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The document discusses biomedical imagery and ophthalmic photography. It provides an overview of the history and technologies that have enabled advances in biomedical imaging, including photography, radiology, microscopy, and more recent digital technologies. It focuses on ophthalmic photography specifically, describing how it is used to document the fundus and interior of the eye. The future of ophthalmic imagery is discussed, including new techniques like optical coherence tomography and ultrasound imaging.
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This document provides an overview of biomedical imagery and ophthalmic photography. It discusses the history of photography and how understanding light, lenses, apertures, and shutter speeds are fundamental to capturing medical images. It also outlines the role of an ophthalmic photographer in supporting clinicians through documenting patients' eyes using specialized cameras and emerging imaging technologies.
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X-rays are generated when accelerated electrons interact with a metal target, producing X-ray beams that are passed through the body and absorbed at different rates by tissues depending on their density. The X-rays that pass through the body expose silver halide film, creating an image where bone and other dense tissues appear lighter since they absorb more X-rays. Contrast agents can enhance the visualization of similar tissues. CT scans use X-rays and a computer to generate cross-sectional images of the body, while MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of soft tissues without radiation exposure. Bone scans and PET scans use radioactive tracers to detect bone abnormalities and areas of increased metabolic activity. DEXA scans measure bone
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CBCT provides volumetric imaging with less radiation than medical CT. It involves an X-ray source and detector rotating around the patient to obtain multiple 2D projections, which are reconstructed into a 3D volume. This allows visualization of structures like bone and teeth from any angle. CBCT has numerous dental and maxillofacial applications like implant planning, orthodontics, and pathology assessment. While it provides more accuracy than 2D imaging, CBCT images can be affected by artifacts from scatter, motion, and metal objects. Overall, CBCT is a useful tool for evaluating anatomy in 3D.
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This document discusses various types of medical imaging technologies. It describes radiologic/x-ray technology, ultrasound technology, CT scans, MRI scans, and nuclear imaging including PET and SPECT. The goal of medical imaging is to non-invasively examine the inside of the body to diagnose health problems and guide treatment. Each technology has advantages for certain applications based on the type of information and depth of imaging it provides. Together these modalities provide physicians a variety of tools to accurately diagnose and monitor patient health issues.
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Radio imaging techniques are the noninvasive imaging of various organs,
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- Components include an X-ray generator, image sensor, and software for image reconstruction. Images are stored in DICOM format.
- Advantages include rapid scan time, interactive display modes, and ability to view structures in multiple planes. Disadvantages include potential artifacts and inability to view
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Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) uses a cone-shaped x-ray beam projected through the area of interest and a 2D detector to acquire multiple 2D radiographic images at different angles. These images are then used to reconstruct 3D volumetric images. CBCT has applications in dentistry for implant planning, endodontics, orthodontics and TMJ imaging due to its ability to provide high contrast images of bony structures at a lower radiation dose compared to medical CT. Some limitations include artifacts from metallic restorations, lower soft tissue contrast and isotropic resolution compared to medical CT.
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1. It discusses the importance of quality customer service and managing patient expectations through clear communication and a professional demeanor.
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This document discusses orthodontic records used by orthodontists to develop treatment plans for patients. It includes photographs, radiographs, and study cast models that are taken at various stages of treatment to monitor progress. The records provide important hidden information beyond what is clinically apparent. A team approach using multiple diagnostic criteria from different sources is recommended to develop the most complete understanding of each patient's orthodontic needs.
Realisation of a Digitally Scanned Laser Light Sheet Fluorescent Microscope w...
This document describes the design and implementation of a digitally scanned laser light sheet fluorescence microscope (DSLM) at King's College London. The author elaborates on the fundamental physics and theoretical framework of DSLM and presents the optical setup, which includes a laser for illumination, digitally scanned galvanometers to control the light sheet, and a piezoelectric flexure objective scanner. Initial testing of the microscope used fluorescent beads and found a lateral resolution of 837 nm and axial resolution of 2470 nm, close to the estimated system resolution but with some systematic errors. Further imaging was limited by software and equipment issues.
