The document summarizes key aspects of menopause, the endometrium, and the uterus. It defines menopause as the cessation of menstruation due to depletion of ovarian follicles, typically occurring between ages 45-55. It describes the endometrium as the inner lining of the uterus, consisting of a functional layer that is shed during menstruation and a basal layer. The endometrial cycle involves proliferation in response to estrogen and changes to a secretory lining in response to progesterone in preparation for potential implantation. The uterus is described as a hollow, thick-walled muscular organ in the pelvis that connects to the uterine tubes and vagina and in which the fetus resides and develops during
This document discusses menstruation, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It provides details on the phases of the menstrual cycle and how it is regulated by hormones. Symptoms of menopause like hot flashes and night sweats are explained. Treatment options for post-menopausal syndrome include HRT, lifestyle changes, supplements like black cohosh, and a new product called Meno-HRT which contains phytoestrogens and other ingredients as a natural alternative to HRT. The benefits and formulation of Meno-HRT are outlined.
The document summarizes the peri-menopausal period and peri-menopausal syndrome. It describes peri-menopause as the transitional phase before and after menopause, encompassing the 2-8 years leading up to the final period and the first years after. Common symptoms during this time include hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and vaginal dryness due to declining estrogen levels. Treatment options discussed include hormone replacement therapy using estrogen and progestogen to relieve symptoms, as well as traditional Chinese medicine therapies.
The document discusses menopause, defining it as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian activity, typically occurring between ages 45-55. It describes changes in hormone levels surrounding menopause, including decreases in estrogens, increases in FSH and LH, and organ system effects like increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease due to estrogen deficiency. Symptoms of menopause include hot flashes, night sweats, and urogenital atrophy. Diagnosis involves cessation of periods for 12 months and low estrogen levels. Management focuses on lifestyle changes, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, and sometimes hormone replacement therapy.
The document discusses the physiology of menopause. It begins by defining menopause and perimenopause. It then describes the declining ovarian follicle pool starting in a woman's late 30s. This leads to compensated and decompensated ovarian failure as follicle numbers drop below 1000. During this transition, FSH and LH levels rise while estrogen levels drop. Other hormonal changes include reductions in androgens and progesterone. The consequences of menopause include short-term symptoms like hot flashes as well as long-term risks for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease due to lowered estrogen levels.
This document discusses various topics related to the female reproductive system including menarche, the menstrual cycle, menopause, hormones, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It provides details on the typical age of menarche and menopause, diagnostic criteria for menopause, common symptoms of menopause like hot flashes and osteoporosis, and factors that can influence the age of menopause like smoking. It also summarizes some controversial findings from studies on the risks and benefits of HRT.
Peri-menopausal Period Syndrome refers to the symptoms that occur during peri-menopause, which is the period before and after menopause. Symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, and vaginal dryness. These are caused by a decline in ovarian production of estrogens and other sex hormones during peri-menopause. Diagnosis involves assessing menstrual history, symptoms, and lab tests of estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Treatment options include hormone replacement therapy using estrogens, with cyclical progestogen added to reduce cancer risks.
The document discusses menopause and hormone replacement therapy. It defines menopause and describes the hormonal changes that occur during the menopausal transition as ovarian follicles are depleted and estrogen levels decline. This leads to symptoms like hot flashes, mood changes, and effects on the brain, skin and bones. Diagnosis of menopause is confirmed after 12 months of amenorrhea when FSH and estradiol levels indicate ovarian failure. Management of menopausal symptoms includes lifestyle changes, medications like estrogen therapy, and alternative therapies.
This document discusses menstruation, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It provides details on the phases of the menstrual cycle and how it is regulated by hormones. Symptoms of menopause like hot flashes and night sweats are explained. Treatment options for post-menopausal syndrome include HRT, lifestyle changes, supplements like black cohosh, and a new product called Meno-HRT which contains phytoestrogens and other ingredients as a natural alternative to HRT. The benefits and formulation of Meno-HRT are outlined.
The document summarizes the peri-menopausal period and peri-menopausal syndrome. It describes peri-menopause as the transitional phase before and after menopause, encompassing the 2-8 years leading up to the final period and the first years after. Common symptoms during this time include hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and vaginal dryness due to declining estrogen levels. Treatment options discussed include hormone replacement therapy using estrogen and progestogen to relieve symptoms, as well as traditional Chinese medicine therapies.
The document discusses menopause, defining it as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian activity, typically occurring between ages 45-55. It describes changes in hormone levels surrounding menopause, including decreases in estrogens, increases in FSH and LH, and organ system effects like increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease due to estrogen deficiency. Symptoms of menopause include hot flashes, night sweats, and urogenital atrophy. Diagnosis involves cessation of periods for 12 months and low estrogen levels. Management focuses on lifestyle changes, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, and sometimes hormone replacement therapy.
