This document discusses common ocular drugs and their delivery methods to the cornea. It begins by describing the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the cornea, which influence drug permeability. It then covers various factors that impact drug absorption across the cornea, pharmacokinetics of ocular drug delivery, and barriers to drug transport in the eye. The document concludes by outlining different drug delivery methods like topical, systemic, and new technologies; and provides examples of common anti-infectives, anti-inflammatories, and other drugs used for corneal pathology.
Fungal infections of eye cause one of the most dangerious infections. Accurate diagnosis and proper institution of anti-fungal therapy is essential. Here we discuss the various anti-fungal agents available to be used in ophthalmology.
The tear film constitutes Three layers :- An outermost lipid (oily) layer An aqueous (watery) layer that makes up 90% of the tear film volume; and A mucin layer that coats the corneal surface.
3. To form smooth optical surface on cornea. To keep the surface of cornea & conjunctiva moist It serve as lubricant It transfer oxygen Provide antibacterial action Wash debris out It provides a pathway for WBC in case of injury
4. Functions of lipid layer Retards evaporation of tear film Prevents the overflow of tears
5. Function of Aqueous Layer Flushes, buffers and lubricates the corneal surface Delivers oxygen and other nutrients to the corneal surface Wash out debris Delivers antibacterial enzymes and antibodies such as lysozyme.
6. Functions of Mucin Layer Spreads tears over corneal surface. Protects the cornea against foreign substances . Makes corneal surface smooth by filling in surface irregularities
Fungal infections of eye cause one of the most dangerious infections. Accurate diagnosis and proper institution of anti-fungal therapy is essential. Here we discuss the various anti-fungal agents available to be used in ophthalmology.
The tear film constitutes Three layers :- An outermost lipid (oily) layer An aqueous (watery) layer that makes up 90% of the tear film volume; and A mucin layer that coats the corneal surface.
3. To form smooth optical surface on cornea. To keep the surface of cornea & conjunctiva moist It serve as lubricant It transfer oxygen Provide antibacterial action Wash debris out It provides a pathway for WBC in case of injury
4. Functions of lipid layer Retards evaporation of tear film Prevents the overflow of tears
5. Function of Aqueous Layer Flushes, buffers and lubricates the corneal surface Delivers oxygen and other nutrients to the corneal surface Wash out debris Delivers antibacterial enzymes and antibodies such as lysozyme.
6. Functions of Mucin Layer Spreads tears over corneal surface. Protects the cornea against foreign substances . Makes corneal surface smooth by filling in surface irregularities
Eye diseases are commonly encountered in day to day life, which are cured or prevented through the conventionally used dosage forms. Delivery to the internal parts of the eye still remains troublesome due to the anatomical and protective structure of the eye. Drugs may be delivered to the eye through the application of four primary modes of administration: topical, systemic, intravitreal, and periocular.
INTRODUCTION :
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical administration of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
The bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is very poor due to efficient protective mechanisms of the eye.
Blinking, reflex lachrymation, and drainage rapidly remove drugs, from the surface of the eye.
To overcome these, two approaches can be followed.
The first involves using alternate delivery routes to conventional ones allowing for more direct access to intended target sites.
Second approach involves development of novel drug delivery systems providing better permeability, treatability and controlled release at target site.
Combination of both these approaches are being utilized and optimized in order to achieve optimal therapy with minimal adverse effects.
Contents
Introduction
Objective
Anatomy of the Eye
Routes of drug delivery of the eye
Mechanism of ocular absorption
Factors affecting intra-ocular bioavailability
Barriers of ocular drug absorption
Methods to overcome drug barriers
Evaluation
Conclusion
Reference
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Applied topically to the cornea, or instilled in the space between the eyeball and lower eyelid
Definition: Ocular DDS are designed to instilled on to topical or intra-ocular or peri-ocular to eye.
Most commonly used ocular dosage forms-
- Solutions
- Suspensions
- ointments
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of human eye
Ocular delivery system
Optimum characters of ophthalmic drugs
Routes of ophthalmic drugs
Mechanism of ocular drug absorption
Barriers and fate of ocular drug delivery
Formulation consideration of ocular dosage forms
Evaluation tests
References
Ophthalmic drug delivery system :Challenges and Approaches.Ashish Kumar Mishra
This presentation mainly cover all the challenges which the pharmaceuticals scientist are facing in formulation of an ocular drug delivery system and the method involved to overcomes the problems and provided an more stable and convenient ODDS with increased Bio-availability.
