Hives is an outbreak of itchy swollen bumps or plaques on the skin that can appear suddenly due to allergens or for unknown reasons. Phagocytosis is the process where immune cells engulf pathogens, debris, and other particles. Nosocomial means originating or acquired in a hospital, and nosocomial infections are those caught in a hospital that hospitals try to prevent through sanitation protocols and hand washing.

1. • Hives
• Phagocytosis
• Nosocomial

2. • Hives is also known as Urticaria
• is an outbreak of swollen, pale red bumps
or plaques (wheals) on the skin
• They appear suddenly, from an adverse
reaction to certain allergens, or for
unknown reasons
• Hives usually itch, but may burn or sting
• They can appear anywhere, the
face, lips, tongue, throat, or ears are most
common
They can last for hours, or up to one day before fading

4. • Meaning "to devour
• is the cellular process of
engulfing solid particles by
the cell membrane
• Phagocytosis is a specific
form of endocytosis
• in the immune system, it is a
major mechanism used to
remove pathogens, cell
debris, bacteria, dead tissue
cells, and small mineral
particles

5. Phagocytosis in three steps:
1. Unbound phagocyte surface
receptors do not trigger
phagocytosis.
2. Binding of receptors causes
them to cluster.
3. Phagocytosis is triggered and
the particle is taken up by the
phagocyte.

6. Nosocomial
• Originating or taking place in a hospital, acquired in a hospital
• The term "nosocomial" comes from two Greek words: "nosus"
meaning "disease" + "komeion" meaning "to take care of."
• The only things that are nosocomial these days are infections.
Nosocomial infections are ones that have been caught in a
hospital.
• Prevention
• Hospitals have sanitation protocols regarding
uniforms, equipment sterilization, washing, and other
preventative measures. Frequent and thorough hand washing
or the use of alcohol before and after each patient contact is
one of the most effective ways to fight nosocomial infections

7. Nosocomial infections