This document summarizes key findings from the IPCC report on the physical science of climate change. It finds that increases in greenhouse gases like CO2 and methane are extremely likely due to human activity since 1750 and are causing the planet to warm. Global temperatures and sea levels have risen over the past century and models project further increases of 1-6°C and 0.3-0.8 meters respectively by 2100 depending on emissions scenarios. While uncertainty remains, effects like more extreme heat waves are very likely to continue worsening if emissions are not reduced.
OSCILLATIONS from ARCTIC WARMING: Record COLD & HOT, RISING SEASPaul H. Carr
WEATHER EXTREMES ARE INCREASING.
Record-Cold and Snowfall in New England during 2015 winter.
-Record high sea temps, 11.5 C, put more
water vapor (snow) in the atmosphere.
-Record-Hot West Sees First 100-Degree Temperature of 2015.
- CA 4 yr. drought longest in history.
Wet areas getting wetter: Floods, Snow
Dry areas getting drier: CA Drought, Wildfires.
Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than air temperaure.
The year 2014 tied with 2010 as the warmest year on record for the last century. The melting of Greenland, mountain glaciers, and thermal expansion is raising sea levels four times faster than in 1900. Sea level rises of 2 to 6 feet are predicted by the end of the century. Flood highs from hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were ~ 10 feet.
The article “Treading Water” in the February 2015 "National Geographic" tells how Dutch Docklands LLC sees profit not loss from rising sea levels. They are building floating homes in Miami, FL. A floating classroom could assure ASPEC’s long-term future. It would provide a place to meet in the event of flooding by the 10-foot ocean surges that accompany hurricanes.
Dr. Carr describes how increasing greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, trap the radiation that is warming our planet. Advances in non-carbon emitting energy sources can reduce global warming. Solar PV panels are now generating electricity at $0.07/kWhr, less than the national utility average of $0.12kWhr. Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than atmospheric temperature, as 90% of our planet’s heat content is in our oceans.
You can learn more at www.RiskyBusiness.org.
using EdGCM (educational global climate modelling) to do climate modelling from the period of 1958 to 2100.
also talk about the impact of climate change with respect to south east asia.
Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for BoatingNASBLA
State Climatologist David Zierden presented Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for Boating to the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators on September 9, 2008
OSCILLATIONS from ARCTIC WARMING: Record COLD & HOT, RISING SEASPaul H. Carr
WEATHER EXTREMES ARE INCREASING.
Record-Cold and Snowfall in New England during 2015 winter.
-Record high sea temps, 11.5 C, put more
water vapor (snow) in the atmosphere.
-Record-Hot West Sees First 100-Degree Temperature of 2015.
- CA 4 yr. drought longest in history.
Wet areas getting wetter: Floods, Snow
Dry areas getting drier: CA Drought, Wildfires.
Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than air temperaure.
The year 2014 tied with 2010 as the warmest year on record for the last century. The melting of Greenland, mountain glaciers, and thermal expansion is raising sea levels four times faster than in 1900. Sea level rises of 2 to 6 feet are predicted by the end of the century. Flood highs from hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were ~ 10 feet.
The article “Treading Water” in the February 2015 "National Geographic" tells how Dutch Docklands LLC sees profit not loss from rising sea levels. They are building floating homes in Miami, FL. A floating classroom could assure ASPEC’s long-term future. It would provide a place to meet in the event of flooding by the 10-foot ocean surges that accompany hurricanes.
Dr. Carr describes how increasing greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, trap the radiation that is warming our planet. Advances in non-carbon emitting energy sources can reduce global warming. Solar PV panels are now generating electricity at $0.07/kWhr, less than the national utility average of $0.12kWhr. Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than atmospheric temperature, as 90% of our planet’s heat content is in our oceans.
You can learn more at www.RiskyBusiness.org.
using EdGCM (educational global climate modelling) to do climate modelling from the period of 1958 to 2100.
also talk about the impact of climate change with respect to south east asia.
Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for BoatingNASBLA
State Climatologist David Zierden presented Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for Boating to the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators on September 9, 2008
IPCC 2013 report on Climate Change - The Physical BasisGreenFacts
"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis" is a comprehensive assessment of the physical aspects of climate change, which puts a focus on the elements that are relevant to understand past, document current, and project future climate change.