Introduction to ODDS
Anatomy and Physiology of eye
Disease and Disorders of Eye
Factors affecting Ocular absorption of drugs
Intra Ocular Barriers
Methods to overcome barriers- Novel Ocular Formulations
Evaluation of ODDS
Conclusions
References
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
presentation ocular drugs.pptx
1. COMMON OCULAR DRUGS
AND DELIVERY METHOD IN
CORNEA
PRESENTER: DR. RAMESH BHANDARI
1ST YEAR RESIDENT
DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
BPKLCOS, MMC, IOM
2. CONTENTS
• Anatomical and physiological characteristics of
cornea
• Factors influencing drug permeability across
cornea
• Pharmacokinetics
• Barrier for ocular transport of Drugs
• Absorption And Distribution of Drugs
• Mode of delivery of drugs
• Topical
• Systemic
• New technologies
2
4. ANATOMICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CORNEA
4
• A trilaminar structure of tear film
(precorneal tear film) acts as a
permeability barrier, so it doesn’t allow
drug to cross by simple diffusion.
• Properties of different corneal layers:
• Epithelium – hydrophobic – permeable to
lipid soluble molecule (unionized molecule)
• Stroma - hydrophilic - permeable to water
soluble molecule (ionized molecule)
• Endothelium - hydrophobic - permeable to
lipid soluble molecule (Unionized molecule)
6. ANATOMICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CORNEA
• Epithelium is a main barrier – permeability
increased if epithelium is damaged or
abraded
• The highest trans-corneal concentration is
achieved when administered compound has
both water and lipid soluble property
6
7. FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG
PERMEABILITY ACROSS CORNEA
• Lipid and water solubility of the drug
• Drug with amphipathic properties have more
penetration
• Concentration of the drug
• Higher the concentration- better penetration
• Ionic form of the drug
• Nonionized drug penetrates epithelium and
ionized drug pass through stroma of the
cornea
Note: Fluorescein is a negative charged ion which can’t
penetrate intact epithelium, hence basis of fluorescein
7
8. • Tonicity of the solution
• Hypertonic solution increases permeability
• pH of the solution
• Normal pH of tear is 7.4
• If the pH of drug is different, it will cause reflex
tearing and alter permeability
• If alkaloid drug is kept in alkaline medium,
unionized drug concentration increases, hence
increasing permeability
8
9. • Viscosity of the solution
• Increases contact time with cornea; addition of
methyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol increases
viscosity of the drug
• Surface active agents/ surfactants
• Reduce surface tension, increases corneal wetting
and therefore presents more drug for absorption
eg. Preservatives like Benzalkonium chloride and
thiomersel
• Pro-drug form
• Prodrug form are lipophilic – absorption from
epithelium- converted to active drug (hydrophilic) –
absorbed by stroma eg.
esterase
• Dipivefrine epinephrine
9
10. PHARMACOKINETICS
• Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
excretion of the drug
• A drug can be delivered to ocular tissue as:
• Locally:
Eye drop Ointment
Periocular injection Intraocular injection
• Systemically:
Orally Intravenously
10
11. BARRIER FOR OCULAR
TRANSPORT OF DRUG
• Corneal epithelium and stroma
• Blood ocular barriers:Blood retinal barrier
Blood- aqueous barrier
• Blink rate
• Absorption from conjunctival vessel and
mucosa
• Nasolacrimal drainage of tears 11
12. 12
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient in Tear Fluid
Systemic absorption
(50-100% of the
dose)
ROUTES:
-Conjunctiva
-Nose
-Lachrymal drainage
-Pharynx
-GI tract
-Aqueous humor
Ocular Absorption
(5% of the dose)
Corneal
Routes
-Primary
routes
-Lipophilic
drugs
Conjunctival
and scleral
route
-Hydrophilic
drugs
Aqueous
Humor
Ocular
tissues
13. ABSORPTION
Rate & extent of absorption of topically
instilled drugs depends upon
1. Time the drug remains in the cul-de-sac &
precorneal tear film
2. Elimination by nasolacrimal drainage
3. Drug binding to tear proteins
4. Drug metabolism by tear & tissue
proteins
5. Diffusion across cornea & conjunctiva
13
15. Mode of delivery of drugs
Topical
•Eye drop
•Eye
ointment
•Gel
•Soft contact
lens
•Ocuserts
Periocular
•Subconjunct
ival
•Subtenon
•Peribulbar
•Retro bulbar
Intraocular
Intracamer
al
Intravitreal
Systemi
c
Intravenou
s
Oral
15
16. IDEAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Following characteristics are required to
optimize ocular drug delivery through
cornea
• Good corneal penetration
• Prolong contact time with corneal
tissue 16
17. TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION
EYE DROP
• Simplest and most convenient
• Generally, 1 drop = 50 microliters
• Conjunctival sac capacity = 7 – 13
microliters
• Only 20% of administered drug is
retained (i.e. 10 microlitres)
17
18. Delivery of larger volume of topical eye drops
Reflex blinking
Increased drainage rate to nasolacrimal canal
Spilling on the cheeks, splashing the excess solution
to the eyelashes
Wasted amount of drug and possible negative side-
effects due to high systemic absorption
EYE DROP (CONTD…)
18
19. • Properties of eye drops like hydrogen ion
concentration, osmolality, viscosity and instilled
volume can influence the retention of solution in the
eye.
