This document presents an overview of distribution lag models. It defines a distribution lag model as a type of model where variables change only at fixed time intervals and are based on current and previous values. An example is given of a mathematical model of a national economy using equations to model consumption, investment, taxes, government expenditures and national income both statically and dynamically by lagging the variables. The advantages of distribution lag models are their simplicity and ability to be computed by hand or with computers.
1. How is decision taken under risk? Draw a Decision Tree and explain.
2. Why does demand curve slope downwards and supply curve slope upwards? Explain. Also differentiate between the movement along a demand curve and shift in the demand curve with the help of examples.
3. Differentiate between economies of scale and economies of scope. Also explain internal and external economies and diseconomies of scale.
4. Assume that a travel agent has an agency in three different localities of a city. Explain whether it is possible for the travel agent to practice price discrimination. What are the necessary conditions of price discrimination?
5. Explain Short-Run Cost Functions. How is Short Run Average and Marginal Cost Curves determined?
6. Write short notes on any two of the following:-
(a) Demand Forecasting Techniques
(b) Production Isoquants
(c) Characteristics of Monopoly
1. How is decision taken under risk? Draw a Decision Tree and explain.
2. Why does demand curve slope downwards and supply curve slope upwards? Explain. Also differentiate between the movement along a demand curve and shift in the demand curve with the help of examples.
3. Differentiate between economies of scale and economies of scope. Also explain internal and external economies and diseconomies of scale.
4. Assume that a travel agent has an agency in three different localities of a city. Explain whether it is possible for the travel agent to practice price discrimination. What are the necessary conditions of price discrimination?
5. Explain Short-Run Cost Functions. How is Short Run Average and Marginal Cost Curves determined?
6. Write short notes on any two of the following:-
(a) Demand Forecasting Techniques
(b) Production Isoquants
(c) Characteristics of Monopoly
ANSWER SHEETIMPORTANT STUDENT PLEASE COMPLETE ALL INFORMATION B.docxrossskuddershamus
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IMPORTANT: STUDENT PLEASE COMPLETE ALL INFORMATION BELOW BEFORE SUBMITTING BACK TO YOUR INSTRUCTOR/Assignment Folder.
STUDENT PLEDGE: By typing my name below, I am confirming that I have completed the answers to this final examination myself and to the best of my ability, and that I have used my own words (not plagiarized) to answer short answer and essay questions.
STUDENT NAME___Type Your Name Here___
DATE COMPLETED/SUBMITTED ___INSERT DATE_____
[To Student: All your answers should be entered on this Answer Sheet. Submit this Answer Sheet to your Assignment Folder when completed.]
Instructor: David Byres. Course: BIOL 101 Section: 6982
Due: This Answer sheet should be submitted to your Assignment Folder within 3 hours of downloading the Exam.
Latest deadline for submission: 11:59p.m. 7/26/2015
Multiple Choice (Answer 30 Questions)
Type in the letter that represents your best answer to the corresponding question from the original final exam document.
1. 16.
2. 17.
3. 18.
4. 19.
5. 20.
6. 21.
7. 22.
8. 23.
9. 24.
10. 25.
11. 26.
12. 27.
13. 28.
14. 29.
15. 30.
Short Answer (Answer 3 Questions)
Complete these answers in your own words. Follow instructions in the Final Examination document. Answer all questions according to the instructions. Number each question here according to its number in the Final Examination document provided by your instructor. Each answer should be between two paragraphs and half a page in length.
Essay (Answer 2 Questions)
Complete these answers in your own words. Follow instructions in the Final Examination document. Number each question here according to its number in the Final Examination document provided by your instructor. Each answer should be roughly one page in length.
103:
Intermediate
Macroeconomics
Homework
4
Due
on
23rd
July
2015
Topic
7a:
Income
and
Spending
Conceptual
questions:
1. We call the model of income determination developed in this chapter a Keynesian
one. What makes it Keynesian, as opposed to classical?
