ANSWER SHEETIMPORTANT STUDENT PLEASE COMPLETE ALL INFORMATION B.docx

ANSWER SHEET
IMPORTANT: STUDENT PLEASE COMPLETE ALL
INFORMATION BELOW BEFORE SUBMITTING BACK TO
YOUR INSTRUCTOR/Assignment Folder.
STUDENT PLEDGE: By typing my name below, I am
confirming that I have completed the answers to this final
examination myself and to the best of my ability, and that I
have used my own words (not plagiarized) to answer short
answer and essay questions.
STUDENT NAME___Type Your Name Here___
DATE COMPLETED/SUBMITTED ___INSERT DATE_____
[To Student: All your answers should be entered on this
Answer Sheet. Submit this Answer Sheet to your Assignment
Folder when completed.]
Instructor: David Byres. Course: BIOL 101 Section:
6982
Due: This Answer sheet should be submitted to your
Assignment Folder within 3 hours of downloading the Exam.
Latest deadline for submission: 11:59p.m. 7/26/2015
Multiple Choice (Answer 30 Questions)
Type in the letter that represents your best answer to the
corresponding question from the original final exam document.
1. 16.
2. 17.
3. 18.
4. 19.
5. 20.
6. 21.
7. 22.
8. 23.
9. 24.
10. 25.

11. 26.
12. 27.
13. 28.
14. 29.
15. 30.
Short Answer (Answer 3 Questions)
Complete these answers in your own words. Follow instructions
in the Final Examination document. Answer all questions
according to the instructions. Number each question here
according to its number in the Final Examination document
provided by your instructor. Each answer should be between
two paragraphs and half a page in length.

Essay (Answer 2 Questions)
Complete these answers in your own words. Follow instructions
in the Final Examination document. Number each question here
according to its number in the Final Examination document
provided by your instructor. Each answer should be roughly one
page in length.

103:
Intermediate
Macroeconomics
Homework
4
Due
on
23rd
July
2015

Topic
7a:
Income
and
Spending
Conceptual
questions:
1. We call the model of income determination developed in this
chapter a Keynesian
one. What makes it Keynesian, as opposed to classical?
2. What is an autonomous variable? What components of
aggregate demand have
we specified, in this chapter, as being autonomous?
3. Why do we call mechanisms such as proportional income
taxes and the welfare
system automatic stabilizers? Choose one of these mechanisms
and explain
carefully how and why it affects fluctuations in output.
4. Show analytically what happens to the budget surplus when
government increases

its expenditures.
Technical Questions:
5. Here we investigate a particular example of the model studied
in Sections 9-2 and
9-3 with no government. Suppose the consumption function is
given by C = 100 +
.8Y, while investment is given by I = 50.
a. What is the equilibrium level of income in this case?
b. What is the level of saving in equilibrium?
c. ��If, for some reason, output is at the level of 800, what
will the level of
involuntary inventory (i.e. unplanned inventory investment)
accumulation be?��
d. If I rises to 100, what will the effect be on the equilibrium
income?
e. What is the value of the multiplier here?
f. Draw a diagram indicating the equilibria in both (a) and (d).
6. Suppose the consumption behavior in problem 4 changes so
that C = 100 + .9Y,
while I remains at 50. Notice that the MPC has increased.
a. Is the equilibrium level of income higher or lower than it was
in problem 4(a)?
Calculate ��the new equilibrium level, Y’, to verify this?
b. Now suppose investment increases to I = 100, just as in
problem 1(d). What is
the new ��equilibrium income?

