budget and sufficient
time are required.
38
39. Acknowledgement
I would like to acknowledge,
Supervisor Professor Ben Rostron
Director of IPG program Prof. David Potter
All IPG Professors
EAS staffs (Technical non technical)
Anatoly Melnik, Tibor Lengyel
IPG Pool Awards (sponsored by ConocoPhillips, CNRL
and Nexen
All IPG classmates
39
40. References:
Benn, A. A and B. J. Rostron, 1998, Regional hydrochemistry of Cambrian to
Devonian aquifers in the Williston basin, Canada-USA, Eighth international
Williston Basin Symposium, Sakatchewan Geological Society Special Publication
No. 13, p. 238-245.
Bachu, S., and B. Hitchon, 1996, Regional Scale Flow of Formation Waters in
the Williston Basin, AAPG Bulletin, v. 80, No. 2, p. 248-264.
Bachu, S., and R. A. Burwash, 2012, Geothermal Regime in the Western
Canada Sedimentary Basin, Geological Atlas of the Western Canada
Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 30.
Chebotarev, I. I., 1955. Metamorphism of natural water in the crust of
weathering, Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 8, Issue 1-2, p. 22-48,
137-170, 198-212.
Chierici, G. L., 1994, Principles of petroleum reservoir engineering.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, p. 430
Davies, P. B., 1987, Modelling Areal, Variable density, ground water flow using
equivalent freshwater head, analysis of the potentially significant errors, proceedings
of the solving groundwater problems with models conference and exposition, NWFA,
p. 888-903.
Halabura, S., L. Buatois, S. Angulo, and L., Piche, 2007; From Source to
Trap: A review of the Bakken Petroleum System, Upper Devonian-Mississippian,
and Southeastern Saskatchewan.
Hubbert, M. K., 1953, Entrapment of petroleum under hydrodynamic condition,
AAPG Bulletin, v. 37, no. 8p. 1954-2056.
40
41. Hitchon, B., and M. Brulotte, 1994, Culling Criteria for "Standard" formation
water analyses, Elsevier Science Ltd. vol. 9, pp. 637-645.
Kent, D. M., and J. E. Christopher, 1994, Geological History of the Williston
basin and Sweetgrass Arch, Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary
Basin Chapter 27.
Meissner, F. F., 1978, Petroleum Geology of the Bakken Formation, Williston
Basin, North Dakota and Montana; in the economic Geology of the Williston Basin:
Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, 1978 Williston Basin
Symposium, Montana Geological Society, 4th
Annual Field Conference, September
10 to 12, Guidebook, p. 207-227.
Melnik, A., 2012, Regional Hydrogeology of Southwestern Saskatchewan:
Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 153 p.
Osinski, W. P. C., 1970, Geology and Production History of South eastern
Saskatchewan, a report submitted to Department of Mineral Resources of
Saskatchewan, Geological science branch, Sedimentary geology division.
Palombi, D. D., 2008, Regional Hydrogeological Characterization of the Northeastern
Margin in the Williston Basin: Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada, 196 p.
Smith, M. G., and R. M. Bustin, 2000, Late Devonian and Early Mississippian
Bakken and Exshaw Black Shale Source Rocks, Western Canada Sedimentary
Basin: A Sequence Stratigraphic Interpretation, AAPG Bulletin, v. 84, No. 7, p. 940-960.
41
The highest temperatures are found in the deepest parts of the basin: along the Cordillera in the west (up to 160°C), and in the Williston Basin in southeastern Saskatchewan (up to 110°C): chap 30, Bachu and Burwash, 1994