The report covers observations of changes in all components of the climate system and assess the current knowledge of various processes of the climate system.
Direct global-scale instrumental observation of the climate began in the middle of the 19th century, and reconstruction of the climate using proxies such as tree rings or the content of sediment layers extends the record much further in the past.
The present assessment uses a new set of new scenarios to explore the future impacts of climate change under a range of different possible emission pathways.
Arctic Climate Feedbacks: Global ImplicationsOpen Knowledge
According to the WWF report "Arctic Climate Feedbacks: Global Implications", the consequences of a warming Arctic are far worse than previous projections.
Melting Ice: Context, Causes, and Consequences of Polar AmplificationZachary Labe
Profound changes are ongoing at the ends of our planet. Thawing permafrost buried in ancient soils, melting lake and river ice-cover, thinning sea ice, and dwindling mountain glaciers are just a few indicators of climate change within the Arctic. Further, billions of tons of ice are now lost per year from the Greenland Ice Sheet, leaving our coastlines increasingly vulnerable to sea level rise. ‘Polar amplification’ refers to enhanced climate changes in the high latitudes compared to the rest of the globe in response to an external forcing. In the Arctic, air temperatures are rising at more than twice the rate of the global average. While changes in the Antarctic have been slower than the Arctic, the Antarctic ice sheets store enough freshwater to increase global sea levels by 58 m. Thus, Antarctica is often considered our sleeping giant.
Despite robust evidence of polar amplification in the past and present-day, the largest spread in future climate model projections is found in the Arctic and Antarctic. Moreover, quantifying the positive feedbacks contributing to polar amplification remains quite challenging. These large uncertainties are critical for understanding the impacts of future changes to ocean biogeochemistry and circulation, global sea level rise, and mid-latitude climate extremes and variability. This talk will provide an overview of polar amplification using present-day observational evidence and climate models simulations through the late 21st century. In particular, how do we separate the signal and noise in polar climate change and make evidence-based predictions in a warming world?
"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis", assesses the current
scientific knowledge of the natural and human drivers of climate change,
observed changes in climate, the ability of science to attribute changes
to different causes, and projections for future climate change.
The report was produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620
expert reviewers and a large number of government reviewers also
participated. Representatives from 113 governments reviewed and revised
the Summary line-by-line during the course of this week before adopting
it and accepting the underlying report.
“Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis”, assesses the current scientific knowledge of
the natural and human drivers of climate change, observed changes in climate,
the ability of science to attribute changes to different causes, and projections
for future climate change.
The report was
produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620 expert reviewers and a
large number of government reviewers also participated. Representatives from 113
governments reviewed and revised the Summary line-by-line during the course of
this week before adopting it and accepting the underlying
report.
IPCC 2013 report on Climate Change - The Physical BasisGreenFacts
"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis" is a comprehensive assessment of the physical aspects of climate change, which puts a focus on the elements that are relevant to understand past, document current, and project future climate change.
The report covers observations of changes in all components of the climate system and assess the current knowledge of various processes of the climate system.
Direct global-scale instrumental observation of the climate began in the middle of the 19th century, and reconstruction of the climate using proxies such as tree rings or the content of sediment layers extends the record much further in the past.
The present assessment uses a new set of new scenarios to explore the future impacts of climate change under a range of different possible emission pathways.
Arctic Climate Feedbacks: Global ImplicationsOpen Knowledge
According to the WWF report "Arctic Climate Feedbacks: Global Implications", the consequences of a warming Arctic are far worse than previous projections.
Melting Ice: Context, Causes, and Consequences of Polar AmplificationZachary Labe
Profound changes are ongoing at the ends of our planet. Thawing permafrost buried in ancient soils, melting lake and river ice-cover, thinning sea ice, and dwindling mountain glaciers are just a few indicators of climate change within the Arctic. Further, billions of tons of ice are now lost per year from the Greenland Ice Sheet, leaving our coastlines increasingly vulnerable to sea level rise. ‘Polar amplification’ refers to enhanced climate changes in the high latitudes compared to the rest of the globe in response to an external forcing. In the Arctic, air temperatures are rising at more than twice the rate of the global average. While changes in the Antarctic have been slower than the Arctic, the Antarctic ice sheets store enough freshwater to increase global sea levels by 58 m. Thus, Antarctica is often considered our sleeping giant.