c. Does this change in investment spending have more or less of
an effect on Y
than it did in ��problem 4? Why?
7. Now we look at the role taxes play in determining
equilibrium income. Suppose
we have an economy of the type in Sections 9-4 and 9-5 (or 10-
4 and 10-5 in the
new edition of the book), described by the following functions:
C = 50 + .8YD
� = 70
� = 200
�� = 100
� = 0.20
a. Calculate the equilibrium level of income and the multiplier
in this model.
b. Calculate also the budget surplus, BS.
c. Suppose that t increases to .25. What is the new equilibrium
income? The new
multiplier?
d. Calculate the change in the budget surplus. Would you expect
the change in
the surplus to be more or less if c = .9 rather than .8?
e. Can you explain why the multiplier is 1 when t= 1?
8. Suppose Congress decides to reduce transfer payments (such

as welfare) but to
increase government purchases of goods and services by an
equal amount. That is,
it undertakes a change in fiscal policy such that ΔG=ΔTR.
a. Would you expect equilibrium income to rise or fall as a
result of this change?
Why? ��Check your answer with the following example:
Suppose that, initially,
c = .8, t = .25, ��and Y0 = 600. Now let ΔG= 10 and ΔTR= -
10.
b. Find the change in equilibrium income, ΔY0.
c. What is the change in the budget surplus, ΔBS? Why has BS
changed?
Topic 8: Aggregate Demand I: Building the IS-LM Model
Conceptual questions:
9.a. Explain in words how and why the multiplier and the
interest sensitivity of
aggregate demand affect the slope of the IS curve.
b. Explain why the slope of the IS curve is a factor in
determining the working of
monetary policy.
10. Explain in words how and why the income and interest
sensitivities of the
demand for real balances affect the slope of the LM curve.
11. It is possible that the interest rate might affect consumption

spending. An increase
in the interest rate could, in principle, lead to increases in
saving and therefore a
reduction in consumption, given the level of income. Suppose
that consumption is, in
fact, reduced by an increase in the interest rate. How will the IS
curve be affected?
12. Between January and December 1991, while the U.S.
economy was falling deeper
into its recession, the interest rate on Treasury bills fell from
6.3 percent to 4.1
percent. Use the IS-LM model to explain this pattern of
declining output and interest
rates. Which curve must have shifted? Can you think of a
reason—historically valid
or simply imagined—that this shift might have occurred?
Technical questions:
13. The following equations describe an economy. (Think of C,
I, G, etc., as being
measured in billions and i as a percentage; a 5 percent interest
rate implies i = 5.)
C = .8(1-t)YD
� = 900− 50�
� = 800
� = 0.25� − 62.5�
� = 0.25
�
�

= 500
a. What is the equation that describes the IS curve?
b. What is the general definition of the IS curve?
c. What is the equation that describes the LM curve?
d. What is the general definition of the LM curve?
e. What are the equilibrium levels of income and the interest
rate?
14. Refer to question 13.
a. What is the value of the multiplier which corresponds to the
simple multiplier (with
taxes) of Chapter 9 (in the older edition of the book)?
b. By how much does an increase in government spending of ∆�
increase the level of
income in this model, which includes the money market?
c. By how much does a change in government spending of �G
affect the equilibrium
interest rate?
d. Explain the difference between your answers to parts (a) and
(b).
15. a. How does an increase in the tax rate affect the IS
curve?
b. How does the increase affect the equilibrium level of
income?
c. How does the increase affect the equilibrium interest
rate?
More questions in the next page.

Topic 9: Aggregate Demand II: Building the IS-LM Model
In topic 7a (Income and Spending), interest rate was assumed
constant. I mean, we
did not use IS-LM model to explain fluctuations in output.
Rather we used AD curve
and AD= Y (the 45 degree line) together to explain the
fluctuations. But starting from
topic 8 we have included interest rate i (or “r” interchangeably)
in our analysis to
incorporate the fact that interest rate varies in the economy and
has a major role to
play to clear both the goods market and the money market
simultaneously. An
inclusion of interest rate in the analysis gives rise to the IS-LM
model. Now let’s play
with the IS and LM curves:
16. Fiscal policy change: Suppose government increases its
purchases. Which curve
shifts? Is the size of the shift in the curve bigger or smaller than
the changes in
equilibrium output? What is the economic intuition behind the
changes in equilibrium
interest rate and output? (Hint: See the notes underneath the
slides for economic
intuition.)
17. Another fiscal policy change: Suppose the government
decreases the tax rate (t).
Which curve shifts now? Why? Explain clearly. What happens
to equilibrium interest