2. What is an autonomous variable? What components of aggregate demand have
we specified, in this chapter, as being autonomous?
3. Why do we call mechanisms such as proportional income taxes and the welfare
system automatic stabilizers? Choose one of these mechanisms and explain
carefully how and why it affects fluctuations in output.
4. Show analytically what happens to the budget surplus when government increases
its expenditures.
Technical Questions:
5. Here we investigate a particular example of the model studied in Sections 9-2 and
9-3 with no government. Suppose the consumption function is given by C = 100 +
.8Y, while investment is given by I = 50.
a. What is the equilibrium level of income in this case?
b..
Econ 3022 MacroeconomicsSpring 2020Final Exam - Due A.docxtidwellveronique
Econ 3022: Macroeconomics
Spring 2020
Final Exam - Due April 24th 11:59pm
1 Multiple Choice Questions (5 points each)
Question 1 What is Ricardian Equivalence?
(a) The economic hypothesis that agents’ decisions are una↵ected by the timing of taxation
and government spending
(b) The economic hypothesis that agents’ decisions are a↵ected by the timing of taxation
and government spending
(c) The economic hypothesis that taxation must be equal every period.
(d) The economic hypothesis that it is impossible to individually identify taxation today
and taxation tomorrow.
Question 2 Consider the consumer problem from the microeconomic foundations we dis-
cussed in class. Suppose the wage decreases. What do we expect to happen to house-
hold labor supply?
(a) Unclear
(b) Increase
(c) Decrease
(d) Stay constant
1
Question 3 Consider the consumer problem from the real intertemporal model. Which of
the following conditions must be satisfied at the solution?
(a) MRSl,c = w
(b) MRSc0,l0 =
1
w0
(c) MRSl,l0 =
w(1+r)
w0
(d) All of the above
Question 4 If total factor productivity tomorrow, z0, increases. What should happen to
investment?
(a) Unclear
(b) Increase
(c) Decrease
(d) Stay constant
Question 5 Consider the standard Solow model from class where the production function
is zF (K, N) = zK↵N1�↵. What is the golden rule savings rate?
(a) sgr = 1 � ↵
(b) sgr = ↵
(c) The savings rate that leads to a steady state with the highest level of income per capita
(d) The savings rate that leads to a steady state with the lowest level of income per capita
2
2 Economic Growth (20 points)
Consider the Solow Growth Model seen in class where the production function is Cobb-
Douglas and given by:
Y = zK↵ (N)
1�↵
where 0 < ↵ < 1 and z is a constant. Let s be the savings rate of this economy, so that
aggregate savings is just a constant fraction of aggregate output: S = sY . Let n be the rate
of population growth, so N
0
N
= 1 + n. Finally, let d be the depreciation rate, and assume the
law of motion for aggregate capital is given by:
K
0 = (1 � d) K + I
(a) (5 pts) Find an expression for the steady state level of capital per capita (k⇤) that only
depends on parameters of the model. Clearly show your work.
(b) (5 pts) Discuss how per capita variables (consumption and income) as well as aggregate
variables (consumption, capital stock, output, and savings) behave in steady state.
Now, suppose that we have a linear production function given by
Y = zK
where z is a constant. Let s be the savings rate of this economy, so that aggregate savings
is just a constant fraction of aggregate output: S = sY . Let n be the rate of population
growth, so N
0
N
= 1 + n. Finally, let d be the depreciation rate, and assume the law of motion
for aggregate capital is given by:
K
0 = (1 � d) K + I
(c) (5 pts) Find an expression for the level of per capita capital stock today as a function
of per capita capital stock tomorrow. Clea.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
help.mbaassignments@gmail.com
or
call us at : 08263069601
We analyze political stability of social security that involves pre-funding. We employ an overlapping generations model with intra-cohort heterogeneity and introduce partial funding, which is efficient in Kaldor-Hicks sense and has majority political support. Subsequently, agents vote on capturing the accumulated pension assets, and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme. We show that even if capturing assets reduces welfare in the long run, the distribution of benefits across cohorts living at the time of voting yields always sufficient political support. We explain the mechanisms which yield this counter-intuitive result. Preventing the asset capture requires switching off the fiscal channel, i.e. funding becomes politically stable if capturing of the pension assets cannot be used to reduce taxation and/or public debt.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
More Related Content
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ANSWER SHEETIMPORTANT STUDENT PLEASE COMPLETE ALL INFORMATION B.docxrossskuddershamus
ANSWER SHEET
IMPORTANT: STUDENT PLEASE COMPLETE ALL INFORMATION BELOW BEFORE SUBMITTING BACK TO YOUR INSTRUCTOR/Assignment Folder.