The document discusses the physiology of menopause. It begins by defining menopause and perimenopause. It then describes the declining ovarian follicle pool starting in a woman's late 30s. This leads to compensated and decompensated ovarian failure as follicle numbers drop below 1000. During this transition, FSH and LH levels rise while estrogen levels drop. Other hormonal changes include reductions in androgens and progesterone. The consequences of menopause include short-term symptoms like hot flashes as well as long-term risks for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease due to lowered estrogen levels.
This document discusses various topics related to the female reproductive system including menarche, the menstrual cycle, menopause, hormones, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It provides details on the typical age of menarche and menopause, diagnostic criteria for menopause, common symptoms of menopause like hot flashes and osteoporosis, and factors that can influence the age of menopause like smoking. It also summarizes some controversial findings from studies on the risks and benefits of HRT.
Peri-menopausal Period Syndrome refers to the symptoms that occur during peri-menopause, which is the period before and after menopause. Symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, and vaginal dryness. These are caused by a decline in ovarian production of estrogens and other sex hormones during peri-menopause. Diagnosis involves assessing menstrual history, symptoms, and lab tests of estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Treatment options include hormone replacement therapy using estrogens, with cyclical progestogen added to reduce cancer risks.
The document discusses menopause and hormone replacement therapy. It defines menopause and describes the hormonal changes that occur during the menopausal transition as ovarian follicles are depleted and estrogen levels decline. This leads to symptoms like hot flashes, mood changes, and effects on the brain, skin and bones. Diagnosis of menopause is confirmed after 12 months of amenorrhea when FSH and estradiol levels indicate ovarian failure. Management of menopausal symptoms includes lifestyle changes, medications like estrogen therapy, and alternative therapies.
Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation and occurs naturally around age 51. It marks the end of a woman's reproductive years. The decline in ovarian function leads to lower estrogen levels and various symptoms. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and increased risk of osteoporosis and heart disease. Hormone replacement therapy can help treat some menopausal symptoms but also carries risks like breast cancer if taken long term. Lifestyle changes like exercise, calcium/vitamin D supplements, and avoiding smoking are recommended to prevent health issues associated with menopause.
This document discusses menopause, including its definition, phases, causes, physiological changes, and treatments. Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian activity, usually occurring between ages 45-55. It involves four phases: pre-menopause, peri-menopause, menopausal phase, and post-menopausal phase. Physiological changes include increased risk of heart disease and osteoporosis due to lowered estrogen levels, as well as hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. Treatments include non-hormonal options like diet, exercise, and supplements, as well as hormone replacement therapy using estrogen and/or progesterone to
Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation and fertility due to loss of ovarian activity, typically occurring between ages 45-55. It involves 3 phases: peri-menopause, menopausal transition, and post-menopausal. Physiological changes include increased risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, urinary issues, and vasomotor symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats. Hormone replacement therapy can help relieve symptoms but also carries risks like breast cancer if used long term. Lifestyle changes and alternative treatments provide relief for some women in menopause.
Menarche refers to a girl's first menstrual period marking the beginning of puberty. It differs from a regular menstrual cycle in that the period is longer, there is more bleeding, and mid-cycle pain may be present. The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary glands that stimulate changes in the ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina and breasts on a monthly basis. The ovarian cycle involves the maturation and release of an ovum each month in response to hormones like FSH and LH.
This document discusses menopause and management options. It begins by defining menopause as the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian activity, typically between ages 45-55. It then outlines some of the main consequences of menopause like vasomotor symptoms, sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular risks. The document discusses treatment options like lifestyle changes, hormone replacement therapy, and alternative therapies. It provides details on hormone replacement regimens and duration of treatment for various symptoms and conditions.
The document discusses menopause, including natural and induced causes. Natural menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation for 12 months due to ovarian failure. Symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, and mood changes. Long term risks include osteoporosis and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hormone replacement therapy can help treat symptoms and prevent osteoporosis, but has risks like breast cancer if used long term. Lifestyle changes and non-hormonal treatments can also help manage menopause symptoms.
The document discusses normal and abnormal menstruation, including normal menstrual cycles, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It provides details on conditions like menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, oligomenorrhea and their definitions. PCOS is described as a syndrome characterized by menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Long term risks of PCOS include diabetes, heart disease and infertility.
This document provides information on menopause, including its definition, causes, symptoms, effects, diagnosis, and treatment options. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian follicles, with an average age of onset being 51 years. It can occur prematurely before age 45 due to various causes.
2. Short term symptoms include hot flashes, mood swings, sleep problems, and vaginal dryness. Long term risks include osteoporosis and increased risk of heart disease.
3. Diagnosis is based on cessation of periods for 12 months and elevated FSH levels. Treatment options include hormone
Holly Thacker, Update on: Menopause, Hormone Therapy, Sex, Politics, and the ...Cleveland HeartLab, Inc.
This document provides an overview and summary of a presentation on menopause, hormone therapy, cardiovascular health, and women's health issues. It discusses the aftermath of the Women's Health Initiative study 12 years later, compares risks of hormone therapy to other medications, and examines risk/benefit ratios of hormone therapy for cardiovascular disease. It also addresses politics surrounding women's health issues and "war on women" narratives related to hormone therapy. The presentation aims to provide an updated perspective on these issues based on newer research findings.
