electrical vehicle here described on the types of EV i.e. PHEV AND FCEV.An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that is powered by electricity. EVs are either partially or fully powered by electricity. They use an electric motor powered by electricity from batteries or a fuel cell. Some types of electric vehicles include: Electric passenger cars Electric buses Electric trucks Electric buggy Electric tricycles Electric bicycles Electric motorcycles/scooters . EVs have low running costs and are environmentally friendly. They have less moving parts for maintaining and use little or no fossil fuels. All-electric vehicles produce zero direct emissions. FCEVs use a propulsion system similar to that of electric vehicles, where energy stored as hydrogen is converted to electricity by the fuel cell. Unlike conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, these vehicles produce no harmful tailpipe emissions.Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electric motor and another fuel, such as gasoline, to power an internal combustion engine (ICE).Plug-in-hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) are the bridge between traditional gasoline vehicles and strictly battery-powered electrics. In many cases, the PHEV model serves as the performance trim. See, for example, the 302-hp Toyota RAV4 Prime or the 5.0-second-to-60-mph Lincoln Aviator Grand Touring.Like all-electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use electricity to power an electric motor. In contrast to other electric vehicles, FCEVs produce electricity using a fuel cell powered by hydrogen, rather than drawing electricity from only a battery.Why is FCEV better? Fuel cell vehicles are more efficient than combustion engines – a typical FCEV has about a 300 mile range. Similar to electric vehicles and hybrid technologies, their regenerative braking system is capable of capturing energy lost during braking and storing it in the battery.Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) rely solely on a battery to power the car. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) have both batteries and an internal combustion engine (ICE) that work together or separately to power the car. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) produce power from a hydrogen fuel cell in the car. PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) They are similar to HEVs but have a bigger battery pack and electric motor. Read more about these types of EVs in the following sections. 1. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Vehicles powered solely by one or more electric batteries are known as BEVs. They are more popularly called EVs. Chargeable batteries power them, and there is no IC engine (petrol or diesel-powered). All the power comes from the battery pack, which is chargeable from the electricity grid. The charged battery pack sends power to one or more electric motors to move the vehicle. Components of BEV Battery pack Electric motor(s).PHEVs are an extended form of HEVs. They have an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. However

1. SEMINAR ON PHEV &FCEV
PRESENTED TO:- PRESENTED BY:-
DR. ANUPAMA MARWAHA ANJALI KUMARI
SLIET LONGOWAL PGECE(2ND)
2253002
1

2. CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION
• PHEV(Plug in hybrid electric vehicle)
• FCEV(Fuel cell electric vehicle)
2. DETAILS ABOUT PHEV &FCEV TECHNOLOGY
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHEV &FCEV
• OVERVIEW
• FEATURES
• TECHNOLOGY
• RESEARCH GAP
• PERCEPTION AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS
• OPTIMISATION TECHNIQUE
3. CONCLUSION
4. REFERENCE
2

3. INTRODUCTION
• An EV is defined as a vehicle that can be powered by an electric
motor that draws electricity from a battery and is capable of being
charged from an external source.
• Different types of electric Vehicles are constantly changing and
being produced, providing customers and future users with
options. The terms BEV, HEV, PHEV, and FCEV.
3

4. PHEV(PLUG IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
• Electric motor: An electric motor is a crucial
component of the electric powertrain.
• IC engine: The conventional engine propels the
vehicle when the battery runs out of charge.
• Battery pack: There are mainly two types of
batteries in a PHEV.
• On board charger: Since the battery needs to be
charged, the on board charger plays a crucial role. 4

5. FCEV(FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLE)
• The Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) combines hydrogen and oxygen
to generate an electric current and water is the only by product.
• Hydrogen + Oxygen = Electricity + Water Vapor
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O (l)
• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) engines are similar to the
conventional internal combustion engines because they also rely on
a constant supply of fuel (hydrogen) and oxygen.
• Stationary fuel cells are the largest and most powerful fuel cells.
These are being designed to provide a cleaner, reliable source of on-
site power to hospitals, banks, airports and homes.
• The successful development of the technology would provide energy
for transportation and electric power.
5