• Method for instillation of eye drop:
• Hold the skin below the lower eye lid
• Pull it forward slightly
• Instill 1 drop
19
EYE DROP (CONTD…)
20. • Time duration that the drug remains in the tear
reservoir and tear film is called the residence time of a
medication
• Measures to increase drug absorption:
• Wait for 5 to 10 min between drops
• Compress the lacrimal sac by digital pressure at
the medial canthus
• Keep the eye lid closed for 5 minutes after
instillation
20
EYE DROP (CONTD…)
21. OINTMENT
• Increase the contact time of ocular medication
to ocular surface, thus better effect
• It has the disadvantage of delayed action,
sticking of eyelids and temporary blurring
vision
• Used at bed time
• The drug has to be highly lipid soluble with
some water solubility to have maximum effect
as ointment 21
22. GELS
• Gels composed of mucoadhesive polymers that
provide localized delivery of an active ingredient to the
eye. Such polymers have a property known as bio
adhesion.
• These polymers extend the contact time of drug with
the biological tissues and thereby improve ocular
bioavailability.
• Advantage: Longer contact time
Greater storage stability
• Disadvantage: Blurred vision (but less than
ointment)
Poor patient compliance
22
23. OCUSERT
23
• Ocular inserts (ocuserts) are sterile preparation that prolong
residence time of drug with a controlled release manner
• Lacrisert is a sterile rod shaped device for the treatment of
dry eye syndrome and keratitis sicca.
• They act by imbibing water from the cornea and conjunctiva
and form the hydrophilic film which lubricates the cornea.
24. SYSTEMIC DRUG
• Drugs used to treat corneal pathology can be given
orally or intravenously
• Factors influencing systemic drug penetration into
ocular tissue:
• Lipid solubility: more penetration
• Protein Binding: more effect with low protein
binding
• Ocular inflammation: more penetration with
ocular inflammation
24
25. NEW TECHNOLOGY IN DRUG
DELIVERY
MUCOADHESIVE
• Polyacrylic acid and hyaluronic acid
• Types: Naturally occurring (lectins and
fibronectin)
Synthetic: Carbopol
• Interacts with mucosal layer on cornea
• Increased retention of drug
• Aids in the localized delivery of topical ocular drugs
and increases bioavailability due to prolonged
contact and corneal layer.
25
26. COLLAGEN CORNEAL SHIELD
• Soluble ophthalmic inserts manufactured from porcine
scleral tissue and molded into contact lens-like shields
that are useful as a delivery system to prolong contact
between drug and cornea
• The shield dissolves in 12- 72 hours, leading to higher
concentration of drug in the corneal surface
• Used for the early treatment of bacterial keratitis as
well as for antibiotics prophylaxis
• Disadvantage: poorly tolerated because they are very
uncomfortable
26
27. IONTOPHORESIS
• Physical process of moving charged molecules by
electrical current is called as iontophoresis.
• Noninvasive method
• Transcorneal: delivers a high concentration of drug to
anterior segment of eye (cornea, aqueous humor, iris,
lens)
• Used for treatment of anterior segment disease such
as dry eyes, keratitis, corneal ulcers
27
28. NANO PARTICLES AND MICRO
PARTICLES
• Particulate polymeric drug delivery system include
micro and nano particles designed to overcome the
barriers
• Increase the drug penetration at the target site
• Improves the bioavailability of ophthalmic drug
28
30. LIPOSOMES
• Liposomes are biocompatible and biodegradable lipid
vesicles made up of natural lipids and about 25 –
10000nm in diameter
• They are having an intimate contact with the corneal
and conjunctival surfaces which is desirable for drugs
that are poorly absorbed thus increases the probability
of ocular drug absorption
30
31. CYCLODEXTRIN
• Cyclodextrins manufactured by the enzymatic
degradation of starch
• It occurs as a amorphous powder
• It is pharmacologically active material
• It increases solubility of poorly water soluble drugs
• It increases the absorption rate of the drug thus
increasing bioavailability 31
37. • Majority of the topically administered antibacterials
cause hypersensitivity reaction. However
fluoroquinolones (especially ciprofloxacin) can cause
drug related corneal deposits.