This document discusses various topics related to menopause, including:
- Perimenopause is the transition period leading up to menopause where estrogen levels gradually decline, causing irregular periods and symptoms like hot flashes and mood swings. It typically lasts 6-10 years.
- Menopause is confirmed after 12 months without periods and is a natural process where fertility ends, occurring on average at age 51.
- Hot flashes, sleep issues, headaches, memory problems and mood changes are common menopause symptoms that can usually be managed through lifestyle changes or over-the-counter remedies.
- Supplements are not proven as effective as FDA-approved medications for treating menopause symptoms
Based on the information provided:
- The woman is 40 years old, which is below the typical age of menopause (around 50 years).
- She has not had any periods for 1 year.
To diagnose menopause in this woman:
1. I would do a beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test to rule out pregnancy.
2. I would check a follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level. An FSH level over 35 mIU/ml would support the diagnosis of menopause.
3. I would do an ultrasound of the pelvis to examine the ovaries and rule out other potential causes of amenorrhea like polycystic
Menopause is defined as the final menstrual period and results from loss of ovarian function. It occurs on average between ages 50-51 and can be influenced by various factors like smoking or surgery. Symptoms include hot flashes, sleep changes, mood changes and vaginal dryness. Hormone levels fluctuate during the menopausal transition and estrogen levels dramatically decline after menopause. Diagnosis is made after 12 months of no periods and confirmed by elevated FSH levels. Treatment options aim to relieve symptoms and prevent bone loss and include hormone therapy and non-hormonal therapies like SSRIs. HRT carries some health risks but may help vasomotor symptoms and prevent osteoporosis when used at lowest effective
This document discusses menopause and the options for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It covers the physiology of menopause, effects of declining estrogen levels, and risks like hot flashes, bone loss, and cardiovascular disease. It presents both benefits and risks of HRT, as well as non-hormonal options and lifestyle interventions like diet, exercise and supplements that can help manage menopause symptoms and health risks. The key decision is choosing treatments that improve quality of life based on each woman's individual symptoms, risk factors and medical history.
This document provides information on polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), including its frequency, structural changes to the ovaries, normal androgen metabolism in females, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points are that PCOS is characterized by enlarged ovaries with multiple small cysts and high androgen levels, it develops due to increased LH and decreased FSH levels, and treatment involves weight loss, ovulation induction drugs, oral contraceptives, and anti-androgen medications.
Effective treatment for amenorrhea in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur, Mu...Shewta shetty
"Amenorrhea-Amenorrhea is absence of menstrual periods in a women of reproductive age. It can be primary or secondary. In primary amenorrhea there is absence of menstrual bleeding and development of secondary sexual characteristics. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual bleeding in a woman who had been previously bleeding in the absence of pregnancy. Mindheal homeopathy offers effective treatment to Amenorrhea."/>
Puberty in girls is a period of profound biological, morphological, and psychological changes between childhood and adulthood that leads to maturity and fertility. Key changes include breast development, pubic and underarm hair growth, increased height, and menstruation occurring between ages 10-16 with peak onset at 13 years. Precocious puberty refers to signs of secondary sex characteristics before age 8 or menstruation before 10. It can be central, involving normal progression of puberty starting too soon, or peripheral, caused by excess sex hormones from problems in ovaries, adrenal glands or pituitary gland. Diagnosis involves assessing growth, bone age, hormone levels and ruling out tumors or other lesions. Prognosis is generally good with
1. Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation and fertility that occurs naturally in women around the age of 50, on average.
2. It is diagnosed after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea without any other pathological cause.
3. The stages of menopause include premenopause, perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause, with various physiological and psychological changes occurring in each phase.
This document discusses the management of menopause. It begins with a case study of a 51-year-old woman experiencing less frequent periods, hot flashes, and vaginal dryness. It then covers how to diagnose menopause, differential diagnoses, common menopause problems like hot flashes and sleep issues, and treatment approaches. Non-hormonal treatments discussed include lifestyle changes, but evidence for supplements is inconsistent. Hormonal therapy is recommended for relieving menopausal symptoms in most women, though risks must be considered.
This document provides an overview of menopause, including definitions, physiological changes, diagnosis, and treatments. It discusses the average age of menopause and influential factors. It defines menopause, premature ovarian failure, and the menopausal transition period. It then covers changes to the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis, ovaries, endometrium, central thermoregulation, and other areas. It provides details on evaluating abnormal uterine bleeding and discusses treatment options like hormone replacement therapy, antidepressants, clonidine, gabapentin, and complementary therapies.
The document discusses the female reproductive system and menopause. It describes how eggs are produced in the ovaries and are larger than sperm. Menopause occurs between ages 45-55 when periods stop and women can no longer get pregnant. Symptoms vary but include hot flashes and mood swings. The endometrium lines the uterus and is shed during menstruation, while endometrial cancer develops from its cells and is usually detected early due to abnormal bleeding.