rate and output? What is the economic intuition behind the
change in interest rate and
output?
18. Monetary policy change: Suppose the Fed decreases the
money supply. Which
curve is affected? What happens to equilibrium interest rate and
output? What is the
economic intuition behind the change in interest rate and
output?
19. In questions 16-18, we assumed that Fiscal policies are
independent of monetary
policies. In other words, we assumed that the Fed (the one
which is in control of
monetary policy) sits idle when government pursues different
fiscal policies. But in
reality, that is not true. Often the Fed reacts to changes in fiscal
policies. The
following question addresses this issue:
Suppose government increases its purchases. In response, the
Fed can either:
a. Decide to stabilize the interest rate or
b. Decide to stabilize the output.
For each of the above cases, using IS-LM model, show the final
impact of the fiscal
policy on both interest rate and output.
20. So far, we have analyzed the cases where the IS/LM curve
was affected only by
fiscal/monetary policy. Now we will see how IS/LM curve can
also be affected by

exogenous shocks:
a. Suppose there is a stock market crash. Explain using the IS-
LM model how
that affects equilibrium interest rate and output. Your
explanation as usual should
include economic intuition as well.
b. Suppose there is wave of credit card fraud. . Explain using
the IS-LM model
how that affects equilibrium interest rate and output. Your
explanation as usual
should include economic intuition as well.
21. The aggregate demand curve can be derived from the IS-LM
model- Explain.
22. The second part of this course is mainly about explaining
the short-run
fluctuations in output. In the lecture we have seen how this
explanation can be done
using both the IS-LM and AD-AS models. Both models can
successfully explain the
short-run and long-run behavior of output. This question will
test your knowledge on
this concept:
a. Suppose the stock market has crashed (compare this with
20.a.). Using both the
IS-LM and AD-AS curve, show the behavior of output and price
level in the
short-run and long-run.
b. Suppose there is a decline in the demand for money (maybe

due to widespread
availability of credit cards). At each output level and interest
rate the public now
wants to hold lower real balances.
i. In the Keynesian case, what happens to
equilibrium output and to prices?
ii. In the classical case, what is the effect on output and on
prices?
23. Is the Spending hypothesis explaining the Great Depression
consistent with data?
24. “A sufficiently strong Pigou effect can negate The Money
Hypothesis.”- Explain.
25. Give at least one valid reason why the Fed might have been
guilty of worsening
the Great Depression.
26. Read the case study titled “The Financial Crisis and
Economic Downturn of 2008
and 2009” in Chapter 12, Mankiw. Between IS shock and LM
shock, which one do
you think initiated the crisis? Why?
FINAL EXAMINATION
BIOL 101
DUE DATE: The answer sheet for this exam MUST be
submitted to the Assignment folder within 3 hours of

downloading this exam.
SUBMIT ANSWER SHEET to Assignment Folder Final Exam
IMPORTANT: STUDENT PLEASE ANSWER ALL
QUESTIONS IN THE ANSWER SHEET DOCUMENT AND
SUBMIT THE ANSWER SHEET TO YOUR INSTRUCTOR.
FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.
DO **NOT** SUBMIT THIS TEST DOCUMENT FILE TO
YOUR INSTRUCTOR.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: This final examination is worth
25% of your overall grade
Read all instructions carefully.
* Do not leave any required questions blank. Make your best
guesses.*
**When answering questions for all sections, use the
accompanying Answer Sheet. Submit the Answer Sheet
document to your Assignment Folder within 3 hours of
downloading this document.**
MULTIPLE CHOICE SECTION INSTRUCTIONS: Please
answer all questions.
Each question is worth 1 point. Total points for this section is
30 points.
**Do not enter your answers here.** Type in the letter you
select as the best answer on the Answer Sheet provided by your
instructor.
Use the following information to answer questions 1 and 2
below. ***
Labrador Centronuclear Myopathy (CNM) is genetic disease in
Labrador retrievers that results in insufficient muscle function,

