This document contains information about a presentation on the ivory trade ban and elephant conservation. The presentation covers: [1] background on elephants and the ivory trade ban; [2] the key economic issues surrounding the ban, including arguments from ban opponents and proponents; and [3] potential ways to improve elephant conservation, such as through establishing property rights and legalizing limited ivory trade with proper monitoring and regulation. The presentation provides examples and graphs to illustrate these points, and concludes that while a trade ban may help reduce demand for ivory, other coordinated conservation efforts are also needed to effectively protect elephant populations in a sustainable manner.

1. Part 1
The Basics

2. Who am I?
Francesco Bolstad
Why am I hear?
Japanese
Economics
Degrees in:
Biology
Education
Applied Linguistics
2011/10/4 Francesco Bolstad 2

3. These Sessions
Will Won’t
• Outline how to make your • make it for you
presentation
• Show you how to use the • Teach you the English you
English you have to make a need to make a
presentation presentation
• Give you a chance to • Insure that your
practice your English presentation is correct
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4. Overview
Session 1 Session 3
English Vs Japanese Chunking
Structuring your presentation Pronunciation and Voice Projection
Using Power Point Body Language
Session 2 Session 4
Metaphor Handling Questions
Technical Vocabulary Jokes
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5. English VS Japanese
Presentations
English Japanese
• Energy
• Fun
• Keep it simple
• Audience participation
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6. Stand Out
from the
Crowd
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7. Know your Goals
You can’t hit a target if you
DON’T have one!
• Knowing what to leave out
is as important as knowing
what to put in!
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8. Know your Audience
What are the judges
looking for?
• Content VS Presentation
• Style
• Fluency
• Topic
• ???
• ???
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9. Think about the way people learn
• A presentation is a teaching session!
• What do you want to teach?
• How could people learn what you want to teach?
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10. Think Creatively
But
Be Organized
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11. Practice
Practice
Practice
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12. Structure of a Presentation
Introduction
Main Body
Conclusions
Questions

13. Introduction
• Keep it simple
• Warm up the audience
• Introduce yourself
• Outline your presentation
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14. Main Body
• Its up to you
• Sequencing
• Metaphor – Session #2
• Chunking – Session #3
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15. Conclusions
• Keep it simple
• Make it memorable
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16. Questions
• Session #4
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17. Using Power Point
• How many slides?
• What content?
• What colour?
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18. Making PowerPoint Slides
Avoiding the Dangers of Bad Slides

19. Tips to be Covered
• Outlines
• Slide Structure
• Fonts
• Colour
• Background
• Graphs
• Spelling and Grammar
• Conclusions
• Questions

20. Outline
• Make your 1st or 2nd slide an outline of your
presentation
– Ex: previous slide
• Follow the order of your outline for the rest of
the presentation
• Only place main points on the outline slide
– Ex: Use the titles of each slide as main points

21. Slide Structure – Good
• Use 1-2 slides per minute of your presentation
• Write in point form, not complete sentences
• Include 4-5 points per slide
• Avoid wordiness: use key words and phrases
only

22. Slide Structure - Bad
• This page contains too many words for a
presentation slide. It is not written in point
form, making it difficult both for your
audience to read and for you to present each
point. Although there are exactly the same
number of points on this slide as the previous
slide, it looks much more complicated. In
short, your audience will spend too much time
trying to read this paragraph instead of
listening to you.

23. Slide Structure – Good
• Showing one point at a time:
– Will help audience concentrate on what you are
saying
– Will prevent the audience from reading ahead
– Will help you keep your presentation focused

24. Slide Structure - Bad
• Do not use distracting animations
• Do not go overboard with the animation
• Be consistent with the animation that you use

25. Fonts - Good
• Use at least an 18-point font
• Use different size fonts for main points and
secondary points
– this font is 24-point
– the main point font is 28-point
– the title font is 36-point
• Use a standard font I recommend:
– Calibri, Times New Roman or Arial

26. Bad
Fonts
• If you use a small font, your audience won’t be able to read what you have written
• CAPITALIZE ONLY WHEN NECESSARY. IT IS
DIFFICULT TO READ
• Don’t use a complicated font

27. Colour - Good
• Use a colour of font that contrasts sharply
with the background
– Ex: blue font on white background
• Use colour to reinforce the logic of your
structure
– Ex: light blue title and dark blue text
• You can use colour to emphasize a point
– But only use this occasionally

28. Bad use of Colour
• Using a font colour that does not contrast with
the background colour is hard to read
• Using colour for decoration is distracting and
annoying!
• Using a different colour for each point is
unnecessary
– Using a different colour for secondary points is
also unnecessary
• Trying to be creative can also be bad

29. Background - Good
• Use backgrounds such as this one that are
attractive but simple
• Use backgrounds which are light
• Use the same background consistently
throughout your presentation

30. Bad Backgrounds
• Don’t use backgrounds that are distracting or
make it difficult to read
• Always be consistent with the background
that you use

31. Good Data Presentation
• Use graphs rather than just charts and words
– Data in graphs is easier to understand &
remember than raw data (numbers)
– Trends are easier to recognize in graphs
• Always title your graphs

32. Bad Data Presentation
January February March April
Blue Balls 20.4 27.4 90 20.4
Red Balls 30.6 38.6 34.6 31.6

33. Good Graphs
Items Sold in First Quarter of 2002
100
90
80
70
60
Blue Balls
50
Red Balls
40
30
20
10
0
January February March April

34. Bad Graphs
100
90
90
80
70
60
Blue Balls
50
Red Balls
38.6
40
34.6
30.6 31.6
30 27.4
20.4 20.4
20
10
0
January February March April

35. Bad Graphs
• Minor gridlines are unnecessary
• The font is too small
• The colours are illogical
• The title is missing
• The shading is distracting

36. Spelling and Grammar
• Proof your slides for:
– speling mistakes
– the use of of repeated words
– grammatical errors you might have make
• If English is not your first language, please
have someone else check your presentation!