STUDENT PLEDGE: By typing my name below, I am confirming that I have completed the answers to this final examination myself and to the best of my ability, and that I have used my own words (not plagiarized) to answer short answer and essay questions.
STUDENT NAME___Type Your Name Here___
DATE COMPLETED/SUBMITTED ___INSERT DATE_____
[To Student: All your answers should be entered on this Answer Sheet. Submit this Answer Sheet to your Assignment Folder when completed.]
Instructor: David Byres. Course: BIOL 101 Section: 6982
Due: This Answer sheet should be submitted to your Assignment Folder within 3 hours of downloading the Exam.
Latest deadline for submission: 11:59p.m. 7/26/2015
Multiple Choice (Answer 30 Questions)
Type in the letter that represents your best answer to the corresponding question from the original final exam document.
1. 16.
2. 17.
3. 18.
4. 19.
5. 20.
6. 21.
7. 22.
8. 23.
9. 24.
10. 25.
11. 26.
12. 27.
13. 28.
14. 29.
15. 30.
Short Answer (Answer 3 Questions)
Complete these answers in your own words. Follow instructions in the Final Examination document. Answer all questions according to the instructions. Number each question here according to its number in the Final Examination document provided by your instructor. Each answer should be between two paragraphs and half a page in length.
Essay (Answer 2 Questions)
Complete these answers in your own words. Follow instructions in the Final Examination document. Number each question here according to its number in the Final Examination document provided by your instructor. Each answer should be roughly one page in length.
103:
Intermediate
Macroeconomics
Homework
4
Due
on
23rd
July
2015
Topic
7a:
Income
and
Spending
Conceptual
questions:
1. We call the model of income determination developed in this chapter a Keynesian
one. What makes it Keynesian, as opposed to classical?
2. What is an autonomous variable? What components of aggregate demand have
we specified, in this chapter, as being autonomous?
3. Why do we call mechanisms such as proportional income taxes and the welfare
system automatic stabilizers? Choose one of these mechanisms and explain
carefully how and why it affects fluctuations in output.
4. Show analytically what happens to the budget surplus when government increases
its expenditures.
Technical Questions:
5. Here we investigate a particular example of the model studied in Sections 9-2 and
9-3 with no government. Suppose the consumption function is given by C = 100 +
.8Y, while investment is given by I = 50.
a. What is the equilibrium level of income in this case?
b..
Econ 3022 MacroeconomicsSpring 2020Final Exam - Due A.docxtidwellveronique
Econ 3022: Macroeconomics
Spring 2020
Final Exam - Due April 24th 11:59pm
1 Multiple Choice Questions (5 points each)
Question 1 What is Ricardian Equivalence?
(a) The economic hypothesis that agents’ decisions are una↵ected by the timing of taxation
and government spending
(b) The economic hypothesis that agents’ decisions are a↵ected by the timing of taxation
and government spending
(c) The economic hypothesis that taxation must be equal every period.
(d) The economic hypothesis that it is impossible to individually identify taxation today
and taxation tomorrow.
Question 2 Consider the consumer problem from the microeconomic foundations we dis-
cussed in class. Suppose the wage decreases. What do we expect to happen to house-
hold labor supply?
(a) Unclear
(b) Increase
(c) Decrease
(d) Stay constant
1
Question 3 Consider the consumer problem from the real intertemporal model. Which of
the following conditions must be satisfied at the solution?
