The document discusses the epidemiological transition theory which describes how patterns of disease and mortality have changed over time. It outlines the major stages of transition from the Age of Pestilence and Famine characterized by infectious diseases, to the Age of Receding Pandemics where death rates decreased due to improved sanitation and hygiene, to the current Age of Degenerative Diseases where chronic diseases have replaced infectious diseases as the major causes of death. The stages are linked to social and economic development as well as advances in public health.
The general shift from acute infectious and deficiency diseases characteristic of underdevelopment to chronic non-communicable diseases characteristic of modernization and advanced levels of development is usually referred to as the "epidemiological transition".
1. Origin Of Epidemiology.
2. Definitions Of Epidemiology.
3. Objectives Of Epidemiology.
4. Branches Of Epidemiology.
5. Timeline Of Epidemiology.
6. John Graunt- The First Epidemiologist.
7. James Lind And Scurvy.
8. Edward Jenner And Small Pox.
9. Ignaz Semmelweis And Childbed Fever.
10. John Snow And Cholera
11. Conclusion
The general shift from acute infectious and deficiency diseases characteristic of underdevelopment to chronic non-communicable diseases characteristic of modernization and advanced levels of development is usually referred to as the "epidemiological transition".
1. Origin Of Epidemiology.
2. Definitions Of Epidemiology.
3. Objectives Of Epidemiology.
4. Branches Of Epidemiology.
5. Timeline Of Epidemiology.
6. John Graunt- The First Epidemiologist.
7. James Lind And Scurvy.
8. Edward Jenner And Small Pox.
9. Ignaz Semmelweis And Childbed Fever.
10. John Snow And Cholera
11. Conclusion
Founders of epidemiology and thier contributionsShareef Ngunguni
The document is a foundation to epidemiology. It describes at least well known contributes to epidemiology.More preciously,the article entails the details of the epidemiologists. Spelling errors may persist and your feedback may be submitted to the email address attached.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
Communicable and Non-communicable diseasesKumarlalit750
A very effective ppt on communicable and non-communicable diseases with a lot of new things to know. Very useful for school students of class 9,8,7 th.
Founders of epidemiology and thier contributionsShareef Ngunguni
The document is a foundation to epidemiology. It describes at least well known contributes to epidemiology.More preciously,the article entails the details of the epidemiologists. Spelling errors may persist and your feedback may be submitted to the email address attached.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
Communicable and Non-communicable diseasesKumarlalit750
A very effective ppt on communicable and non-communicable diseases with a lot of new things to know. Very useful for school students of class 9,8,7 th.
Coorelation study between hdi and epidemiological transition ratio among indi...subhash chandra
The Epidemiological transition—the shift from infectious and deficiency diseases to chronic non communicable diseases—was a unidirectional process, beginning when infectious diseases were predominant and ending when non communicable diseases dominated the causes of death.
It has, however, become apparent that this transition is more complex and dynamic: the health and disease patterns of a society evolve in diverse ways as a result of demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes.
It is rather a continuous transformation process, with some diseases disappearing and others appearing or re-emerging. This also indicates that such a process is not unidirectional
Chapter 1
Introduction:
The Environment at Risk
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter the reader will be able to:Describe how environmental health problems influence our livesDescribe the potential impacts of population growth upon the environmentState a definition of the term environmental healthList at least five major events in the history of environmental healthIdentify current issues in the environmental health fieldDescribe employment opportunities in the environmental health field
Environmental Quality
Maintaining environmental quality is a pressing task for the 21st century.
Healthy People 2010 GoalsGoal Number 8, Environmental Health: “Promote health for all through a healthy environment.”
Healthy People 2010 Goals (continued)Goal Number 8 Objectives include:Outdoor Air QualityWater QualityToxics and WastesHealthy Homes & Healthy CommunitiesInfrastructure and SurveillanceGlobal Environmental Health
Environmental Health ThreatsTrash that fouls our beachesHazardous wastes (including radioactive wastes) leaching from disposal sites Continuing episodes of air pollution in some areasExposures to toxic chemicalsDestruction of the land through deforestation
Population and Environment: The Three P’s
Pollution Principal DeterminantsPopulation of Health WorldwidePoverty
Pollution
Combustion of fossil fuels (e.g., petroleum and coal) that disperse greenhouse gases into atmosphere may cause
Global warming
Change in distribution of insect vectors
Population
Overpopulation in developing nations is leading to the human population exceeding the carrying capacity of the planet.World population of 10-12 billion during 21st century?Related to urban crowding
Infectious disease epidemics: A consequence of crowding?Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus: outbreaks on poultry farms in Asia
-Health officials were concerned that the virus might mutate, enabling human-to-human transmission and a resulting pandemicSwine flu (H1N1 influenza): spread through North America to other parts of the globe.