Despite robust evidence of polar amplification in the past and present-day, the largest spread in future climate model projections is found in the Arctic and Antarctic. Moreover, quantifying the positive feedbacks contributing to polar amplification remains quite challenging. These large uncertainties are critical for understanding the impacts of future changes to ocean biogeochemistry and circulation, global sea level rise, and mid-latitude climate extremes and variability. This talk will provide an overview of polar amplification using present-day observational evidence and climate models simulations through the late 21st century. In particular, how do we separate the signal and noise in polar climate change and make evidence-based predictions in a warming world?
"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis", assesses the current
scientific knowledge of the natural and human drivers of climate change,
observed changes in climate, the ability of science to attribute changes
to different causes, and projections for future climate change.
The report was produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620
expert reviewers and a large number of government reviewers also
participated. Representatives from 113 governments reviewed and revised
the Summary line-by-line during the course of this week before adopting
it and accepting the underlying report.
“Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis”, assesses the current scientific knowledge of
the natural and human drivers of climate change, observed changes in climate,
the ability of science to attribute changes to different causes, and projections
for future climate change.
The report was
produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620 expert reviewers and a
large number of government reviewers also participated. Representatives from 113
governments reviewed and revised the Summary line-by-line during the course of
this week before adopting it and accepting the underlying
report.
Warming is believed to be caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation, as well a probable expansion of subtropical deserts.
This powerpoint presentation is produced by IPCC Working Group I for outreach purposes. It is based on the figures and approved text from the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers with some additional information on the process. The IPCC Working Group I website www.climatechange2013.org provides comprehensive access to all products generated by Working Group I during the fifth assessment cycle of the IPCC.
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.
Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming.
Temperature changes vary over the globe. Since 1979, land temperatures have increased about twice as fast as ocean temperatures. Ocean temperatures increase more slowly than land temperatures because of the larger effective heat capacity of the oceans and because the ocean loses more heat by evaporation
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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3. Main Points
• The report: (1) describes progress in
understanding of the human and natural drivers
of climate change; (2) observed climate change,
climate processes and attribution; (3) and
estimates of projected future climate change.
• Changes in the atmospheric abundance of
greenhouse gases and aerosols, in solar radiation
and in land surface properties alter the energy
balance of the climate system. These changes
are expressed in terms of radiative forcing.
4. • Global atmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4,
N2O have increased evidently as a result of
human activities since 1750.
• Increase in carbon CO2 concentration fossil
fuel use and land use change.
• The global atmospheric concentration of CO2
has increased from a pre-industrial value of
about 280 ppm to 379 ppm in 2005 (exceeding
by far the natural range over the last 650,000
years - 180 to 300 ppm).
5. • Increase in carbon CH4 concentration
agriculture.
• The global atmospheric concentration of CH4 has
increased from a pre-industrial value of about 715
ppb to 1774 ppb in 2005 (exceeding by far the
natural range of the last 650,000 years - 320 to 790
ppb).
• The combined radiative forcing due to increases in
of CO2, CH4, N2O is +2.30 [+2.07 to +2.53] W m–
2, and its rate of increase during the industrial era is
very likely (90%) to have been unprecedented in
more than 10,000 years.
6. • Anthropogenic contributions to aerosols
together produce a cooling effect, with a total
direct radiative forcing of –0.5 [–0.9 to –0.1] W
m–2 and an indirect cloud albedo forcing of –
0.7 [–1.8 to –0.3] W m–2.
• Changes in solar irradiance since 1750 are
estimated to cause a radiative forcing of +0.12 W
m–2.
• Eleven of the last twelve years (1995–2006) rank
among the 12 warmest years in the instrumental
record of global surface temperature (since
1850).
7.
8. Most of the observed increase in global average
temperatures since the mid-20th century is very
likely due to the observed increase in
anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.
9. • Since 1961 the average temperature of the global
ocean has increased to depths of at least 3000 m
and the ocean has been absorbing more than
80% of the heat added to the climate system.
• New data since the TAR show that losses from
the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica have
very likely contributed to sea level rise over 1993
to 2003: Global average sea level rose at an
average rate of 1.8 mm per year over 1961 to
2003. The rate was faster over 1993 to 2003:
about 3.1 mm per year. The total 20th-century
rise is estimated to be 0.17 m.
