This study tested hypotheses about trophic niche partitioning in three spider species - D. alegranzaensis, D. nesiotes, and D. mahan - on the Eastern Canary Islands using stable isotope analysis. The results showed that:
1) D. alegranzaensis feeds at a higher trophic level than D. nesiotes based on a clear shift in nitrogen isotope ratios.
2) D. mahan had significantly higher carbon isotope ratios, reflecting its use of resources from marine origin compared to the other two species.
3) Some sub-groups of sympatric spider populations showed lower variability in isotope ratios compared to allopatric populations, supporting the hypothesis
To meet the goals and main purpose of conserving and protecting environment together with improving public health there is a need of practicing wastewater treatment before disposing it to water bodies such as ocean, rivers, and lakes or sometimes to bare land. So the treatment of wastewater is often a great importance especially in developing country like Tanzania. There are different technology adopted in treating such wastewater, each having advantage and disadvantage.
Waste stabilization pond (WSPs) is large, shallow basin in which raw sewage is treated entirely by natural process involving both algae and bacteria.They are used for sewage treatment in temperature and tropical climates, and represent one of the most cost effective, reliable and easily operated methods for treating domestic and industrial wastewater. Sunlight energy is the only requirement for its operation. Further, it requires minimum supervision for daily operation, by simply cleaning the outlets and inlets works. The temperature and duration of sunlight in tropical countries offer an excellent opportunity for high efficiency and satisfactory performance for this type of water cleaning system.
Este documento trata sobre lesionología y diferentes tipos de heridas, incluyendo heridas punzantes, cortantes, contundentes y de arma de fuego. Explica cómo identificar el agente causante y a qué distancia ocurrió un disparo. También cubre quemaduras, hipotermia, electrocución, lesiones por accidentes laborales y aspectos legales de lesiones a la persona.
This document proposes a model for assessing the scientific performance of social science researchers in Mexico that considers factors beyond bibliometric indicators. It will integrate variables of scientific production, teaching activities, professional involvement, and scholarly recognition. A stratified random sample of 227 researchers from the Mexican National Researchers System will be analyzed using their CVs. Preliminary findings show differences in publishing patterns between researcher levels and fields. The study aims to determine the relative impacts of the four variable groups on scientific performance.
To meet the goals and main purpose of conserving and protecting environment together with improving public health there is a need of practicing wastewater treatment before disposing it to water bodies such as ocean, rivers, and lakes or sometimes to bare land. So the treatment of wastewater is often a great importance especially in developing country like Tanzania. There are different technology adopted in treating such wastewater, each having advantage and disadvantage.
Waste stabilization pond (WSPs) is large, shallow basin in which raw sewage is treated entirely by natural process involving both algae and bacteria.They are used for sewage treatment in temperature and tropical climates, and represent one of the most cost effective, reliable and easily operated methods for treating domestic and industrial wastewater. Sunlight energy is the only requirement for its operation. Further, it requires minimum supervision for daily operation, by simply cleaning the outlets and inlets works. The temperature and duration of sunlight in tropical countries offer an excellent opportunity for high efficiency and satisfactory performance for this type of water cleaning system.
Este documento trata sobre lesionología y diferentes tipos de heridas, incluyendo heridas punzantes, cortantes, contundentes y de arma de fuego. Explica cómo identificar el agente causante y a qué distancia ocurrió un disparo. También cubre quemaduras, hipotermia, electrocución, lesiones por accidentes laborales y aspectos legales de lesiones a la persona.
This document proposes a model for assessing the scientific performance of social science researchers in Mexico that considers factors beyond bibliometric indicators. It will integrate variables of scientific production, teaching activities, professional involvement, and scholarly recognition. A stratified random sample of 227 researchers from the Mexican National Researchers System will be analyzed using their CVs. Preliminary findings show differences in publishing patterns between researcher levels and fields. The study aims to determine the relative impacts of the four variable groups on scientific performance.
Automated software modernisation is the best solution that is fast, low cost, preserves legacy value and is less risky by comparison to the traditional methodology of a re-write or replacement by packaged ERP. Object Management Groups (OMGs) Model Driven Architecture (MDA) methodology provides an automated model-driven reverse engineering and forward engineering process called Architecture Driven Modernisation (ADM) which has already been successfully adopted by a variety of high profile organisations such as Boeing, U.S. Air Force, Raytheon, EDS, Thales (European Aerospace) and numerous governments worldwide.