This document discusses gestation, the stages of fetal development from embryo to fetus, and the three trimesters of pregnancy. It also covers the structure and function of the uterus, layers of the uterus, menopause including causes and symptoms, and common treatments for menopause.
Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation and occurs naturally around age 51. It marks the end of a woman's reproductive years. The decline in ovarian function leads to lower estrogen levels and various symptoms. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and increased risk of osteoporosis and heart disease. Hormone replacement therapy can help treat some menopausal symptoms but also carries risks like breast cancer if taken long term. Lifestyle changes like exercise, calcium/vitamin D supplements, and avoiding smoking are recommended to prevent health issues associated with menopause.
This document discusses menopause, including its definition, phases, causes, physiological changes, and treatments. Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian activity, usually occurring between ages 45-55. It involves four phases: pre-menopause, peri-menopause, menopausal phase, and post-menopausal phase. Physiological changes include increased risk of heart disease and osteoporosis due to lowered estrogen levels, as well as hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. Treatments include non-hormonal options like diet, exercise, and supplements, as well as hormone replacement therapy using estrogen and/or progesterone to
Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation and fertility due to loss of ovarian activity, typically occurring between ages 45-55. It involves 3 phases: peri-menopause, menopausal transition, and post-menopausal. Physiological changes include increased risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, urinary issues, and vasomotor symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats. Hormone replacement therapy can help relieve symptoms but also carries risks like breast cancer if used long term. Lifestyle changes and alternative treatments provide relief for some women in menopause.
Menarche refers to a girl's first menstrual period marking the beginning of puberty. It differs from a regular menstrual cycle in that the period is longer, there is more bleeding, and mid-cycle pain may be present. The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary glands that stimulate changes in the ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina and breasts on a monthly basis. The ovarian cycle involves the maturation and release of an ovum each month in response to hormones like FSH and LH.
This document discusses menopause and management options. It begins by defining menopause as the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian activity, typically between ages 45-55. It then outlines some of the main consequences of menopause like vasomotor symptoms, sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular risks. The document discusses treatment options like lifestyle changes, hormone replacement therapy, and alternative therapies. It provides details on hormone replacement regimens and duration of treatment for various symptoms and conditions.
The document discusses menopause, including natural and induced causes. Natural menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation for 12 months due to ovarian failure. Symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, and mood changes. Long term risks include osteoporosis and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hormone replacement therapy can help treat symptoms and prevent osteoporosis, but has risks like breast cancer if used long term. Lifestyle changes and non-hormonal treatments can also help manage menopause symptoms.
The document discusses normal and abnormal menstruation, including normal menstrual cycles, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It provides details on conditions like menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, oligomenorrhea and their definitions. PCOS is described as a syndrome characterized by menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Long term risks of PCOS include diabetes, heart disease and infertility.
This document provides information on menopause, including its definition, causes, symptoms, effects, diagnosis, and treatment options. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian follicles, with an average age of onset being 51 years. It can occur prematurely before age 45 due to various causes.
2. Short term symptoms include hot flashes, mood swings, sleep problems, and vaginal dryness. Long term risks include osteoporosis and increased risk of heart disease.
3. Diagnosis is based on cessation of periods for 12 months and elevated FSH levels. Treatment options include hormone
Holly Thacker, Update on: Menopause, Hormone Therapy, Sex, Politics, and the ...Cleveland HeartLab, Inc.
This document provides an overview and summary of a presentation on menopause, hormone therapy, cardiovascular health, and women's health issues. It discusses the aftermath of the Women's Health Initiative study 12 years later, compares risks of hormone therapy to other medications, and examines risk/benefit ratios of hormone therapy for cardiovascular disease. It also addresses politics surrounding women's health issues and "war on women" narratives related to hormone therapy. The presentation aims to provide an updated perspective on these issues based on newer research findings.
This document discusses various topics related to menopause, including:
- Perimenopause is the transition period leading up to menopause where estrogen levels gradually decline, causing irregular periods and symptoms like hot flashes and mood swings. It typically lasts 6-10 years.
- Menopause is confirmed after 12 months without periods and is a natural process where fertility ends, occurring on average at age 51.
- Hot flashes, sleep issues, headaches, memory problems and mood changes are common menopause symptoms that can usually be managed through lifestyle changes or over-the-counter remedies.
- Supplements are not proven as effective as FDA-approved medications for treating menopause symptoms
Based on the information provided:
- The woman is 40 years old, which is below the typical age of menopause (around 50 years).
- She has not had any periods for 1 year.
To diagnose menopause in this woman:
1. I would do a beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test to rule out pregnancy.
2. I would check a follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level. An FSH level over 35 mIU/ml would support the diagnosis of menopause.