Lasers in ophthalmology
Lasers have been used in ophthalmology since the 1960s, with early uses including retinal photocoagulation. The document discusses the history and types of lasers used, including solid state, gas, and semiconductor lasers. It also summarizes key diagnostic and therapeutic uses such as scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, refractive surgery, glaucoma treatment, and capsulotomy. Lasers provide precise tissue effects through photocoagulation, photodisruption, photoablation, and photodynamic therapy, making them a valuable tool for modern eye care.
Microscopy
Introduction
The applications of microscopy in the forensic sciences are almost limitless. This is due in large measure to the ability of
microscopes to detect, resolve and image the smallest items of evidence, often without alteration or destruction. As a
result, microscopes have become nearly indispensable in all forensic disciplines involving the natural sciences. Thus, a
firearms examiner comparing a bullet, a trace evidence specialist identifying and comparing fibers, hairs, soils or dust, a
document examiner studying ink line crossings or paper fibers, and a serologist scrutinizing a bloodstain, all rely on
microscopes, in spite of the fact that each may use them in different ways and for different purposes.
The principal purpose of any microscope is to form an enlarged image of a small object. As the image is more greatly
magnified, the concern then becomes resolution; the ability to see increasingly fine details as the magnification is
increased. For most observers, the ability to see fine details of an item of evidence at a convenient magnification, is
sufficient. For many items, such as ink lines, bloodstains or bullets, no treatment is required and the evidence may
typically be studied directly under the appropriate microscope without any form of sample preparation. For other types of
evidence, particularly traces of particulate matter, sample preparation before the microscopical examination begins is
often essential. Types of Microscopes Used in the Forensic Sciences
A variety of microscopes are used in any modern forensic science laboratory. Most of these are light microscopes which
use photons to form images, but electron microscopes, particularly the scanning electron microscope (SEM), are finding
applications in larger, full service laboratories because of their wide range of magnification, high resolving power and
ability to perform elemental analyses when equipped with an energy or wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer.
Cone beam CT: Concepts and applicationss.pdf
Cone beam CT: Concepts and applicationss.pdfRomissaa ali Esmail/ faculty of dentistry/Al-Azhar university
CBCT is rapidly becoming the standard in 3D dental imaging. First generation CBCT was first used in 1982 (Mayo Clinic Biodynamics Research Laboratory) to perform angiography.
Hence, CBCT system was extended to other medical section, finding its best application in dentistry and maxilla-facial region study.
Although the CBCT principle has been in use for almost 2 decades, only recently—with the development of inexpensive x-ray tubes, high-quality detector systems and powerful personal computers—have affordable systems become commercially available.
CBCT is a compact, faster and safer version of conventional CT.
Using a coneshaped X-ray beam, the size of the scanner, radiation dosage and time needed for scanning are all dramatically reduced. CBCT scanners are systems that are able to provide 3D reconstructions that are based on the reformat of 2D images.
The scan is performed with a single 360 scan in which the x-ray source and a reciprocating area detector synchronously move around the patient’s head, which is stabilized by a head holder
Cone beam CT: concepts and applications.pptx
Cone beam CT: concepts and applications.pptxRomissaa ali Esmail/ faculty of dentistry/Al-Azhar university
CBCT is rapidly becoming the standard in 3D dental imaging. First generation CBCT was first used in 1982 (Mayo Clinic Biodynamics Research Laboratory) to perform angiography.
Hence, CBCT system was extended to other medical section, finding its best application in dentistry and maxilla-facial region study.
Although the CBCT principle has been in use for almost 2 decades, only recently—with the development of inexpensive x-ray tubes, high-quality detector systems and powerful personal computers—have affordable systems become commercially available.
CBCT is a compact, faster and safer version of conventional CT.
Using a coneshaped X-ray beam, the size of the scanner, radiation dosage and time needed for scanning are all dramatically reduced. CBCT scanners are systems that are able to provide 3D reconstructions that are based on the reformat of 2D images.