WORPCLOUD LTD is focused on being an Automated Software Modernisation Expert. We use OMG compliant tools and parsing techniques to extract all system information, business semantics and software artifacts into an XML repository called the Abstract Syntax Tree Metamodel. Next we use MDAs automated transformation procedures to generate new source code of your choice. Manual architecting of the target system are also performed before the transformation thus ensuring; speed, low cost and accuracy of the automated process combined with the flexibility & insight of human analysis.
Research reveals that application modernisation and migration budgets are currently very strong, covering between 25% to 71% of most companies IT budgets in 2013/2014. This clearly indicates that application modernisation is one of the most significant issues affecting companies – due to high software maintenance costs, low business flexibility and crippled integration and interoperability. Software modernisation is the sole remedy for these problems and your organisation can make huge savings by modernising.
There are specific steps a relocating parent should take to maintain or adjust child custody arrangements based on a move. Learn more about the requirements of relocation petitions, and how the court determines whether they are approved.
This document outlines an innovative English lesson plan about gender issues and women's lives. The lesson plan involves dividing students into groups, presenting a poem, collecting and challenging ideas from the poem, sorting findings, eliciting student responses, discussing in groups, and assigning homework. The goal is to familiarize students with women's sacrifices and the contemporary society through a collaborative activity using texts, blackboards, charts, and cards.
solid mahogany wooden four post beds,TV stands,slot chairs,three legged stools,dressing tables,mirrors,jewelry boxes,wooden trays,vases,chest of drawers and other wall accessories
The study examined the effects of the biocide triclosan on the growth of five species of marine algae: Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chuii, Nannochloropsis oculata, Rhodomonas salina, and Chaetocerus gracilis. Algae were exposed to various concentrations of triclosan over time periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Results showed that higher triclosan concentrations and longer exposure times inhibited algae growth rates in a dose-dependent manner. Estimated EC50 values were also determined for each algae species based on triclosan concentration curves.
The study examined the effects of the biocide triclosan on the growth of five species of marine algae: Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chuii, Nannochloropsis oculata, Rhodomonas salina, and Chaetocerus gracilis. Algae were exposed to various concentrations of triclosan over time periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Results showed that higher triclosan concentrations and longer exposure times inhibited algae growth rates in a dose-dependent manner. Estimated EC50 values were also determined for each algae species based on triclosan concentration curves.
APPLICATION OF DNA ANALYSIS APPROACH CONTRIBUTES TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SEV...nguyenxuanhung16
DNA barcoding has been widely used to assess species diversity in a variety of ecosystems, including
temperate, subtropical, and tropical rain forests. However, due to the difficulties associated with field
exploration, most of the species in Truong Sa archipelago have never been barcoded. The purpose of this study
is to barcode five species of plants from the Truong Sa archipelago and to provide valuable evolutionary
information that will aid in future understanding of the plant community assembly on those particular islands.
Using DNA markers (ITS-rDNA), this study created a DNA barcode database for five plant species found on
the Truong Sa archipelago. We used the sequence similarity and a phylogenetic based method to the identify 15
samples from five plant species collected in Truong Sa archipelago, Vietnam. Results showed that the PCR
success rate for ITS-rDNA region was 100%. The success rate of bidirectional sequencing of PCR product was
100% for 650 bp long the ITS-rDNA region fragment. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood (ML)
indicated that five plant species (PB, BT, BV, NH and TR) had a close relationship with T. argentea, S.
taccada, B. asiatica, M. citrifolia, M. citrifolia and C. uvifera, respectively. The current study provided further
evidence for ITS-rDNA region as a useful molecular marker for species identification found on other tropical
coral islands
This study analyzed genetic diversity and population structure of the striped snakehead fish (Channa striata) across populations in Malaysia and Sumatra, Indonesia using mitochondrial DNA analysis. Twenty-five populations totaling 345 individuals were sampled and divided into six regions based on physiogeography. High genetic diversity was found in four populations, suggesting they could be good candidates for selective breeding programs. Two major phylogenetic lineages were detected, separated by the Bintang Mountain Range. Most population pairs showed significant genetic differentiation, though some distant populations were closely related likely due to ancient dispersal and human translocation. The findings provide an important basis for conservation and selective breeding of genetically distinct populations.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the diversity of flagellated protists at four deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific Ocean using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Eighteen strains from nine species were isolated in culture and belonged to six taxonomic orders. Molecular analysis using PCR and DGGE supported the culture findings and detected additional species. Experiments showed some species have high tolerance to extreme vent conditions like high pressure, sulfide, and metals. Combining culture and molecular methods provided a more comprehensive assessment of flagellate diversity at these remote deep-sea vent environments.