3. I would do an ultrasound of the pelvis to examine the ovaries and rule out other potential causes of amenorrhea like polycystic
Menopause is defined as the final menstrual period and results from loss of ovarian function. It occurs on average between ages 50-51 and can be influenced by various factors like smoking or surgery. Symptoms include hot flashes, sleep changes, mood changes and vaginal dryness. Hormone levels fluctuate during the menopausal transition and estrogen levels dramatically decline after menopause. Diagnosis is made after 12 months of no periods and confirmed by elevated FSH levels. Treatment options aim to relieve symptoms and prevent bone loss and include hormone therapy and non-hormonal therapies like SSRIs. HRT carries some health risks but may help vasomotor symptoms and prevent osteoporosis when used at lowest effective
This document discusses menopause and the options for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It covers the physiology of menopause, effects of declining estrogen levels, and risks like hot flashes, bone loss, and cardiovascular disease. It presents both benefits and risks of HRT, as well as non-hormonal options and lifestyle interventions like diet, exercise and supplements that can help manage menopause symptoms and health risks. The key decision is choosing treatments that improve quality of life based on each woman's individual symptoms, risk factors and medical history.
This document provides information on polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), including its frequency, structural changes to the ovaries, normal androgen metabolism in females, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points are that PCOS is characterized by enlarged ovaries with multiple small cysts and high androgen levels, it develops due to increased LH and decreased FSH levels, and treatment involves weight loss, ovulation induction drugs, oral contraceptives, and anti-androgen medications.
Effective treatment for amenorrhea in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur, Mu...Shewta shetty
"Amenorrhea-Amenorrhea is absence of menstrual periods in a women of reproductive age. It can be primary or secondary. In primary amenorrhea there is absence of menstrual bleeding and development of secondary sexual characteristics. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual bleeding in a woman who had been previously bleeding in the absence of pregnancy. Mindheal homeopathy offers effective treatment to Amenorrhea."/>
Puberty in girls is a period of profound biological, morphological, and psychological changes between childhood and adulthood that leads to maturity and fertility. Key changes include breast development, pubic and underarm hair growth, increased height, and menstruation occurring between ages 10-16 with peak onset at 13 years. Precocious puberty refers to signs of secondary sex characteristics before age 8 or menstruation before 10. It can be central, involving normal progression of puberty starting too soon, or peripheral, caused by excess sex hormones from problems in ovaries, adrenal glands or pituitary gland. Diagnosis involves assessing growth, bone age, hormone levels and ruling out tumors or other lesions. Prognosis is generally good with
1. Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation and fertility that occurs naturally in women around the age of 50, on average.
2. It is diagnosed after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea without any other pathological cause.
3. The stages of menopause include premenopause, perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause, with various physiological and psychological changes occurring in each phase.
This document discusses the management of menopause. It begins with a case study of a 51-year-old woman experiencing less frequent periods, hot flashes, and vaginal dryness. It then covers how to diagnose menopause, differential diagnoses, common menopause problems like hot flashes and sleep issues, and treatment approaches. Non-hormonal treatments discussed include lifestyle changes, but evidence for supplements is inconsistent. Hormonal therapy is recommended for relieving menopausal symptoms in most women, though risks must be considered.
This document provides an overview of menopause, including definitions, physiological changes, diagnosis, and treatments. It discusses the average age of menopause and influential factors. It defines menopause, premature ovarian failure, and the menopausal transition period. It then covers changes to the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis, ovaries, endometrium, central thermoregulation, and other areas. It provides details on evaluating abnormal uterine bleeding and discusses treatment options like hormone replacement therapy, antidepressants, clonidine, gabapentin, and complementary therapies.
The document discusses the female reproductive system and menopause. It describes how eggs are produced in the ovaries and are larger than sperm. Menopause occurs between ages 45-55 when periods stop and women can no longer get pregnant. Symptoms vary but include hot flashes and mood swings. The endometrium lines the uterus and is shed during menstruation, while endometrial cancer develops from its cells and is usually detected early due to abnormal bleeding.
This document discusses gestation, the stages of fetal development from embryo to fetus, and the three trimesters of pregnancy. It also covers the structure and function of the uterus, layers of the uterus, menopause including causes and symptoms, and common treatments for menopause.
This document discusses various women's health issues and disorders and how yoga can help address them. It covers:
1) Common health disorders women face such as PMS, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and issues related to pregnancy, menopause, and infertility.
2) How stress physically and psychologically impacts the body.
3) Yoga practices like Surya Namaskar and meditation that aim to relax the body, slow the breath, and calm the mind for stress management.
The document provides information on yoga techniques for treating various women's health disorders and menstrual issues. It outlines integrated yoga modules involving breathing practices, yoga poses, relaxation techniques, and meditation/pranayama that can help with conditions like heavy or painful periods, irregular cycles, PMS, infertility, menopause, and incontinence. The modules are designed to stimulate, relax, and balance the body and mind.
Endometriosis is a disorder where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, most commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissues lining the pelvis. Main symptoms include pelvic pain and infertility in nearly half of those affected. While the exact cause is unknown, possible explanations include retrograde menstruation, transformation of peritoneal cells, and transportation of endometrial cells through blood or lymphatic vessels. Treatment options include pain medication, hormone therapy using contraceptives or GnRH agonists/antagonists, and surgery for severe cases or infertility.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the female reproductive system. It describes how eggs are produced in the ovaries and released during ovulation. Upon fertilization by sperm, the embryo develops in the uterus which is connected to the ovaries and vagina by the fallopian tubes. The process of menstruation and the role of hormones like estrogen and progesterone in regulating the menstrual cycle are also summarized.