-The WHO declared a pandemic.
Swine Flu (H1N1 2009 Virus)Concern that a large proportion of the population might be susceptible to infection with the virusSeasonal influenza vaccine H1N1 strain might not provide protection. During the summer and fall months of 2009, influenza activity peaked.Week ending October 24, 2009—49 of 50 states reported geographically widespread disease.Worldwide (as of 31 January 2010) more than 209 countries and overseas territories or communities reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including at least 15174 deaths.
PovertyLinked to population growthOne of the well-recognized determinants of adverse health outcomes
Significance of the Environment for Human HealthExposure to potentially hazardous agents accounts for many of the forms of environmentally associated morbidity and mortality.Examples of hazardous agents are:MicrobesToxic chemicals and m ...
Microbes and vectors swim in the evolutionary stream, and they swim faster than we do. Bacteria reproduce every 30 minutes. For them, a millennium is compressed into a fortnight. They are fleet afoot, and the pace of our research must keep up with them, or they will overtake us. Microbes were here on earth 2 billion years before humans arrived, learning every trick for survival, and it is likely that they will be here 2 billion years after we depart ......
this ppt is made by shrikrishna kesharwani , student of urban planning,4th year, Manit , Bhopal,
in this ppt, I have discussed how to do pandemic or epidemic management in detail.,
Introduction to Epidemiology
At the end of this session the participants will be able to:
Discuss the historical evolution of epidemiology
Explain the usage of epidemiology
List the core epidemiological functions
Explain types of epidemiological studies
Senior Project and Engineering Leader Jim Smith.pdfJim Smith
I am a Project and Engineering Leader with extensive experience as a Business Operations Leader, Technical Project Manager, Engineering Manager and Operations Experience for Domestic and International companies such as Electrolux, Carrier, and Deutz. I have developed new products using Stage Gate development/MS Project/JIRA, for the pro-duction of Medical Equipment, Large Commercial Refrigeration Systems, Appliances, HVAC, and Diesel engines.
My experience includes:
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Successfully developed the $15-20M yearly corporate capital strategy for manufacturing, with the Executive Team and key stakeholders. Created project scope and specifications, business case, ROI, managed project plans with key personnel for nine consumer product manufacturing and distribution sites; to support the company’s strategic sales plan.
Over 15 years of experience managing and developing cost improvement projects with key Stakeholders, site Manufacturing Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Maintenance, and facility support personnel to optimize pro-duction operations, safety, EHS, and new product development. (BioLab, Deutz, Caire)
Experience working as a Technical Manager developing new products with chemical engineers and packaging engineers to enhance and reduce the cost of retail products. I have led the activities of multiple engineering groups with diverse backgrounds.
Great experience managing the product development of products which utilize complex electrical controls, high voltage power panels, product testing, and commissioning.
Created project scope, business case, ROI for multiple capital projects to support electrotechnical assembly and CPG goods. Identified project cost, risk, success criteria, and performed equipment qualifications. (Carrier, Electrolux, Biolab, Price, Hussmann)
Created detailed projects plans using MS Project, Gant charts in excel, and updated new product development in Jira for stakeholders and project team members including critical path.
Great knowledge of ISO9001, NFPA, OSHA regulations.
User level knowledge of MRP/SAP, MS Project, Powerpoint, Visio, Mastercontrol, JIRA, Power BI and Tableau.
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The case study discusses the potential of drone delivery and the challenges that need to be addressed before it becomes widespread.
Key takeaways:
Drone delivery is in its early stages: Amazon's trial in the UK demonstrates the potential for faster deliveries, but it's still limited by regulations and technology.
Regulations are a major hurdle: Safety concerns around drone collisions with airplanes and people have led to restrictions on flight height and location.
