The document provides information on different types of pronouns in English: 1) Subject pronouns, object pronouns, and possessive pronouns are introduced along with examples. 2) Demonstrative pronouns like this, that, these, those are explained depending on proximity to the speaker. 3) Relative pronouns who, which, that are discussed along with their usage referring back to an antecedent. 4) Interrogative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, distributive pronouns, and indefinite pronouns are also defined and exemplified.

1. S.Roy
Lesson

2. s.roy

3. S ROY

9. •SubjectPronouns-I,you,he,she,it,we,you,theyfunctionasthe
subjectofasentence:
IliveinKanchanpur.
Doyouliketoplay?
Hedoesn'twanttocomethisevening.
SheworksinKailasahar.
Itwon'tbeeasy.
Wearestudyingpronounsatthemoment.
YouwenttoKolkatalastyear,didn'tyou?
Theyboughtanewcarlastmonth.

10. •ObjectPronouns-me,you,him,her,it,us,you,themserveasthe
objectofaverb.
Givemethebook.
Hetoldyoutocometonight.
Sheaskedhimtohelp.
TheyvisitedherwhentheycametoNagichera.
Sheboughtitatthestore.
Hepickedusupattheairport.
Theteacheraskedyoutofinishyourhomework.
Iinvitedthemtoaparty.

11. •PossessivePronouns-mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirsshowthat
somethingbelongstosomeone.Notethatthepossessivepronounsaresimilarto
possessiveadjectives(my,his,her).Thedifferenceisthattheobjectfollowsthepossessive
adjectivebutdoesnotfollowthepossessivepronoun.Forexample-PossessivePronoun:
Thatbookismine.-PossessiveAdjective:Thatismybook.
Thathouseismine.
Thisisyours.
I'msorry,that'shis.
Thosebooksarehers.
Thosestudentsareours.
Lookoverthere,thoseseatsareyours.
GreenwillbeTheirs.

12. 1ST PERSONAS–SUBJECT,OBJECT&POSSESSIVE

13. Demonstrate(verb):toshow;toindicate;topointto
Ademonstrativepronounrepresentsathingorthings-
nearindistanceortime(this,these)
farindistanceortime(that,those)
near far
singular this that
plural these those

14. DEMONSTRATIVES
Demonstrativeadjectivesandpronounspointoutwhichobjectthespeaker
means.Theyagreeinnumberwiththeobject(s)beingidentified,andvary
dependingondistancefromthespeaker.
This,These:Pointoutobjectsclosetothespeaker.
Thissquareisgreen.Thesesquaresareblue.
That,Those:Pointoutobjectsfarfromthespeaker.
Thatsquareisred.Thosesquaresareyellow.

15. Thisismyhouse.
Thatisourcaroverthere.
Thesearemyfriendsinthisroom.
Thosearebeautiful
flowersinthenextfield.

16.  ARelativePronounisawordthatnotonlyreferstosomeNounor
Pronounmentionedbeforebutalsojoinstwosentencesorparts
thereof.
 TheprincipalRelativePronounsarewho,which,that,what.Asand
butarealsousedasRelativePronouns.
 Whoandwhomreferonlytopeople.Whichreferstothings,
qualities,etc.
 ThewordtowhichtheRelativePronounrefersiscalledthe
Antecedent.
s.roy

17. Useofrelativepronouns

18. UseofRelativePronouns
RelativePronoun Refersto Examples
Who Whom
Whose
Persons Iknowthemanwhocalledme.
HeknowsthemanwhomIsaw.
Thisisthegirlwhosefatherisateacher.
Which
ThingsAnimalsBabies preceding
aclause Thisisthebookwhichhebought.
ThisisthedogwhichIsaw.
Thebabywhichwascryingisnowquiet.
Hepassedtheexaminationwhichpleasedus.That Persons Animals
Things
Thisistheman/dog/bookthatIsaw.
What Things Iknowwhatyousay

19.  InterrogativePronounsaresimilarinformstoRelativePronouns.
Buttheyworkinadifferentway.Theyareused forasking
questions,andare,therefore,calledasInterrogativePronouns.
 Therearefourmaininterrogativepronouns:who,whom,what,
which.
 Thepossessivepronounwhosecanalsobeaninterrogative
pronoun

20. subject object
person who whom
thing what
person/thing which
person whose (possessive)
Noticethatwhomisthecorrectformwhenthepronounistheobjectoftheverb,asin"Whomdidyousee?"("IsawJaggu.")
However,innormalspokenEnglish,werarelyusewhom.Mostspeakerswouldsay(orevenwrite):"Whodidyousee?“
Lookattheseexamplequestions.
Who
Weusewhowhentheansweristhesubjectoftheverb.
Examples:
Whobrokethecup?Paulbrokethecup.