This document provides information on menopause and related topics. It discusses:
- The definition and causes of menopause, including natural menopause and premature menopause.
- Short, intermediate, and long term effects of menopause on a woman's health, including risks of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and other conditions.
- Diagnosis of menopause and premature ovarian failure.
- Treatment options for menopausal symptoms including hormone replacement therapy and other medications, as well as their risks and benefits.
- Alternative and complementary therapies that can be used to treat menopausal symptoms.
This document provides information about menopause. It begins by defining menopause as the permanent cessation of menstruation and ovarian activity, typically occurring between ages 45-55. It then discusses various aspects of menopause like symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management. Key points include that menopause marks the end of a woman's reproductive years; common symptoms are hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings; and treatment options include lifestyle changes, supplements, medications, and hormone replacement therapy. The document also covers related topics like abnormal menopause, psychological impacts, and the role of midwives in menopause care.
The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus. It consists of epithelial cells, stroma, glands, and connective tissue. The endometrium is built up during the menstrual cycle under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. Endometrial hyperplasia is a non-cancerous thickening of the endometrial lining due to unopposed estrogen stimulation. It can occur due to conditions like estrogen therapy, PCOS, or estrogen-secreting tumors. More severe forms are at greater risk for developing into endometrial cancer.
This document discusses the roles and functions of androgens and estrogens in the male and female body. It describes how androgens and estrogens contribute to sexual development and function, their clinical uses, and potential side effects of hormone therapy. The summary also outlines the menstrual cycle and the roles of various hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone in regulating the female reproductive cycle.
This document provides an overview of menopause including:
- Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian activity, usually between ages 45-55.
- It involves four phases: pre-menopause, peri-menopause, menopausal phase, and post-menopausal phase.
- Physiological changes that occur include increased risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, urinary issues, and genital changes like dryness.
- Treatments include lifestyle changes, supplements, and hormone replacement therapy using estrogen and/or progesterone.
This document provides an overview of menopause including definitions, phases, physiological and psychological changes, treatments, and counseling considerations. It defines menopause as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian activity, usually occurring between ages 45-55. The phases include pre-menopause, peri-menopause, menopausal, and post-menopausal. Physiological changes discussed include increased risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, urinary issues, and genital changes. Treatments covered are non-hormonal options as well as hormone replacement therapy. Counseling aims to understand individual needs and priorities in decision making.
This document provides an overview of menopause including definitions, phases, physiological and psychological changes, treatments, and counseling considerations. It defines menopause as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian activity, usually occurring between ages 45-55. The phases include pre-menopause, peri-menopause, menopausal, and post-menopausal. Physiological changes discussed include increased risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, urinary issues, and genital changes. Treatments covered are non-hormonal options as well as hormone replacement therapy. Counseling aims to understand individual needs and priorities in decision making.
Menstruation occurs monthly in females and involves shedding the uterine lining. It typically lasts 3-5 days and is part of the menstrual cycle, which begins at puberty and ends at menopause. The cycle involves the menstrual, follicular, and luteal phases. During the follicular phase, hormones stimulate follicle and egg development. Ovulation occurs mid-cycle when an egg is released. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, causing menstruation. Various drugs can be used to induce ovulation in cases of infertility.
The menstrual cycle evolves from childhood through puberty and adulthood. In childhood, the hormones that regulate the cycle are dormant. At puberty, estrogen production increases, triggering breast development and the first menstrual periods, which are often irregular. Over time, the cycle regulates with ovulation occurring. Sexual adulthood begins with the first ovulatory cycle and ends with menopause. In the 40s, premenopause begins with irregular cycles until menopause, when the ovaries stop responding to hormones and menstruation permanently ends.
The document discusses various menstrual disorders including amenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and premenstrual syndrome. It defines different types of menstrual disorders and their causes. Amenorrhea is classified as either anovulatory or ovulatory. Common causes of anovulatory amenorrhea include hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction, premature ovarian failure, polycystic ovary syndrome, and certain drugs. Common causes of ovulatory amenorrhea include genetic abnormalities and congenital uterine anomalies that obstruct menstrual flow. Girls are evaluated for primary amenorrhea if they lack signs of puberty beyond certain ages.
This document discusses menstruation and the female menstrual cycle. It provides details on:
- The phases of the menstrual cycle including the ovarian, uterine, and hormonal cycles.
- Common terms related to menstruation like menarche, menopause, dysmenorrhea.
- Abnormal uterine bleeding patterns and their causes.
- Evaluation and treatment of excessive menstrual bleeding.
Hormones during puberty and menopause , Gynaecology.AmulyaBodke
- Puberty is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood, marked by profound biological, morphological, and psychological changes that lead to full sexual maturity and fertility.
- Hormonal changes cause the development of secondary sex characteristics like breast growth, pubic hair growth, menstruation in girls and a growth spurt in both boys and girls.