poor muscles tone, exercise intolerance, and awkward gait.
CNM only develops in dogs that are homozygous recessive (pp)
for the PTPLA gene. You are a dog breeder and there is one
puppy in a new litter that has CNM. Neither of the puppy’s
parents have CNM.
1. What are the parents’ genotypes for the gene responsible for
CNM?
A) pp and pp
B) Pp and Pp
C) PP and PP
D) PP and Pp
2. Which of the following best describes the mother’s genotype?
A) Homozygous recessive
B) Heterozygous
C) Homozygous dominant
D) Heterozygous and Homozygous dominant
3. In biological systems most of the original energy from the
sun is lost as?
A) Light
B) Kinetic energy of motion
C) Heat
D) Potential chemical energy
4. All of the following are common or recurrent themes in
biology except?
A) Organisms grow, develop, and reproduce
B) Function determines structure
C) Matter is recycled while energy flows through living systems
D) Living organisms maintain homeostasis
E) Evolutionary processes explain both the unity and adaptive
diversity of life
5. In the following chemical reaction, what is carbon dioxide

(CO2)?
Organic molecule + 6O2 ⇨ 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
A) independent variable
B) product
C) substrate
D) enzyme
6. Which of the following is true regarding chemical bonds?
a) Chemical bonds are an unbreakable union of two atoms
b) Chemical bonds are an energetic interaction, or relationship,
that occurs between two atoms
c) Chemical bonds are a physical linkage of two atoms
d) Chemical bonds are the result of energy emitted by
radioactive atoms
7. The genome of the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, is
composed of 19% guanine. Which of the following must also be
true of its double stranded genome?
A) 19% cytosine
B) 62% adenine
C) 31% thymine
D) 19% uracil
8. You observe the following outside your window: A
chipmunk is munching away on a bean plant in your garden
when a black rat snake grabs and eats the chipmunk. What is the
chipmunk in this situation?
A) predator
B) primary consumer
C) prey
D) secondary consumer
E) both B and C
9. You are observing and tracking the population of bobcats in a
Pennsylvania state park. At the beginning of your study, there
were 48 bobcats in the park. In one year, you counted 60
kittens born and noted the death of 15 bobcats. What is the per

capita rate of change for this population of bobcats?
A) 0.3125
B) 1.25
C) 1.5626
D) 0.9375
10. The addition of the green fluorescent protein gene from a
jellyfish to the genome of the zebra fish in order to produce a
fluorescent green colored fish is an example of what?
a) genetic engineering
b) genetic drift
c) evolution
d) selective breeding
11. Cellular respiration occurs in which types of cells?
a) Bacterial
b) Animal
c) Plant
d) Protist
e) All of the above
12. Dr. Kitty Hauke is studying lobsters in Maine. She noticed
that over several years the average length of pincers had
increased within this population. She hypothesized that having
larger pincers provided a fitness advantage. To test her
hypothesis, she introduced 75 large pincer lobsters and 75 small
pincer lobsters into an isolated bay area that was similar to the
lobsters’ natural sea environment. Over 10 years, Dr. Hauke
observed this isolated population of lobsters. What would she
likely observe if her hypothesis was incorrect?
A) The percent of lobsters with large pincers would decrease.
B) There were fewer small pincer lobsters mating during mating
season.
C) More large pincer lobsters could be found mating during
mating season.
D) The percent of lobsters with large pincers would increase.