37
38. FORTIFIED ANTIMICROBIAL EYE DROP
• Most of our available ophthalmic antibiotic
preparations are in 0.3% concentration, which is not
sufficient to attain minimum inhibitory concentration to
halt the progression of resistant keratitis.
• Fortification means to intensify or strengthen the
medication to achieve adequate drug
concentration.
• For preparation of fortified antibiotics, a standard
parenteral or lyophilized antibiotic preparation is
combined with a compatible vehicle such that the
antibiotic does not precipitate.
38
39. Need for Fortification:
• For resistant microbial keratitis, to attain
appropriate drug concentration and to stop
the fulminant rapid progression of keratitis.
• For moderate-to-severe corneal ulcers
• For drugs that are available only in
parenteral form. For example -
Vancomycin and Amphotericin B.
39
40. LIMITATIONS:
• High cost
• Contamination risk
• Since it is a preservative-free preparation, they have
short shelf-life
• Need for refrigeration.
40
41. Medication/
composition
Preparation technique Shelf life
Fortified
Tobramycin:
14mg/ml(1.4%)
Add 2ml/80mg of
parenteral tobramycin to
commercially available
tobramycin eye drops
0.3% 5 ml (15mg/5ml)
1 week in refrigerator
at 4 degrees and 4
days in room
temperature
Fortified
Gentamicin Eye
Drops:
14mg/ml(1.4%)
Add 2ml/80mg of
parenteral gentamicin to
commercial gentamicin
ophthalmic solution 0.3%
5 ml (15mg/5ml)
1 week in refrigerator
at 4 degrees C and 4
days in room
temperature
Fortified Amikacin
Eye Drops: 2.5%
Parenteral Amikacin
250mg/2ml is mixed with
8 ml artificial tears.
7 days under
refrigeration at 4
Degrees Centigrade
42
42. 43
Medication/
composition
Preparation
technique
Shelf life
Fortified Cefazolin
Eye Drops:
50mg/ml( 5%)
Reconstitute parenteral
Cefazolin 500mg with
2ml sterile water
available with the
injection and add to 8ml
of artificial tears.
1week in refrigeration
at 4 degrees C and 4
days in room
temperature
Fortified
Ceftazidime eye
drops: 50mg/ml(
5%)
Reconstitute parenteral
Ceftazidime 500mg with
2ml sterile water/BSS
available with the
injection and add to 8ml
of artificial tears
1week under
refrigeration at 4
degrees C and 3 days
in room temperature
Topical
Vancomycin Eye
Drops:
50mg/ml(5%)
Reconstitute 500mg of
vancomycin powder for
injection with 2 ml sterile
water/BSS. Add to 8ml of
artificial tears.
28 days at 4 Degrees
C
47. Drugs Administration MOA Toxicity
Amphotericin B
(AmB
deoxycholate,
AmB lipid complex,
liposomal AmB,
AmB colloidal
dispersal)
I.V. : 1mg/kg
Intravitreal: 5-10 µgm
Subconj: 750 µgm/ml
Topical: 2.5 –
10mg/ml
Binds to
fungal cell
wall
ergosterol
and disrupt it
Hypokalemia,
Infusion related
toxicity, less
penetration, renal
toxicity
Natamycin 5% suspension/ 2hrly
drop
Hypersensitivity
Irritation
Fluconazole Topical: 1-2%
Oral: 200mg/day
Inhibits
ergosterol
synthesis and
causes direct
damage to
cell wall
Hepatitis,
cholestasis,
rashes, hepatic
failure
Ketoconazole:
gynaecomastia,
GI upset
Itraconazole Topical: 1-2%
Oral: 200-400mg/day
Ketoconazole Topical: 1-2%
Oral: 200-600mg/day
Voriconazole Topical: 1-2%
Oral: 200mg/day
Echinocandins:
Caspofungins
I.V Block fungal
cell wall
Beta glucan
49
48. 50
Medication/
composition
Preparation
technique
Shelf life
Topical
Amphotericin B
0.15%
Add 10 ml distilled or
sterile water to
parenteral 50mg of
amphotericin B
powder for injection.