10. • Cold days, cold nights and frost have become
less frequent in the last 50 years, while hot days,
hot nights and heat waves have become more
frequent.
• Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would
continue for centuries due to the time scales
associated with climate processes and feedbacks,
even if greenhouse gas concentrations were to be
stabilised.
• Both past and future anthropogenic carbon
dioxide emissions will continue to contribute to
warming and sea level rise for more than a
millennium, due to the time scales required for
removal of this gas from the atmosphere.
11. • Average arctic temperatures increased at almost
twice the global average rate in the past 100
years.
• The best estimate for the low scenario (B1) is
1.8°C (likely range is 1.1°C to 2.9°C), and the best
estimate for the high scenario (A1FI) is 4.0°C
(likely range is 2.4°C to 6.4°C).
• Warming is expected to be greatest over land
and at most high northern latitudes, and least
over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North
Atlantic Ocean.
• It is very likely that hot extremes, heat waves
and heavy precipitation events will continue to
become more frequent.
12. • If radiative forcing were to be stabilised in 2100 at
A1B levels, thermal expansion alone would lead to
0.3 to 0.8 m of sea level rise by 2300. Thermal
expansion would continue for many centuries, due
to the time required to transport heat into the deep
ocean.
• Contraction of the Greenland Ice Sheet is projected
to continue to contribute to sea level rise after 2100.
Current models suggest that ice mass losses increase
with temperature more rapidly than gains due to
precipitation and that the surface mass balance
becomes negative at a global average warming
(relative to pre-industrial values) in excess of 1.9°C
to 4.6°C.
• Negative surface mass balance = complete
elimination of the Greenland Ice Sheet and sea level
rise of about 7m.
14. How the report was made
• Measurements of greenhouse gases were shown
from ice cores (symbols with different colours
for different studies) and atmospheric samples
(red lines).
• Since the TAR, progress in understanding how
climate is changing in space and in time has
been gained through improvements and
extensions of numerous datasets and data
analyses, broader geographical coverage, better
understanding of uncertainties, and a wider
variety of measurements.
15. • Increasingly comprehensive observations are
available for glaciers and snow cover since the
1960s, and for sea level and ice sheets since
about the past decade.
• Sea level estimates are based on improved
satellite and in situ data now available.
• Palaeoclimatic information supports the
interpretation that the warmth of the last half
century is unusual in at least the previous 1,300
years.
16. Uncertainty
• Expressions such as “It is very likely”, “very high
confidence”, etc.
• It is very likely (90%) that the observed increase
in methane concentration is due to
anthropogenic activities, predominantly
agriculture and fossil fuel use, but relative
contributions from different source types are not
well determined.
• Aerosols forces remain the dominant
uncertainty in radiative forcing.
• Data still limited in some regions.
17. • Climate-carbon cycle coupling is expected to add
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as the climate
system warms, but the magnitude of this
feedback is uncertain. This increases the
uncertainty in the trajectory of carbon dioxide
emissions required to achieve a particular
stabilization level of atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration
• Uncertainties in local forcings and feedbacks
make it difficult to estimate the contribution of
greenhouse gas increases to observed small-
scale temperature changes.
18. • Palaeoclimatic studies use changes in
climatically sensitive indicators to infer past
changes in global climate on time scales ranging
from decades to millions of years. Uncertainty
increases with time into past.
• Models used to date do not include uncertainties
in climate-carbon cycle feedback nor do they
include the full effects of changes in ice sheet
flow, because a basis in published literature is
lacking.
19. • Precipitation is highly variable spatially and
temporally, and data are limited in some
regions.
• Dynamical processes related to ice flow not
included in current models but suggested by
recent observations could increase the
vulnerability of the ice sheets to
warming, increasing future sea level rise.
Understanding of these processes is limited and
there is no consensus on their magnitude.
20. Certainty
• Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is
now evident from observations of increases in global
average air and ocean temperatures, widespread
melting of snow and ice, and rising global average
sea level.
• Since IPCC’s first report in 1990, assessed
projections have suggested global average
temperature increases between about 0.15°C and
0.3°C per decade for 1990 to 2005. This can now be
compared with observed values of about 0.2°C per
decade, strengthening confidence in near-term
projections.
21. Link to the Report:
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-
wg1-spm.pdf