6. FEATURES
PHEV(Plug in hybrid electric vehicle)
• Battery storage system of 4 kWh or
more, used to power the motion of
the vehicle
• PHEV means recharging that battery
system from an external source of
electricity.
• ability to drive at least 10 mi in all-
electric mode, and consume no
gasoline.
• PHEVs produce zero emissions when
running on pure electric mode.
• The plug-in hybrid cars are fuel-
efficient at slow speeds, with the
electric powertrain assisting the
engine.
FCEV(Fuel cell electric vehicle)
• Fuel cells and batteries convert chemical
energy into electrical energy and are very
useful forms of galvanic cell.
•
A galvanic or voltaic cell is an
electrochemical cell that converts chemical
energy into electrical energy through the
redox reactions that occur within the cell.
• Galvanic cells that are designed to convert
the energy of combustion of fuels like
hydrogen, methane, methanol, etc. directly
into electrical energy are called fuel cells.
• One of the most successful fuel cells uses
the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to
form water
6

7. OVERVIEW
• PHEV
• The petrol engine returns a combined fuel
efficiency of 11 km/l and the hybrid engine
returns a combined fuel efficiency of
around 16 km/l.
• Toyota has equipped the RAV4 with a
number of driver assistance and safety
features as standard.
• It has a comfortable and roomy interior
and it comes fitted with a decent amount of
interior comfort and convenience features.
• It is spacious and it also offered a good
amount of cargo space like its sibling
the Toyota
• FCEV
• The production of the BMW i4 is
always sustainable and uses green
energy exclusively.
• In addition, the BMW i4's high-
performance battery was designed
to complete The best thing.
• however, that is always on the
road with zero local emissions
when you drive the BMW i4.
7

8. TECHNOLOGY
PHEVs have
several
components that
conventional
ICEVs do not have:
a large traction
battery, an
electric motor,
and a motor
controller.
• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) engines are
similar to the conventional internal
combustion engines because they also rely
on a constant supply of fuel (hydrogen) and
oxygen.
• The successful development of the
technology would provide energy for
transportation and electric power
8

9. RESEARCH GAP
RESEARCH AREA
A Study on the Adoption of
Electric Vehicles in India: The
Mediating Role of Attitude
Anil Khurana anil.khurana@m
e.com, V. V. Ravi Kumar,
and Manish SidhpuriaView all
authors and affiliations
Volume 24, Issue 1
• The over-a-century-old automobile industry is gearing up for transformation. The
fossil fuel price spike and the impact of its emission on the environment have called
for a change in individual transportation habits. The sector, propelled by internal
combustion engines, is gravitating gradually towards electric vehicles (EVs).
• the government is examining the battery swapping option model to
overcome the challenges in EV adoption. The swapping model was
introduced in Israel and China met with partial success. The
challenges are the battery size and power. These may vary according
to manufacturer/models (e.g., Maruti Alto and Honda City). This
complicated situation under this model demands a similar vehicle
design to accommodate the same battery, which is difficult to achieve.
Another alternative could be battery leasing that could reduce the
ownership cost. However, the easy availability of charging points
across different places in a city remains a significant challenge yet
unresolved.
9

10. PERCEPTION AND
ECONOMICS
BENEFITS
• The high cost of EVs is a deterrent in adoption as compared with a similar
conventional vehicle. Studies suggest that the incentives offered support the
acceptance of an EV. Lower running and maintenance costs encourage BEV
adoption asserted. Asanas and Oreck (2015). Bernstein and Li (2011)
analyzed the benefits of a hybrid vehicle in the USA, concluding that income
tax incentives led to an increase in market share of HEV. Wang and
González (2013) compared the energy costs for small electric buses in their
study. The energy cost of other fuel vehicles was eight times higher than that
of EVs. Low energy consumption and power tariff result in lower running
cost. The total cost of ownership hence is lower and compensates for the
premium cost of an EV. Consumers with long driving ranges stand to gain
more than small daily run consumers. Lower operating costs support the
adoption of EVs (Adepetu & Keshav, 2015; Barth et al., 2016; Lieven,
Mühlmeier, Henkel, & Waller, 2011). Researchers conclude that economic
incentives influence EV adoption.
10