13. Microevolution is to population as macroevolution is to
__________.
A) Individuals
B) Communities
C) Biodiversity
D) Species
14. Active transport requires energy in order to move molecules
____________ the concentration gradient while simple and
facilitated diffusion require no energy to move molecules
__________ the concentration gradient.
A) Along ; against
B) Along ; along
C) Against ; along
D) Against ; against
15. Limiting factors:
A) Can be unpredictable natural events
B) Can be both biotic and abiotic
C) Can lead to unlimited population growth
D) A and B
E) A and C
F) B and C
G) All of the above
16. Cell is to ________ as gene is to heredity.
A) Organism
B) Organelle
C) Life
D) Biology
17. Allopatric speciation involves geography but
_________________ speciation involves genetic change.
A) Sympatric

B) Parapatric
C) De novo
D) Peripatric
18. A common theme in biology is that energy flows through
biological systems while matter __________.
A) Flows
B) Cycles
C) Multiplies
D) Stagnates
19. You have discovered a new substance that you suspect may
be a living organism. All of the following are characteristics
this substance would need in order to be classified as living
EXCEPT:
A) Be made of organic molecules
B) Evolve
C) Grow, develop and reproduce with the help of DNA
D) Not contain carbon atoms
E) Use energy and raw materials to survive
20. The following is a picture of a Tomato Hornworm, which is
the caterpillar stage of the five-spotted hawkmoth (Manduca
quinquemaculata). The white objects protruding from the
caterpillar are wasp eggs. The wasps lay their eggs on the horn
worms so that when the larvae hatch they can feed on the worm.
Which term best describes the relationship between the wasps
and the Tomato hornworms?
A) Mutualism
B) Competition
C) Predation
D) Symbiosis
***Use the following to answer questions 21-24 below. ***

Consider the following hypothetical metabolic pathway (each
letter after the word “Molecule” represents a group of atoms):
21. What is the reactant for this pathway?
A) Molecule C
B) Molecule COO
C) Molecule COOL
D) Enzyme 1
22. What is the intermediate for this pathway?
A) Molecule C
B) Molecule COO
C) Molecule COOL
D) Enzyme 1
23. Which of the following best describes this metabolic
pathway?
A) The pathway is anabolic
B) The pathway is catabolic
24. All of the following would allow for more of the product of
this metabolic pathway to be produced, EXCEPT?
A) Increasing the amount of Enzyme 2
B) Increasing the amount of Molecule C
C) Adding an activator for Enzyme 1
D) Adding an inhibitor for Enzyme 1
E) Removing an inhibitor of Enzyme 2
25. In Central Dogma: DNA is ________________ into RNA,
and RNA is ______________ into proteins.
A) Translated ; transcribed
B) Replicated ; translated
C) Transcribed ; translated

D) Replicated ; transcribed
26. What is the genotype for the individual labeled “1” in the
pedigree below? (Black circles or squares represent individuals
born with a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis)
A) AA
B) Aa
C) aa
D) Either AA or Aa
27. Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?
A) A diamondback rattlesnake with a color pattern that allows it
to blend in better with the desert sand.
B) A farmer cross pollinating two zucchini plants.
C) Male blue-footed boobies dancing to show off their bright
blue feet to female blue-footed boobies.
D) A scientist inserting an Escherichia coli gene into the
genome of Staphylococcus aureus.
28. Consider a rabbit, which of the following is true regarding
its DNA?
A) All of its cells contain the same DNA.
B) Each cell type contains its own unique DNA.
C) Rabbit brain cells and kidney cells express the same DNA
genes.
D) Rabbit DNA uses a different molecular backbone than mouse
DNA.
29. Which of the following is the correct order of ecological
organizational levels starting from the largest and most
inclusive to the smallest and least inclusive?
A) Population > biosphere > community > individual >
ecosystem
B) Community > individual > population > biosphere >
ecosystem

C) Biosphere > ecosystem > community > population >
individual
D) Individual > population > ecosystem > community
>biosphere
30. You are studying passive diffusion of a molecule called
FLUBBER across a semipermeable membrane, which is
mimicking the phospholipid bilayer of eukaryotic cells.
FLUBBER moves from side A to B. Which of the following can
you conclude?
A) Side A had a lower FLUBBER concentration initially
compared to side B.
B) Side A had a higher FLUBBER concentration initially
compared to side B.
C) Side A had the same initial FLUBBER concentration as side
B.
SHORT ANSWER SECTION
Each question is worth 10 points. Total points for this section is
30 points.
Answer THREE out of the five questions listed below. Each
answer should be between two paragraphs and half a page long.
Answers will be graded for accuracy and completeness, as well
as spelling and grammar.
**Do not enter your answers here** Type your answers into the