- Menopause marks the end of a woman's reproductive years and occurs on average around age 50 as ovarian follicular activity ceases permanently.
1. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
2. During the menstrual cycle, hormones cause an egg to mature and be released from an ovary, changing the uterine lining in preparation for potential pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterine lining is shed through menstruation.
3. The major female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, regulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and control the menstrual cycle by stimulating the growth of the uterine lining and changes in cervical mucus. Their levels fluctuate during
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
2. Completing the statements ……. 5. The cessation of menstruation is called Menopause. 7. The inner lining of the uterus is called the Endometrium 8. The organ in which the developing fetus reside is called the Uterus
4. Menopause Menopause refers to the cessation of menstruation due to the depletion of ovarian follicles. Prior to actual ovarian failure, there is a decline in ovulatory function with fewer follicles present. Thus, there is a decline in ovarian estrogen and inhibin production. With falls in ovarian hormones, thee is less negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus, and there is a detectable rise in follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone. A serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)level is the most sensitive test to confirm menopause. The physiologic period of waning ovarian function is called the climacteric. It generally lasts for several years before atresia(failure of a tubular structure). of all estrogen-producing follicles has occurred. In the United States, menopause is said to occur normally between ages 45 and 55, with the median age being 51. Menopause prior to age 40 is termed premature menopause; after age 55 it is termed late menopause. The onset of menopause is genetically related. It is not related to age at menarche, number of pregnancies, age of last pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, or use of infertility medications. Menopause may occur earlier in women who have a history of tobacco use.
5. Changes Associated with Estrogen Decline Numerous physical and psychological symptoms have been attributed to the decline and discontinuance of ovarian function in midlife. These symptoms include vasomotor symptoms, genital atrophy, osteoporosis, menopausal skin changes, cardiovascular disease, psychiatric disorders, and changes in sexual satisfaction. Vasomotor symptoms, or hot flushes, are the most common perimenopausal symptoms that compel women to seek medical attention. Seventy-five percent of women experience hot flushes. The average duration of these symptoms is two to three years. These symptoms, which include sudden increases in central skin temperature as well as perspiration, are apparently due to deregulation of the temperature- regulating center in the hypothalamus. Both peripheral vasodilatation and perspiration occur. The flush, which generally lasts from a few minutes to 20 minutes, typically is preceded by a premonition - a flash. It is apparently related to decreases in estrogen and inhibin levels, not to absence of estrogen. About one-third of women with vasomotor symptoms find these symptoms severe enough to require medical assistance. Hot flushes may begin before menopause, but generally are more severe after cessation of menses.
6. Genital Atrophy/ Osteoporosis Genital Atrophy. Genital atrophic changes associated with hypoestrogenism are a significant problem for many women. Clinically, the atrophic vagina has a pale appearance and loses its elasticity. The epithelium is thin and friable, and with the lack of colonization by acidophilic bacteria, it no longer produces glycogen. The symptoms related to genital atrophy include vaginal and vulvar itching and burning, dyspareunia, vaginal bleeding, dysuria, urinary frequency, and urinary frequency, and urinary urgency. The most effective therapy for atrophic vaginitis or urethritis is estrogen, which increases the local blood supply and in part reverses these changes. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis, defined as a reduction of bone mass per unit volume, significantly affects more than one-third of older women. Bone strength or bone mineral content is a function of numerous factors that, when deficient, may predispose one to develop osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is rare in African-American women, and it is more common in thin Caucasian or Asian women. Osteoporosis may be somewhat less common in women who have maintained healthy lifestyles. Smoking, excessive alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, and steroid use appear to be contributing factors in women who develop osteoporosis.
7. Cardiovascular Disease/Psychological Disorders Cardiovascular Disease In the United States, heart disease - specifically coronary artery disease (CAD) -is the leading cause of death for postmenopausal women. Numerous epidemiologic studies indicate that hormone replacement, particularly estrogen replacement, after ovarian failure substantially reduces the incidence of coronary artery disease. Ovarian failure may also be an important determining factor in coronary artery disease in women. The incidence of the disease in women prior to menopause is much lower than that in men of the same age. Psychological Disorders A number of symptoms (anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, emotional liability, and changes in libido) may occur around the time of menopause. The etiology of these symptoms is incompletely understood and appears to be multifactorial. Estrogen decline may indirectly cause or worsen these symptoms by increasing the risk of developing a sleep disturbance and adversely affecting overall feelings of well-being. The use of HRT in menopausal patients has been demonstrated to help improve symptoms such as nervousness, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. In addition, progestin therapy may increase depressive symptoms.