11. RESEARCH GAP
RESEARCH AREA
A review on barrier
and challenges of
electric vehicle in India
and vehicle to grid
optimisation
Sonali Goel and
Renu Sharma
Volume 4 , June
2021
• Though the use of EVs has begun, people are still depending upon fossil
fuel powered vehicles. However, the EVs are facing challenges on life cycle
assessment (LCA), charging, and driving range compared to the
conventional fossil fueled vehicles. The CO2 emitted from Electric vehicle
production is (59%) more than that of the ICEV. The ICEV generates
120 g/km of CO2 emission on a tank to wheel basis, but from the point of
view of the LCA, this increases to 170–180 g/km. While EV has zero
emissions of CO2 on a tank to wheel basis, we estimate that the average
CO2 is measured over the life cycle of a vehicle rather than over a vehicle
• The total CO2 emission over its full lifetime varies significantly depending on
the power source where the vehicle is manufactured and driven.
• As the EV market expands, the focus should be on the actual adoption
action of EV and not just on the intervention. Furthermore, the gap between
intention and actual behavior is important to consider. Consumer knowledge
and skills for major research gap. To identify the essential methods, barriers,
and challenges of using a battery-operated vehicle in a developing country
like India.
• To identify the reasons why electric vehicle could not get much attention in
India.
• To create awareness about the added advantages of battery-operated
vehicles over conventional fossil fueled vehicles in India.
11

12. METHODOLOGY
12
The purpose of the electric motor is that it utilizes the electrical energy stored in batteries for powering the
Electric vehicle. The EVs become environment-friendly as they are recharged with lower emission power
sources. The cells are charged from the electric grid. The primary function of the battery is to provide power to
the Electric car for making it in running condition. Generally, EVs use lithium-ion batteries because they are
more efficient than other cells due to their lightweight and negligible maintenance. The manufacturing of these
Li-ion batteries is bit expensive as compared to the nickel-metal hydride and lead-acid batteries. Depending
upon the climatic location and maintenance schedule, the Li-ion batteries last up to 8 to 12 years.
The function of the charger is to take AC supply from the
power source using a charge port and converts it into DC
power for charging the battery. It also monitors the voltage,
current, temperature and state-of-charge of the battery while
charging it.

13. OPTIMISATION TECHNIQUE
• Application of optimisation technique for EVs
• In this paper, the charging demand of EV is characterized by
various frameworks in different geographical locations. The
framework consists of Random utility model, Activity-based
equilibrium scheduling, Driving pattern
recognition, Stochastic model, Trip prediction model,
Probabilistic model, Fuzzy based model and Data mining
model, Forecasting model, Distributed Optimization,
Hybrid particle swarm optimization, Ant colony
optimization and Household Activity Pattern, Particle swarm
optimisation, linear programming, multi-objective and
adaptive model which are summarized below. The scope of
this study was to investigate the potential benefit of charging
characteristics of all EVs. Various studies conducted
worldwide by different authors for finding the optimisation
technique of Electric Vehicles
13

14. OPTIMIZATION
TECHNIQUE SOME
STUDIED
14

15. ELECTRIC VEHICLE SCENARIO IN INDIA
• Currently, the EV market is extremely small in India. The sale of
electric cars has become dormant at 2000 units per year for the last
two years . But there is a vision for 100% electric vehicle sale by
2030 and since we are in 2020, the compound annual growth is
28.12% . India's first electric car Reva (Mahindra), was introduced in
2001, and since its launch, it could be able to sell a few units. In
2010, Toyota began Prius hybrid model, followed by Camry hybrid in
2013. Electric buses and hybrid vehicles have been commenced as a
pilot proposal in a few cities.
15

16. NEED OF ELECTRIC CARS
• More efficient
• Less maintenance
• Cost effective
• To preserve the fossil fuels
• Contributes to cleaner air
16

17. CONCLUSION
• Increase the overall efficiency of cars.
• Lower our toxic emission and localize green house
effect.
• Important to produce vehicles that do less, have a
longer range.
• use less energy.
17

18. REFERENCES
• A review on barrier and challenges of electric vehicle in India and vehicle to grid optimisation
Sonali Goel and Renu Sharma Volume 4 , June 2021
• A Study on the Adoption of Electric Vehicles in India: The Mediating Role of Attitude
Anil Khurana anil.khurana@me.com, V. V. Ravi Kumar, and Manish SidhpuriaView all authors and affiliations
Volume 24, Issue 1
• https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fuel-cell-electric-vehicle
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/plug-in-hybrid-electric-vehicle
• https://www.lifewire.com/ev-phev-fcev-hybrid-compared-5201137
18

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