Answer Sheet provided by your instructor.
1. At the beginning of the spring, Dr. Allan notices that there is
an equal distribution of long and short stemmed buttercups in
the vacant lot across the street from his house as well as in his
own backyard. By the end of the summer he notes that there are
mostly long stemmed buttercups in the lot, but mostly short
stemmed buttercups in his yard. These observations are
examples of what biological principle? Develop a hypothesis to
explain Dr. Allan’s observations.
2. You are analyzing the ingredients in a new hot dog that is
going to be put on the market soon. A) Explain the
biological function of these natural chemicals that you might
find in a hot dog: protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins.
B) Would it be healthier to eat a hot dog that contains mainly
saturated fat, or one that contains mainly unsaturated fat?
Explain your answer
3. Male ring-tailed lemurs have stink glands that they use to
mark their territories. In addition, dominance among males is
established by “stink fighting” where the males rub their “stink
secretions” along their tails, and then posturing themselves with
tails raised above their head, they wave their stinky tails at each
other. The stinkiest male wins.
A) Stink fighting is an example of what evolutionary principle?
B) What might the males be competing for?
4. You have not been feeling well lately and are losing weight
despite eating more than you normally do. You go to the doctor
and are diagnosed with having a tapeworm. Tapeworms live in
your gut and use your body for both housing and food. Is this
interspecific interaction between you and the tapeworm an
example of mutualism, parasitism or competition? Explain your

answer.
5. Discuss a specific example of how human activities can
affect the environment.
ESSAY SECTION
Answer TWO out of the 5 questions below. Each answer should
be approximately one page long. Answers will be graded for
accuracy and completeness, as well as spelling and grammar.
Each question is worth 20 points. Total points for this section
is 40 points.
**Do not enter your answers here.** Type your answers into the
Answer Sheet provided by your instructor.
QUESTIONS
1. Before bringing a new drug to the marketplace, extensive
testing is done on the drug by administering the drug to large
numbers of individuals. Explain the importance of the
scientific method, sample size, controls and variable in the drug
evaluation process.
2. You are a dog breeder and have a female yellow, Fifi, whom
you would like to mate in order to get a little of puppies in all
three colors (black, yellow, and chocolate). After reviewing her
pedigree, you reason out that Fifi’s genotype is eebb.
Remember that in Labrador retrievers coat color is determined

by two different genes. The first gene (E) causes melanin to be
deposited into the fur, while the second gene (B) determines the
pigment color with black dominant to brown. You have three
potential male labs with which to breed Fifi. Max is a black lab
with a brown mom and a yellow dad. Tucker is a yellow lab
with two brown parents. Ripley is a chocolate lab with one
brown and one black parent.
Mating Fifi to which one of these males will result in puppies in
all three colors? What is the correct male’s genotype? What are
the genotypes of the offspring? What percentage of the
offspring will be black, yellow, and chocolate? Be sure to show
your work.
3. Consider the food web for the Chesapeake Bay shown below.
By US Geological Survey (Chesapeake Waterbird Food Web)
Public Domain
Give a detailed analysis of this food web. Be sure to address
the following in your analysis: a description of the producers
and consumers (you do not need to list every organism, but give
a few examples along with what makes an organism fall into
one class or the other), energy movement through the food web,
the number of trophic levels found in this food web, which
organisms most efficiently utilize the resources, the way in
which of one biogeochemical cycles interacts with the
ecosystem of this food web, and how humans can negatively
impact this food web.
4. Compare and contrast artificial selection and genetic
engineering of organisms. In your answer also include the
following: one advantage and one disadvantage for each
technique, as well as one example of each.

5. Explain the main stages of mitosis (you may use diagrams)
and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis in an animal
cell.
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
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