This document provides information about a floristic study of benthic algae in Telok Gong, Melaka. The study had four objectives: 1) determine algal diversity and distribution, 2) investigate temporal and spatial distribution patterns, 3) identify dominant algae, and 4) generate an identification key. A total of 35 algal species from 9 orders and 12 families were identified. The study found differences in species composition between months and habitats. Cladophorosis membranacea was the most abundant species. Comparison to previous studies showed similarity ranged from 20-27%. In conclusion, the study provides baseline data on algal diversity in Telok Gong.
L’OLIGOTROFITZACIÓ CULTURAL DELS RIUS OCCIDENTALS I ELS CANVIS A L’ECOSISTEMA FLUVIAL: EL CAS DE L’EBRE.
Seminari Dept Ecologia - UB per Carles Ibañez (IRTA-Sant Carles de la Ràpita) el 18/01/2013
The document summarizes a study on water quality monitoring in Bayou Chene and Lacassine Bayou in Louisiana. The objectives were to assess spatial and seasonal variability of surface water quality, identify factors associated with variability, assess trends, and understand relationships between water quality and fish/macroinvertebrates. Water quality parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, nutrients and metals were measured weekly at 15 sites over 3 years. Results showed significant spatial variability in parameters between sites. Seasonal variability was also observed with higher turbidity during rainy seasons. Principal component analysis identified turbidity as the main factor associated with surface water quality variability.
Character-based DNA Barcoding allows for integration of geography, ecology and morphology: The discovery of a cryptic species complex in dragonflies using Caos.
The document discusses methods for measuring biodiversity, including species richness, species evenness, and Simpson's Index of Diversity. Species richness refers to the number of different species, while evenness refers to the abundance of individuals within each species. Simpson's Index takes into account both richness and evenness, with a higher index value indicating more diverse habitats that can withstand environmental impacts. The document provides examples of calculating Simpson's Index for various habitats and explains that an index value of 0.7 for a freshwater stream survey indicates good species richness and evenness, making the stream more resilient to changes.
Automated software modernisation is the best solution that is fast, low cost, preserves legacy value and is less risky by comparison to the traditional methodology of a re-write or replacement by packaged ERP. Object Management Groups (OMGs) Model Driven Architecture (MDA) methodology provides an automated model-driven reverse engineering and forward engineering process called Architecture Driven Modernisation (ADM) which has already been successfully adopted by a variety of high profile organisations such as Boeing, U.S. Air Force, Raytheon, EDS, Thales (European Aerospace) and numerous governments worldwide.
WORPCLOUD LTD is focused on being an Automated Software Modernisation Expert. We use OMG compliant tools and parsing techniques to extract all system information, business semantics and software artifacts into an XML repository called the Abstract Syntax Tree Metamodel. Next we use MDAs automated transformation procedures to generate new source code of your choice. Manual architecting of the target system are also performed before the transformation thus ensuring; speed, low cost and accuracy of the automated process combined with the flexibility & insight of human analysis.
Research reveals that application modernisation and migration budgets are currently very strong, covering between 25% to 71% of most companies IT budgets in 2013/2014. This clearly indicates that application modernisation is one of the most significant issues affecting companies – due to high software maintenance costs, low business flexibility and crippled integration and interoperability. Software modernisation is the sole remedy for these problems and your organisation can make huge savings by modernising.
There are specific steps a relocating parent should take to maintain or adjust child custody arrangements based on a move. Learn more about the requirements of relocation petitions, and how the court determines whether they are approved.
This document outlines an innovative English lesson plan about gender issues and women's lives. The lesson plan involves dividing students into groups, presenting a poem, collecting and challenging ideas from the poem, sorting findings, eliciting student responses, discussing in groups, and assigning homework. The goal is to familiarize students with women's sacrifices and the contemporary society through a collaborative activity using texts, blackboards, charts, and cards.
solid mahogany wooden four post beds,TV stands,slot chairs,three legged stools,dressing tables,mirrors,jewelry boxes,wooden trays,vases,chest of drawers and other wall accessories
The study examined the effects of the biocide triclosan on the growth of five species of marine algae: Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chuii, Nannochloropsis oculata, Rhodomonas salina, and Chaetocerus gracilis. Algae were exposed to various concentrations of triclosan over time periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Results showed that higher triclosan concentrations and longer exposure times inhibited algae growth rates in a dose-dependent manner. Estimated EC50 values were also determined for each algae species based on triclosan concentration curves.