The scan is performed with a single 360 scan in which the x-ray source and a reciprocating area detector synchronously move around the patient’s head, which is stabilized by a head holder
Portfolio.pdf
For centuries, artists and anatomists have worked together to create detailed illustrations of human anatomy through paintings and models, improving understanding of the body's structure and function. Key figures who advanced anatomical knowledge through their work include Andreas Vesalius in the 16th century, Leonardo Da Vinci who studied human development, and Galen in the 2nd century whose drawings informed anatomical art for years. Photography later became an important tool in anatomy for teaching, learning, and research applications like medical documentation and histology.
Pillcam
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a capsule device used to take pictures of the inside of the digestive system. It contains a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries and transmits 50,000 images as it passes through the digestive tract. The images help doctors diagnose conditions of the small intestine. It provides a safer alternative to endoscopy for examining the small intestine. The capsule works by being swallowed and passing naturally through the digestive system, transmitting images to an external receiver worn by the patient.
Bionic eye
A bionic eye is an artificial device that replaces part or all of the eye's functionality. It works by stimulating the optic nerve with electrical impulses from a camera, allowing the brain to interpret images. Current models consist of a small implanted chip connected to an external camera. The Argus II system has an array of 60 electrodes on the implant that are stimulated by a processing unit to provide basic vision. While it does not fully restore sight, bionic eyes have helped many blind patients regain some ability to see and navigate independently. Researchers are working to improve the technology with higher resolution implants.
Compendium.imaging.physics
This document provides an overview of imaging physics and the types of sensors used to record images. It discusses three main types of sensors: point detectors with 2D scanning, linear sensors with 1D scanning, and area array sensors with no scanning required. Semiconductor detectors like photodiodes, phototransistors, and photogates are commonly used area array sensors. Photogates in particular work by using a depletion volume and electric field to separate electron-hole pairs created when photons are absorbed, generating a signal. The document also discusses color separation techniques and factors like photon energy needed to create electron-hole pairs that impact semiconductor detector sensitivity.
Bionic eye
The document discusses bionic eyes and retinal prosthetics for restoring vision. It describes how a bionic eye works by using a miniature camera to capture images and transmit the data to a microchip implanted behind the retina. The chip then stimulates the retina with electrical pulses to allow signals to be sent to the brain. Several technologies are discussed, including an artificial silicon retina containing photodiodes, the MARC system using an external camera and implanted receiver/stimulator, and ceramic photocells being developed to detect light and repair eyes. While promising, full restoration of vision remains challenging due to the complexity of the human visual system.
Bionic eye
The document discusses bionic eyes and retinal prosthetics for restoring vision. It describes how a bionic eye works by using a miniature camera to capture images and transmit the signals to a microchip implanted behind the retina. The chip then stimulates the retina to send signals to the brain that can be interpreted as vision. Several technologies are discussed, including an artificial silicon retina containing photodiodes, the MARC system using an external camera and implanted stimulator, and ceramic photocells being developed to detect light and repair eyes. While promising, bionic eyes still only provide basic vision and developing the technology to replicate the full capabilities of the human eye remains challenging.
Bionic eye
The document discusses the bio electronic eye, which replaces some or all functionality of the eye using electronics. It provides a history of the development of the bionic eye, describes how the human eye works compared to the bionic version, and details the key components and working principle of the MARC retinal prosthesis system. Some advantages are that it can be implanted with minimal surgery and has low power needs, though limitations include the difficulty of repairs and high costs. The conclusion is that while full vision may not be restored, bionic eyes can help the blind see shapes and objects.
6 biophysics of vision 2015
The document summarizes key optical principles related to the human visual system. It discusses:
1) The basics of light, photons, and units of measurement for light such as lumens.
2) How different wavelengths of light such as UV, visible light, and X-rays interact with human skin and tissues, including uses in phototherapy and risks of skin cancer.
3) Principles of reflection, refraction, lenses, and image formation and their relevance to the anatomy and functioning of the human eye.
4) Common visual impairments like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism as well as methods for testing visual acuity and visual fields.
Portfolio Final.pdf
For centuries, artists and anatomists have worked together to create detailed illustrations of human anatomy through paintings and models, improving understanding of the body's structure and function. Key figures who advanced anatomical knowledge through their work include Andreas Vesalius in the 16th century, Leonardo Da Vinci who studied fetal development, and Galen in the 2nd century whose drawings set conventions for anatomical artists. Photography, microscopy, ultrasound, CT scans, and other technologies also allow detailed examination and documentation of anatomy for teaching, research, and medical purposes.
