The document discusses antibiotics, their types, classifications based on mechanisms and spectra of activity, and their indications for various infections. It highlights the issue of antibiotic misuse leading to resistance and stresses the importance of responsible prescription practices by doctors and proper adherence to treatment by patients. Additionally, the pharmacist's role in reviewing patient history and ensuring appropriate use of antibiotics is emphasized.

1. Presented By:
Mosharaf Hossen
University of Rajshahi
Department of Pharmacy
Id – 08045307
M.Pharm
welcome

2. Key points :

3. Antibiotics :
 Substance (such as penicillin) that
destroys or inhibits the growth of other
pathogenic microorganisms and is
used in the treatment of external or
internal infections.
 While some antibiotics are produced
by microorganisms, most are now
manufactured synthetically

4. Classification of antibiotics :
 Antibiotics are classified several ways.
 On the basis of mechanism of action
 On the basis of spectrum of activity
 On the basis of mode of action

5. On the basis of mechanism of action:
 Cell Wall Synthesis inhibitors:
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Beta-lactamase Inhibitors
Polymycin
Bacitracin
 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
 Inhibit 30s Subunit
Aminoglycosides (gentamycin)
Tetracyclines
Inhibit 50s Subunit
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Streptogramins
DNA Synthesis Inhibitors
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacil
lin)
Metronidazole
 RNA synthesis Inhibitors
Rifampin
 Mycolic Acid synthesis
inhibitors
Isoniazid
 Folic Acid synthesis inhibitors
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim

6. On the basis of mechanism of action:

7. On the basis of spectrum activity :
 Broad spectrum antibiotics :
 Amoxicillin
 Tetracycline
 cephalosporin
 Chlorampenicol
 Erythromycin
 Short spectrum antibiotics:
 Penicillin –G
 Cloxacillin
 vancomycin
 Bacitracin
 Fluxacillin

8. On the basis of mode of action:
 Bacteriostatic antibiotics
 Tetracycline
 Chlorampenicol
 Erythromycin
 Lincomycin
 Bacteriocidal antibiotics
 Cephalosporin
 Penicillin
 Erythromycin
 Aminoglycosides
 Cotrimoxazole

9. Antibiotics indications:
 Pneumonia
 Sepsis
 Meningitis
 Osteomyelitis
 Urinogenital Infections
 Gall Infections
 Quinsy
 Skin Infections
 Mucous Membrane
Infections
 Scarlet Fever
 Diphtheria
 Siberian Ulcer
 Gynecologic Infections
 Syphilis
 Respiratory Infections
 ENT Infections
 Fungous Infections

10. Misuse of antibiotics :
 Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called
antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse.
 The misuse or overuse of antibiotics, may
produce serious effects on health.
 It is a contributing factor to the creation of
multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally
called "super bugs" relatively harmless
bacteria can develop resistance to
multiple antibiotics and cause life-
threatening infections.

11. Antibiotics resistance
 If the concentration of drug requires
to inhibit or kill the microorganism is
greater than normal use then the
microorganism is considered to be
resistant to the drug.
OR
 The ability of a microorganism to produce a
protein that disables an antibiotic or prevents
transport of the antibiotic into the cell.

12. Cross-resistance
 Cross-resistance to a particular
antibiotic that often results in
resistance to other antibiotics,
usually from a similar chemical class,
to which the bacteria may not have
been exposed.
 Cross-resistance can occur, for
example, to both colistin and polymyxin
B or to both clindamycin and lincomycin.

13. Mistreatment of Doctor

14. Inappropriate prescription :
 In an analysis of prescribing practices in
teaching hospitals worldwide, more than 40 %
of all antimicrobials prescribed were considered
inappropriate
Antibiotic resistance comes mainly because of inappropriate
or improper use of antibiotics by physicians. Some 150
million prescriptions are written annually in the
USA And Of those, 50 million are absolutely
unnecessary or inappropriate”.

15. Doctor’s are bound to prescribe the
antibiotics
Mr: Don’t forget to take one
of our antibiotics free
sample before you leave
the hospital

16.  You get a fever. You have diarrhoea.
You catch a cold. Take a couple of
antibiotics (Amoxicillin ,Azithromycin)
 You should avoid it ,don’t take
antibiotics without prescription.

18. But many doctors/quacks
prescribed antibiotics in
viral diseases without test.
 Viral illness needs time
to heal, antibiotic can not
help to cure this illness.

19. Antibiotics side effects:
The most common side effects of
antibiotics :
Diarrhoea
Bloating and indigestion
Abdominal pain
Loss of appetite
Being sick
Feeling sick
Itchy skin rash
Coughing
life-threatening allergic reaction

20. Unconsciousness of Patient
•Without proper direction
the patient take the drug.
•They do not maintain the
dosage intervals and
complete the dose.
•Patient stop the drug when
feel better.

21. What Is The Rules Of Pharmacist
 The pharmacist should review the previous diseases
history of the patient
 Hypersensitivity reaction of Drug
 Drug-drug interaction
 Exact dose and frequency of the drug
 When the drug should be taken before or after meal
 Suggest not to stop the antibiotics without complete
the course even feel better

22. My Opinion
 The doctor must be concern about the disease
whether it viral or bacterial.
 They should not prescribed the drug without test or
over sure .
 The pharmacist should also more conscious about
the dose ,drug interaction, resistant and
hypersensitivity of the drug .
 The patient should strictly maintain the suggestion
of the pharmacist.

23. Thank you