(a) MRSl,c = w
(b) MRSc0,l0 =
1
w0
(c) MRSl,l0 =
w(1+r)
w0
(d) All of the above
Question 4 If total factor productivity tomorrow, z0, increases. What should happen to
investment?
(a) Unclear
(b) Increase
(c) Decrease
(d) Stay constant
Question 5 Consider the standard Solow model from class where the production function
is zF (K, N) = zK↵N1�↵. What is the golden rule savings rate?
(a) sgr = 1 � ↵
(b) sgr = ↵
(c) The savings rate that leads to a steady state with the highest level of income per capita
(d) The savings rate that leads to a steady state with the lowest level of income per capita
2
2 Economic Growth (20 points)
Consider the Solow Growth Model seen in class where the production function is Cobb-
Douglas and given by:
Y = zK↵ (N)
1�↵
where 0 < ↵ < 1 and z is a constant. Let s be the savings rate of this economy, so that
aggregate savings is just a constant fraction of aggregate output: S = sY . Let n be the rate
of population growth, so N
0
N
= 1 + n. Finally, let d be the depreciation rate, and assume the
law of motion for aggregate capital is given by:
K
0 = (1 � d) K + I
(a) (5 pts) Find an expression for the steady state level of capital per capita (k⇤) that only
depends on parameters of the model. Clearly show your work.
(b) (5 pts) Discuss how per capita variables (consumption and income) as well as aggregate
variables (consumption, capital stock, output, and savings) behave in steady state.
Now, suppose that we have a linear production function given by
Y = zK
where z is a constant. Let s be the savings rate of this economy, so that aggregate savings
is just a constant fraction of aggregate output: S = sY . Let n be the rate of population
growth, so N
0
N
= 1 + n. Finally, let d be the depreciation rate, and assume the law of motion
for aggregate capital is given by:
K
0 = (1 � d) K + I
(c) (5 pts) Find an expression for the level of per capita capital stock today as a function
of per capita capital stock tomorrow. Clea.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
help.mbaassignments@gmail.com
or
call us at : 08263069601
We analyze political stability of social security that involves pre-funding. We employ an overlapping generations model with intra-cohort heterogeneity and introduce partial funding, which is efficient in Kaldor-Hicks sense and has majority political support. Subsequently, agents vote on capturing the accumulated pension assets, and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme. We show that even if capturing assets reduces welfare in the long run, the distribution of benefits across cohorts living at the time of voting yields always sufficient political support. We explain the mechanisms which yield this counter-intuitive result. Preventing the asset capture requires switching off the fiscal channel, i.e. funding becomes politically stable if capturing of the pension assets cannot be used to reduce taxation and/or public debt.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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3. Distribution lag model
It is defined as a type of model that have the property of changing only at fixed interval
of time .
It based on current values of variables on other current values of variables and values
that occurred in previous intervals.
In economic studies some economic data are collected over uniform time interval such
as a month or year.
This model consists of linear algebraic equations that represent continuous system but
data are available at fixed points in time.
3
4. Example: Mathematical model of national economy
Let,
C=consumption
I=investment
T=Taxes
G=government expenditures
Y=national income
Then
C=20+0.7(Y-T)
I=2+0.1Y
T=0.2Y
Y=C+I+G
4
5. All the equation are expressed in billions of rupees. This is static model and can be made dynamic by
lagging all the variables as follows
C=20 + 0.7(Y-1 – T-1)
I=2 + 0.1Y-1
T=0.2Y-1
Y=C-1 + I-1 + G-1
Any variable that can be expressed in the form of its current value and one or more previous value is called
lagging variable. And hence this model is given the name distributed lag model. The variable in a previous
interval is denoted by attaching –n suffix to the variable. Where -n indicate the nth interval.
5
6. Advantages of distributed lag model
Simple to understand and can be computed by hand, computers are extensively used to run them.
There is no need for special programming language to organize simulation task.
6