21. Whom
Weusewhomwhentheansweristheobjectoftheverb.
Examples:
Whomisshetalkingto?SheistalkingtoPinki.
Whomdidyousee?IsawPoulomi.
Takenotethatalthoughwhomisthecorrectformfortheobjectoftheverb,itisrarelyusedinnormalspokenEnglish.Usuallywhoisused
insteadofwhom.
Whose
Weusewhosewhenwewanttoaskaboutownership.
Examples:
Whoseisthishouse?
Whosecardidyoudrivehere?
What
Whatisaninterrogativepronounthatasksfornamesofthings.
Examples:
Whatisthetime?
Whatisyourcat’sname?
Which
Whichisaninterrogativepronounthatasksforaspecificpersonorthingfromagroup.
Examples:
Whichofthesebagsisyours?
Whichofthemistheshortest?

23. Distributivepronounsrefertopeopleorthingstakenoneatatime.Examplesare:each,
eitherandneither.Sincetheyrefertoasinglepersonorthingatatime,distributive
pronounsarealwayssingularandarefollowedbysingularverbs.
 Each
 Eachreferstoeveryoneofagroupofpersons/thingstakenseparately.
 Eachboywasgivenapresent.
 Shehadachildhangingontoeachhand.
 Beforeanounwithadeterminer(the,my,thisetc.)weuseeachof.Notethateachofis
followedbyapluralnounandasingularverb.
 Eachoftheboyswasgivenapresent.
 Eachcanhavedifferentpositionsinasentence.
 Eachoftheboyswasgivenapresent.
 Theboyswereeachgivenapresent.
 Theboysweregivenapresenteach

24. Eitherandneither
Eitherandneithercanbeusedonlywhenspeakingabouttwopersonsor
things.Eithermeansoneortheotheroftwo.Neithermeansnotonenor
theotheroftwo.
•Eitheransweriscorrect.
•Eitherroadwillleadtotherailwaystation.
•Neitherteamcouldwinadecisivevictory.
Whenspeakingaboutmorethantwopersonsorthingsany,no
oneornoneshouldbeused.
•Idon’tlikeanyofthesethreeshirts.(NOT…eitherofthesethreeshirts.)
•Nooneofferedtoaccompanyhim.
•Nonebutthebravedeservesthefair.

25.  Reflexive(adj.):reflectingbackonthesubject,likeamirror
 Weuseareflexivepronounwhenwewanttoreferbackto
thesubjectofthesentenceorclause.Reflexivepronouns
endin"-self"(singular)or"-selves"(plural).
 Apersonalpronouncompoundedwith-selftoshowthe
agent'sactionaffectstheagent.

26.  singular
 myself
yourself
himself,herself,itself
 plural
 ourselves
yourselves
themselves

28.  Reflexive&EmphaticPronounsbothareformedby
addingselftomy,your,him,her,itandselvesto
our,your,them.
 Thoughthesameinformtheyaredifferentinuse:
a)TheyareReflexivewhenthedoerisboththesubjectand
theobjectoftheactionexpressedby theverb.
 Examples:
 1.Ihurtmyself.
 2.Helosthimself.
 3.Helookedathimselfinthemirror.

29. .
b)TheyareEmpathicwhenusedwithnounsorpronounsforthesakeofemphasis.
Examples:
Imyselfdidthework.
Isawthemanhimself.
Thetownitselfisverylarge
Note:EmphaticPronounscanneverstandaloneassubjects.
Henceitisincorrecttowrite:“Hisbrotherandmyselfwerepresent”.“Myselfwill
doit”
Butwecanwrite:“HisbrotherandImyselfwentthere.“Imyselfwilldoit”

30.  Tellwhichpronounsinthefollowingsentencesarereflexiveandwhichareemphatic.
 1. Iwilldoitmyself.
2. Joyhurthimselfwhilehewasjogginginthepark.
3. Hehimselfmadetheremark.
4. IwashmyselfwhenIgetup.
5. Theboysfooledthemselves.
6. Wehavegotourselvesintoamess.
7. Simipinchedherself.
8. Weenjoyedourselvesattheparty.
9. Youhavesetyourselfanunattainablegoal.
10. Imyselfdidthejob..

31.  1. Emphatic
2. Reflexive
3. Emphatic
4. Reflexive
5. Reflexive
6. Emphatic
7. Reflexive
8. Reflexive
9. Reflexive
10. Emphatic

32.  Anindefinitepronounreferstosomethingthatisnot
definiteorspecificorexact.Theindefinitepronounsareall,
another,any,anybody,anyone,anything,each,everybody,
everyone,everything,few,many,nobody,none,one,
several,some,somebody,someone,Theseindefinite
pronounscanalsobeusedasindefiniteadjectivesinsome
cases

33.  Allarewelcometoattendtheconcert.
 Mariagavethebooktoanother.
 Idon'thaveany.
 Doesanybodyhaveaclue?
 Anyonecanplaythatgame.
 Arindamdidn'tseeanythingsuspicious.
 Eachbroughtadishtopass.
 Everybodylefttownfortheweekend.
 Everyoneenjoyedthemovie.
 Everythingistakencareof.
 Fewvisitedthatpark.
 Manycalledforinformation.
 Jyotitoldnobodyhersecret.
 Nonecameforwardtoclaimtheprize.
 Onecouldseethemountainsfrommilesaway.
 Severalsignedthecard.