9. Endometrium The endometrium functions as a lining for the uterus, preventing adhesions between the opposed walls of the myometrium, thereby maintaining the patency of the uterine cavity. During the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle, the endometrium grows to a thick, blood vessel-rich, glandular tissue layer. This represents an optimal environment for the implantation of a blastocyst upon its arrival in the uterus. The average endometrium thickness of 6.7mm. During pregnancy, the glands and blood vessels in the endometrium further increase in size and number. Vascular spaces fuse and become interconnected, forming the placenta, which supplies oxygen and nutrition to the embryo and fetus. The endometrium consists of a single layer of columnar epithelium, resting on a layer of connective tissue, which varies in thickness according to hormonal influences - the stroma. Simple tubular uterine glands reach from the endometrial surface through to the base of the stroma, which also carries a rich blood supply of spiral arteries. In a woman of reproductive age, two layers of endometrium can be distinguished. These two layers occur only in endometrium lining the cavity of the uterus, not in the lining of the Fallopian tubes.
10. Endometrium continues…… The functional layer is adjacent to the uterine cavity. This layer is built up after the end of menstruation during the first part of the previous menstrual cycle. Proliferation is induced by estrogen (follicular phase of menstrual cycle), and later changes in this layer are engendered by progestrone from the corpus luteum (luteal phase). It is adapted to provide an optimum environment for the implantation and growth of the embryo. This layer is completely shed during menstruation. The basal layer, adjacent to the myometrium and below the functional layer, is not shed at any time during the menstrual cycle, and from it the functional layer develops.I n the absence of progesterone, the arteries supplying blood to the functional layer constrict, so that cells in that layer become ischaemic and die, leading to menstruation.
11. The Endometrial cycle.. The endometrial lining undergoes cyclic regeneration. The endometrium initially proliferates under the influence of estrogen. However, once ovulation occurs, in addition to estrogen, the ovary will also start to produce progesterone. This changes the proliferative pattern of the endometrium to a secretory lining. Eventually, the secretory lining provides a hospitable environment for one or more blastocysts. If no blastocyst(implantation) is detected, the progesterone level drops and the endometrial lining is either reabsorbed (estrous cycle) or shed (menstrual cycle). In the latter case, the process of shedding involves the breaking down of the lining, the tearing of small connective blood vessels, and the loss of the tissue and blood that had constituted it through the vagina. The entire process occurs over a period of several days. Menstruation may be accompanied by a series of uterine contractions; These help expel the menstrual endometrium. In case of implantation, however, the endometrial lining is neither absorbed nor shed. Instead, it remains as decidua. The decidua becomes part of the placenta; it provides support and protection for the gestation.
12. The Endometrial cycle.. If there is inadequate stimulation of the lining, due to lack of hormones, the endometrium remains thin and inactive. In humans, this will result in amenorrhea. After menopause, the lining is often described as being atrophic. In contrast, endometrium that is chronically exposed to estrogens, but not to progesterone, may become hyperplastic. In humans, the cycle of building and shedding the endometrial lining lasts an average of 28 days. Its formation is sometimes affected by seasons, climate, stress, and other factors. The endometrium itself produces certain hormones at different points along the cycle. This affects other portions of the reproductive system.
14. Uterus The Uterus is a hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ situated deeply in the pelvic cavity between the bladder and rectum. Into its upper part the uterine tubes open, one on either side, while below, its cavity communicates with that of the vagina. When the ova are discharged from the ovaries they are carried to the uterine cavity through the uterine tubes. If an ovum be fertilized it imbeds itself in the uterine wall and is normally retained in the uterus until prenatal development is completed, the uterus undergoing changes in size and structure to accommodate itself to the needs of the growing embryo. After parturition the uterus returns almost to its former condition, but certain traces of its enlargement remains. The uterus measures about 7.5 cm. in length, 5 cm. in breadth, at its upper part, and nearly 2.5 cm. in thickness; it weighs from 30 to 40 gm. It is divisible into two portions. On the surface, about midway between the apex and base, is a slight constriction, known as the isthmus, and corresponding to this in the interior is a narrowing of the uterine cavity, the internal orifice of the uterus. The portion above the isthmus is termed the body, and that below, the cervix. The part of the body which lies above a plane passing through the points of entrance of the uterine tubes is known as the fundus.
15. Uterus continues The uterus provides structural integrity and support to the bladder, bowel, pelvic bones and organs. The uterus helps separate and keep the bladder in its natural position above the pubic bone and the bowel in its natural configuration behind the uterus. The uterus is continuous with the cervix, which is continuous with the vagina, much in the way that the head is continuous with the neck, which is continuous with the shoulders. It is attached to bundles of nerves, and networks of arteries and veins, and broad bands of ligaments such as round ligaments, cardinal ligaments, broad ligaments, and uterosacral ligaments. The uterus is essential in sexual response by directing blood flow to the pelvis and to the external genitalia, including the ovaries, vagina, labia, and clitoris. The uterus is needed for uterine orgasm to occur. The reproductive function of the uterus is to accept a fertilized ovum which passes through the utero-tubal junction from the fallopian tube. It then becomes implanted into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose. The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, attaches to a wall of the uterus, creates a placenta, and develops into a fetus (gestates) until childbirth. Due to anatomical barriers such as the pelvis, the uterus is pushed partially into the abdomen due to its expansion during pregnancy. Even during pregnancy the mass of a human uterus amounts to only about a kilogram (2.2 pounds).