The study examined the effects of the biocide triclosan on the growth of five species of marine algae: Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chuii, Nannochloropsis oculata, Rhodomonas salina, and Chaetocerus gracilis. Algae were exposed to various concentrations of triclosan over time periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Results showed that higher triclosan concentrations and longer exposure times inhibited algae growth rates in a dose-dependent manner. Estimated EC50 values were also determined for each algae species based on triclosan concentration curves.
APPLICATION OF DNA ANALYSIS APPROACH CONTRIBUTES TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SEV...nguyenxuanhung16
DNA barcoding has been widely used to assess species diversity in a variety of ecosystems, including
temperate, subtropical, and tropical rain forests. However, due to the difficulties associated with field
exploration, most of the species in Truong Sa archipelago have never been barcoded. The purpose of this study
is to barcode five species of plants from the Truong Sa archipelago and to provide valuable evolutionary
information that will aid in future understanding of the plant community assembly on those particular islands.
Using DNA markers (ITS-rDNA), this study created a DNA barcode database for five plant species found on
the Truong Sa archipelago. We used the sequence similarity and a phylogenetic based method to the identify 15
samples from five plant species collected in Truong Sa archipelago, Vietnam. Results showed that the PCR
success rate for ITS-rDNA region was 100%. The success rate of bidirectional sequencing of PCR product was
100% for 650 bp long the ITS-rDNA region fragment. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood (ML)
indicated that five plant species (PB, BT, BV, NH and TR) had a close relationship with T. argentea, S.
taccada, B. asiatica, M. citrifolia, M. citrifolia and C. uvifera, respectively. The current study provided further
evidence for ITS-rDNA region as a useful molecular marker for species identification found on other tropical
coral islands
This study analyzed genetic diversity and population structure of the striped snakehead fish (Channa striata) across populations in Malaysia and Sumatra, Indonesia using mitochondrial DNA analysis. Twenty-five populations totaling 345 individuals were sampled and divided into six regions based on physiogeography. High genetic diversity was found in four populations, suggesting they could be good candidates for selective breeding programs. Two major phylogenetic lineages were detected, separated by the Bintang Mountain Range. Most population pairs showed significant genetic differentiation, though some distant populations were closely related likely due to ancient dispersal and human translocation. The findings provide an important basis for conservation and selective breeding of genetically distinct populations.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the diversity of flagellated protists at four deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific Ocean using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Eighteen strains from nine species were isolated in culture and belonged to six taxonomic orders. Molecular analysis using PCR and DGGE supported the culture findings and detected additional species. Experiments showed some species have high tolerance to extreme vent conditions like high pressure, sulfide, and metals. Combining culture and molecular methods provided a more comprehensive assessment of flagellate diversity at these remote deep-sea vent environments.
This document provides information about a floristic study of benthic algae in Telok Gong, Melaka. The study had four objectives: 1) determine algal diversity and distribution, 2) investigate temporal and spatial distribution patterns, 3) identify dominant algae, and 4) generate an identification key. A total of 35 algal species from 9 orders and 12 families were identified. The study found differences in species composition between months and habitats. Cladophorosis membranacea was the most abundant species. Comparison to previous studies showed similarity ranged from 20-27%. In conclusion, the study provides baseline data on algal diversity in Telok Gong.
L’OLIGOTROFITZACIÓ CULTURAL DELS RIUS OCCIDENTALS I ELS CANVIS A L’ECOSISTEMA FLUVIAL: EL CAS DE L’EBRE.
Seminari Dept Ecologia - UB per Carles Ibañez (IRTA-Sant Carles de la Ràpita) el 18/01/2013
The document summarizes a study on water quality monitoring in Bayou Chene and Lacassine Bayou in Louisiana. The objectives were to assess spatial and seasonal variability of surface water quality, identify factors associated with variability, assess trends, and understand relationships between water quality and fish/macroinvertebrates. Water quality parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, nutrients and metals were measured weekly at 15 sites over 3 years. Results showed significant spatial variability in parameters between sites. Seasonal variability was also observed with higher turbidity during rainy seasons. Principal component analysis identified turbidity as the main factor associated with surface water quality variability.
Character-based DNA Barcoding allows for integration of geography, ecology and morphology: The discovery of a cryptic species complex in dragonflies using Caos.
The document discusses methods for measuring biodiversity, including species richness, species evenness, and Simpson's Index of Diversity. Species richness refers to the number of different species, while evenness refers to the abundance of individuals within each species. Simpson's Index takes into account both richness and evenness, with a higher index value indicating more diverse habitats that can withstand environmental impacts. The document provides examples of calculating Simpson's Index for various habitats and explains that an index value of 0.7 for a freshwater stream survey indicates good species richness and evenness, making the stream more resilient to changes.