37. Conclusion
• Use an effective and strong closing
– Your audience is likely to remember your last
words
• Use a conclusion slide to:
– Summarize the main points of your presentation
– Suggest future avenues of research

38. Questions??
• End your presentation with a simple question
slide to:
– Invite your audience to ask questions
– Provide a visual aid during question period
– Avoid ending a presentation abruptly

39. Example
presentation
(Ivory Ban)
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40. Ivory trade ban and elephant
conservation
by
Francis Bolstad
Environmental Economics
And the Ivory trade ban

41. Agenda
• Background
• The Ban
• Key Economic Issues
• Conclusion
The elephant picture in the left corner is adapted from IFAW annual report fiscal year 2003
41

42. African and Asian elephants have different identifying
features, as …
http://www.hedweb.com/ eleplone.htm
Introduction
42 The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

43. Elephant populations dropped by half between 1976 -
1989, this lead to listing on CITES
Appendix I thus prohibiting trade in elephant products.
http://www.cites.org
African Elephant Asian Elephant
http://www.cardamom.org/ images/
http://www.hedweb.com/ eleplone.htm elephant_large.jpg
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion 43

44. Ban opponents argue that the trade of elephant
products will lead to increased funding for wildlife
conservation and compensation for E-H conflict.
Trade of elephant products
Efficient Markets
Supply Price ↓ Poaching and Smuggling ↓
Income from sales ↑
Wildlife Elephant – Human
Conservation ↑ Conflict
Introduction
44 The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

45. Ban proponents argue that the trade of elephant
products will endanger the wildlife conservation
efforts through fuelling demand.
Trade of elephant products
Demand ↑
Supply ↑ Poaching and Smuggling ↑
Elephant Population ↓
Tourism Funds for Biodiversity ↓
Revenues ↓ Wildlife
Conservation ↓
Introduction
45 The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

46. Anti-ivory campaigns have been effective in
decreasing demand. However an illegal trade has
remained to meet intrinsic demand
- International authority as supervisor
- Intrinsic demand for ivory products still exists
- The ban pushes trade underground
+ Anti-ivory campaigns have been very successful, especially in
the Western World
Introduction
46 The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

47. Key issues identified in conserving elephant
populations
• Enfroceable Property Rights
• Biodiversity
• Externalities
Introduction
47 The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

48. The increased numbers of elephants under the ban
has come at a high cost
- Increasing cost of enforcing anti-poaching laws and anti-ivory campaigns
- Decreasing revenue from ivory sales and hunting
• Continuing uncompensated damage to crops
+ Increase in overall elephant numbers
Introduction
48 The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

49. The effectiveness of the ivory trade ban depends on the
availability of substitutes, the enforcement of property
rights and the impact of anti-ivory campaigns
Ban on ivory
Ban on rhino horn
P ($)
S (poaching)
S (poaching) P ($)
p2
p2
S (before ban) S (before ban)
p1 p1
D1 D1
D2 D2
q2 q1 Q q2 q1 Q
Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387
Introduction
49 The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

50. The ban on rhino horn was ineffective because
substitutes were unavailable
Ban on Rhino Horn
P ($) S (poaching)
Ban on ivory
P ($)
S (poaching)
p2
p2 S (before ban)
S (before ban)
p1 p1
D2 D1 D1
q2 q1 Q D2
q2 q1 Q
Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387
Introduction
50 The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

51. The transfer of property and management rights to
farmers will internalize externalities and increase the
number of elephants.
P ($) MSC = MCG + MDF
MSC = MCG + MCF
MDF = MCF
MDF
P2
P3
MCG
P1
MCG
MBG
MSB
0 Q2 Q3
Q2 Q1 Q (Number of Elephants)
MSC … Marginal Social Cost MCF … Marginal Cost of Farmer
MCG … Marignal Cost of Government MSB … Marginal Social Benefit
MDF … Marginal Damage to Farmer
MBG … Marginal Benefit of Government
Introduction
51 The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

52. The optimal harvest rate will be chosen to secure
profit maximization which will ensure a sustainable
elephant population
Total revenue and cost ($)
TC
TR
EMSY Effort
Grafton, R.Q, et al., 2004, The Economics of the Environment and Natural Resources, p.110
Introduction
52 The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

53. Currently management of elephant populations are
nationalized and uncoordinated
“Elephant conservation and public welfare can be
better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade
ban, but until demand for ivory can be
restrained and various monitoring and regulation
measures are put into place it is premature for
CITES to permit ivory sales”
Stiles, D., 2004.The ivory trade and elephant conservation.
Environmental Conversation 31 (4): p. 309
Introduction
53 The Ban Key Economic Terms Conclusion

54. Thank you for your attention
Questions ?
54