Bio
The document discusses research into developing a bionic eye to restore vision. It summarizes key breakthroughs like Bradley's 1960s work stimulating the visual cortex. Current research includes the MIT-Harvard device which uses a camera and laser to power a retinal implant. The implant stimulates remaining retinal cells to produce phosphenes. Other projects are developing smaller, more advanced retinal prosthetics like the Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chipset. While challenges remain, researchers are optimistic that bionic devices can help treat blindness and further enhance human capabilities.
Visible light and the retina
Visible light enters the eye and focuses onto the retina, where light is detected and an electrical signal is generated and sent to the brain via the optic nerve. The macula is the most important part of the retina. Exposure to intense visible light, especially blue light, can cause acute phototoxic retinal damage through oxidative stress mediated by the age pigment lipofuscin in the retina. While acute intense light can clearly damage the retina, it is uncertain if long term chronic exposure to lower levels of light, such as from everyday light sources, may also contribute to age-related retinal diseases over a lifetime.
Basics of light microscopy and imaging sonderheft_olympus
This document provides an overview of light microscopy and imaging. It discusses key concepts related to light and color, including how color is determined by wavelength and how white light is comprised of a combination of colors. It also explains how the color we see in objects is generally due to light absorption and reflection. Different color models are described, including HSI (hue, saturation, intensity) which is used to characterize the color green. The document aims to clarify fundamental optical and color principles for microscopy and imaging.
SHSARP Paper final
1) The study aims to create a funduscope (adapted from Schejter et al.'s design) to non-invasively image fluorescent retinal ganglion cells in vivo through the pupil of rodents. This would help determine if viruses used to make the cells fluorescent have properly infected them.
2) Components of the funduscope include an endoscope, fiber optic cables, filters, and camera. Various components were considered, including the type of endoscope, fiber, filters, and light source.
3) Testing showed the funduscope was able to provide high-quality fluorescence images of retinal ganglion cells in vivo, which could help researchers evaluate experiments without sacrificing test animals.
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Realisation of a Digitally Scanned Laser Light Sheet Fluorescent Microscope w...
Realisation of a Digitally Scanned Laser Light Sheet Fluorescent Microscope w...
Basics of light microscopy and imaging sonderheft_olympus
Basics of light microscopy and imaging sonderheft_olympus
Presentation2
- 1. Biomedical imagery in the 21st century- a student’s guide through an information revolution.
- 9. Tradition of Photography Daguerre 1839-plates of silver or silver copper. Talbot 1853
- 10. Light Camera Silver Halide Crystals
Editor's Notes
- Or Photography 101, Light writing Stuart Alfred, BS, CRA Grossnickle Eye Center, Inc JMC EyePhoto Handouts Pres is fresh of the printer as A. Davidhazy once said. Course is designed for relaxing review, ill tell if you when something’s worth writing. An up front excuse-difficulty with this for most is because they inter twining of the differing sciences becomes combursome. In concert performance!
- So the language: Light, source, wavelenght, illumination Source-applys to electricity? Wl applies to microscopy (viewing). Illumination-quantified levels of light, lightmeters-reflected, incident, opacity F-Stop-dilation/pupil size Shutter speed-blink Film, emulsion, chip, CCD…speed, exposure Emulsion-retina-CCD 16 years since formal study began, still learning new langauage.
- Photography emerged from Aristotle’s observations of a solar eclipse, then grew with Leonardo da Vinci’s sketches using a camera obscura, Henrich Schultze in 1727 noticed particular silver salts were light sensitive, and photography came of age with the nineteenth century’s passion for light. Languages used in photgraphy coinciede with the traditions-daguerre type images/prints. The same syntax, or unique language evolved in ophtalmology and it’s photography tradition. Currently it evolves into digital sensorys and computerization. Birdshot retenopathy, flame hemmoragges, inverted smokestacks, grains in emulsion, pixels. Science and technology describe principals in terms for simple identification, or what is refered to as pattern recognition. Fox Talbot 1844 Louis Jacques Daguerre