Draw 3 ml of this and
add to 7ml of artificial
tears eye drops.
7 days in refrigerator
at 4 degrees C and
4 days in room
temperature.
Topical
Voriconazole Eye
Drops 1%
Mix 20 ml ringer
lactate to 200 mg
voriconazole
lyophilized powder.
30days at 4deg C or
room temperature
Antifungal drugs like Amphotericin B,
Voriconazole etc can be given via intrastromal and
intracameral routes for treatment of fungal ulcers
49. ANTIPARASITIC
Used to treat Acanthamoeba keratitis
Causes of parasitic keratitis:
• contact lens users
• Trauma
• Corneal transplantation
• Exposure to infected lake water; sea water and hot
tubs
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54. CORTICOSTEROIDS
• Corticosteroids can be administered locally in the form
of drops, ointments or injections and systemically in
the form of tablets/ injections.
• They are lipid soluble so easily diffuse through cell
membrane
• Mechanism of Action: Inhibit phospholipase A2 in
biosynthesis of Arachidonic acid; hence inhibits
synthesis of various inflammatory mediators
56
56. POINTS PREDNISOLONE ACETATE PREDNISOLONE
PHOSPHATE
SOLUBILITY Water Insoluble Water soluble
PENETRATION Higher penetration through
Cornea
Weaker penetration
than Acetate.
BIOAVAILABILITY Higher Less than Acetate
EFFICACY High Low
FORMULATION Suspension so requires
shaking before use.
Solution so does not
require shaking before
use.
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57. • Side-effects of steroid:
59
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Ocular:
• Glaucoma
• Cataract
• Activation of infection
(if given in fungal and
bacterial keratitis)
• Delayed wound
healing
Systemic:
• Peptic ulcer
• Cushing syndrome
• Hypertension
• Diabetes mellitus
• Osteoporosis
• Mental changes
58. IMMUNOMODULATORS
-Cyclosporins (0.05%) -Tacrolimus
• Used for the treatment of ocular inflammatory disease
such as vernal keratoconjunctivitis, dry eye disease as
well as for the treatment of corneal subepithelial
infiltrates resistant to steroids therapy
• Side-effects: Gingival Hyperplasia
Blurring of vision
Renal impairment
61
60. • ROSE BENGAL STAIN
• Stains devitalized epithelium
only
• Uses: severe dry eyes,
herpetic keratitis
• LISSAMINE GREEN
• Stains membrane – damaged/
devitalized cells green
• Stains the edge of dendritic
ulcer
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61. LOCAL ANESTHETICS
• Local Anesthetics are widely used prior to removal of
any corneal foreign bodies or surgical procedures.
• Blocks the conduction by inhibition of sodium channel,
hence- inhibiting depolarization.
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Concentrations Onset of
action
Duration
of action
Lignocaine Infiltration
(1/2/3%)
Topical 4%
5-10 min
10-35 sec
30-60 min
15-20
min
Bupivacain
e
Infiltration
(0.25 – 0.75%)
Moderate 75-90 min
62. TEAR SUBSTITUTES
• Cellulose derivatives such as HPMC (
Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose), methyl
cellulose, hyaluronic acid, polyacrylic
acid (carbomers), liquid paraffin,
polyvinyl alcohol
• Have amphiphilic nature
• Used commonly for ocular irritation, dry
eyes.
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63. PRESERVATIVES
• Ophthalmic solutions and ointments must be sterile,
so wide variety of preservatives are used
-Benzalkonium chloride -Chlorbutol
-Thiomersal -Chlorhexidine
-Sorbic acid
Adverse effects:
• Toxic to precorneal tear film and epithelium
• Impedes epithelial healing and disrupt film
• Direct cellular damage
• Decreases oxygen utilization of cornea 66
64. REFERENCES
• ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF EYE- A.K. KHURANA
• MICHAEL J. DOUGHTY, OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY AND
THERAPEUTICS, A PRIMARY CARE GUIDE, 1ST EDITION-
2001
• COPELAND AND AFSHARI’S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF
CORNEA VOLUME-1 1ST EDITION- 2013
• KANSKI’S CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, A SYSTEMATIC
APPROACH- EIGHTH EDITION
• NIXON HK. PREPARATION OF FORTIFIED ANTIMICROBIAL
EYE DROPS. KERALA J OPHTHALMOLOGY 2018;30:152-4
• VARIOUS INTERNET SOURCES AND JOURNALS
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