Other challenges exist: Who will use drone delivery the most? Is it cost-effective compared to traditional delivery trucks?
Discussion questions:
Managerial challenges: Integrating drones requires planning for new infrastructure, training staff, and navigating regulations. There are also marketing and recruitment considerations specific to this technology.
External forces vary by country: Regulations, consumer acceptance, and infrastructure all differ between countries.
Demographics matter: Younger generations might be more receptive to drone delivery, while older populations might have concerns.
Stakeholders for Amazon: Customers, regulators, aviation authorities, and competitors are all stakeholders. Regulators likely hold the greatest influence as they determine the feasibility of drone delivery.
Oprah Winfrey: A Leader in Media, Philanthropy, and Empowerment | CIO Women M...CIOWomenMagazine
This person is none other than Oprah Winfrey, a highly influential figure whose impact extends beyond television. This article will delve into the remarkable life and lasting legacy of Oprah. Her story serves as a reminder of the importance of perseverance, compassion, and firm determination.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities to radically reinvent the way we do business. This study explores how CEOs and top decision makers around the world are responding to the transformative potential of AI.
1. The Health and Mortality
Transition
• NOOR SAEED WAZIR
• UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA, PAKISTAN
2. Morbidity vs. Mortality
Morbidity refers to the unhealthy state of an individual, while mortality
refers to the state of being mortal. Both concepts can be applied at the
individual level or across a population. For example, a morbidity rate
looks at the incidence of a disease across a population and/or geographic
location during a single year. Mortality rate is the rate of death in a
population. The two are often used together to calculate the prevalence of
a disease — e.g., measles — and how likely that disease is to be deadly,
particularly for certain demographics.
3. Health and Mortality change over
time
Hunting and Gathering Society
Agricultural Society
The Roman era to the Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution to the 20th century
4. Hunting and Gathering Society
The population grew so slowly during the first 99% of human history.
Principal causes of death were :-
More than half of all children born well died before 5
Poor nutrition
Geronticide (killing of older people)
5. Agricultural Society
Both birth and death rates probably went up.
High Birth Rate Causes
Death Rate Causes
6. High Birth Rate Causes
proper food supply,
living farming communities,
domesticating Plants and animals,
needs of workers for agriculture,
religious beliefs
7. Death Rate Causes
Closer contact with one another with animals and with human an animals
waste, would encourage the spread of diseases, communicable diseases.
War
8. The Roman era to the Industrial
Revolution
Life expectancy is 22 years.
General people died at a younger rather than older age.
The black death hit Europe in the 14th century.
It is estimated that one third of population of Europe may have perished
from the disease between 1346-1350.
9. Industrial Revolution to the 20th
century
Life expectancy in Europe and USA was approximately 40 years.
Fertility rate is high.
(proper diet, proper clothing, better housing, vaccination…………..)
Mortality rate is low.
(world war 1 and 2)
11. Lifespan
The length of time for which a person or animal lives.
The duration of existence of individual
12. Theories of Lifespan
Wear and Tear
(Dr August Weismann, the use of one thing causes inefficiency in its
results, immune system)
Planned Obsolescence
(biological clock which have to still)
13. Longevity
A long individual life; great duration of individual life.
The length or duration of life.
14. Longevity
Bangladesh and USA
Twins
35% life expectancy inheritance
Social, Economical and Political infrastructure.
Lifestyle
17. Communicable Diseases
Is one that is spread from one person to an other through a varitey of ways that
includes:-
Physical contact with an infected person
(HIV, Hepatitis A, TB)
Contact with Contaminated surface or object
(HIV, Hepatitis B, Cholera)
Bites from insect or animals
(Malaria, Yellow Fever)
Travel through the air
(Measles, Tuberculosis)
18. Non-Communicable Diseases
Is a disease also known as chronic disease and even not pass from person to person.
Their duration is long, generally slow progression.
19. Types of Non-Communicable Diseases
Diabetes
(limits the body ability to process glucose normally)
Lung cancer
(causes malignant cell growth in the lung tissues,Smoking90%)
Skin Cancer
(caused when ultraviolet rays damages the skin cells)
Heart Diseases
(impact the circulatory system)
20. EPIDEMIOLOGY
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified
populations, and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems.
21. INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology is a fundamental science of public health.
Epidemiology has made major contributions to improving population health.
Epidemiology is essential to the process of identifying and mapping emerging diseases.
There is often a frustrating delay between acquiring epidemiological evidence and applying
this evidence to health policy.
22. HISTORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Circa 400 B.C. Hippocrates suggested that environmental and host factors such as
behaviors might influence the development of disease.
John Graunt 1662 (London councilman): Published a landmark analysis and
quantify patterns of birth, death, and disease occurrence, noting disparities
between males and females, high infant mortality, urban/rural differences, and
seasonal variations.
William Farr 1800: Systematically collecting and analyzing Britain’s mortality
statistics.
23. HISTORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
John Snow 1854 (father of the field of epidemiology): Epidemiological studies of
chronic diseases began around the mid‐19th century.
In the mid- and late-1800s, epidemiological methods began to be applied in the
investigation of disease occurrence.
24. HISTORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
In the 1930s and 1940s, epidemiologists extended their methods to noninfectious
diseases.
The period since World War II has seen an explosion in the development of
research methods and the theoretical underpinnings of epidemiology.
Epidemiology has been applied to the entire range of health-related outcomes,
behaviors, and even knowledge and attitudes.
25. HISTORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
During the 1940s and 1950s, several studies were initiated to examine the possible
link between smoking and lung cancer. One of them was conducted by Doll and
Hills.
During the 1960s and early 1970s health workers applied epidemiologic methods
to eradicate naturally occurring smallpox worldwide.
In the 1980s, epidemiology was extended to the studies of injuries and violence.
In the 1990s, the related fields of molecular and genetic epidemiology and took
roots.
26. HISTORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Today, public health workers throughout the world accept and use epidemiology
regularly to characterize the health of their communities and to solve day-to-day
problems, large and small.
27. HISTORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
The last decade there has been increasing concern expressed about the
limitations of the risk factor approach, and considerable debate about the
future direction of epidemiology.
it has been argued that there has been an overemphasis on aspects of
individual lifestyle, and little attention paid to the population-level
determinants of health.
29. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION
Epidemiological transition theory:
First model presented by Omran in 1970s.
Theory focuses on the “complex change in the pattern of health and disease and on the interaction between
these pattern and their demographic, economic and sociologic determinants and consequences”.
Transition linked to improvement and advances in nutrition, hygiene and sanitation and medical knowledge
and technology.
Health care transition refers to the changes in organized social response to health needs of the population and
deals with the way the health care system is organized to deliver its services.
30. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION
STAGES
1. The age of pestilence and famine:
Fluctuating mortality in response to epidemic, famines and war
Crude Death rate was 30- 50 from per 1000 population
Birth rate was low
Average age was 20-40
Leading causes of death was infectious and parasitic disease such as influenza, diarrhoea, and tuberculosis.
2. The age of receding pandemics:
Death rate decreases and was 30 from per 1000 population
Birth rate increases
Average age counted was 55 year.
Improve sanitation, hygiene and nutrition
Later advance in medicine and public health programs
3. The age of degenerative man-made diseases:
Mortality decline until death rate become 20 from per 1000
Birth rat increase an d life expectancy become 70 years
Major causes of death was chronic degenerative and man mad diseases related to radiation, accidents, food additives, occupational hazards and
environmental pollution.
31. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION
Hybristic stage:
In addition to previous stages by Roger and Hackenberg in 1987.
He felt that original theory lacked reference to violence and accidental death and death due to behavioral
causes.
Morbidity and mortality affected by man made diseases, individual behavior and potentially distractive
lifestyle.
Individual behavior includes physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, excessive drinking and cigarette smoking.
Potentially distractive lifestyle example is HIV/AIDS.
32. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION
The age of delayed degenerative disease proposed by Olshansky and Ault in 1986.
Rapid mortality decline in advance ages that are caused by postponement of the ages at which
degenerative disease tend to kill.
It is a result of public health measure and advance in medicine technology.
33. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION
Models
Western or classical model
Transition start in 19th century and was accuplained by a process of modernization, and industrial and
social change.
Accelerated model by Japan
Change was based on general social improvement such as nutrition, sanitation and medical advance.
Delayed model
Occur in developing countries
Mortality decrease by modern medicine technology.