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Similar to presentacion Antonio (lluis) (versione definitiva) pdf (20)
presentacion Antonio (lluis) (versione definitiva) pdf
1. Testing trophic niche partitioning in sibling species:
A stable isotope study of Dysdera spiders in the
Eastern Canary islands
Departamento de Biologia animal
Estudiante: Antonio Sanna
Directores: Carolina Sanpera Trigueros Miquel Arnedo Lombarte
Màster de Biodiversitat 2014 / 2015
2. • Dysdera : >250 species Circum-Mediterranean distribution (Central Asia –
Macaronesian Islands)
• ground-dwelling ,nocturnal wandering, hunter spiders (isopodos)
• Important diversification in the Canary Islands (>50 endemics)
The spider genus Dysdera in the Eastern
Canary Islands
Some in
sympatry
4. Objective of the study
• Testing resource partitioning in similar sympatric species:
D.alegranzaensis and D.nesiotes
• Testing the use of resources from marine origin in the
species with coastal habitat D.mahan
5. The stable isotope analysis
The stable isotopes used :
• The δ15N ( 15N/14N): (3-4 ‰) trophic level shift
It depends on the base of food wed (isotopic baseline)
• The δ 13C (13C/12C): (0.5 ‰) lower change with trophic level
Major changes related to carbon source:
terrestrial < marine environment
C3 plants (-27 ‰) < C4 plants (-12‰)
Use of δ15N and δ 13C as biomarkers of ecological dimensions
7. Hypothesis 2: difference in isotopic signature between sympatric and
allopatric populations (nitrogen)
2 A Differences in mean values between allopatric and sympatric
populations (niche shift)
2 B Lower variance in sympatry (niche narrowing)
Niche shift(2 A)
Niche narrowing (2B)
allopatry sympatry
8. Hypothesis 3: Carbon isotope signature of D.mahan should be higher than
the other two species, reflecting the use of resources from marine origin
C3 plants
-27‰
seagrasses
-10‰
CAM plants
-10 to-28‰
C4 plants
-12‰
macroalgae
-15‰
phytoplankton -22‰
Zooplancton -20‰
9. Materials and methods
The study site
Los Ajaches
Femés
Mña. Blanca
Mña Tinache
B.Co Elv. Sanchez
Catalina Cabr.
La Graciosa
Mña. Clara
10. Sample collection
Locality Habitat DA DN DM Type Total
Bco.Elv.Sanchez
s
Mount. 13 (5♂,5♀,3j)
3J)
Allopatry 13
Catalina Cabrera Beach 7(j) Allopatry 7
Femés Mount. 1 (♂) 14 (3♂,4♀,7j) Sympatry 15
La Graciosa Mount. 10 (1♂,4♀,5j) Allopatry 10
Los Ajaches Mount. 4 (1♂,3j) Allopatry 4
Montaña Blanca Mount. 10 (2♂,5♀,3j) 10 (4♂,4♀,2j) Sympatry 20
Montaña Clara Mount. 9 (3♂,5♀,1j) 10 (2♂,5♀,3j) Sympatry 19
Mont. Tinache Mount. 20 (1♂,5♀,14j) 13 (5♂,5♀,3j) Sympatry 33
Total 54 60 7 121
Originally done for other studies (2002-2005)
11. Isotopic analysis
• Measured (prosoma width)
• prosoma and legs for all individuals
• Dried 60 °C
• Homogenized
• Stable isotope analysis with mass spectrometer at Serveis Científico-tècnics
de la UB
• δ15N and δ 13C
Statistical analysis
• General lineal models (ANOVA and t-student test)
• Levene test (variance)
12. Results
NAIVE APPROACH
We had results for our hypothesis, but there were biases:
1)Differences in isotopic baseline of localities
2)Sample size too small
3)Heterogeneity of the sample
δ15N
Da Dn Da Dn Da Dn Da Dn Da Dn Da Dn Da Dn Da Dn Da Dn
13. Factors F-stat p-value
Model 1
SEX 1.76 0.2746
LOC 33.33 0.0084
SEX * LOC 1.85 0.1633
Model 2
SEX 2.74 0.1094
LOC 61.38 <0.0001
PROSOMA WIDTH 0.63 0.4352
Model 3
SEX 2.68 0.1134
LOC 60.79 <0.0001
C:N RATIO 0.29 0.5938
Selected Model
SEX 2.46 0.1280
LOC 64.62 <0.0001
95% CI estimated differences
male-female -0.29 - 2.18
Femés-Tinache 2.47 - 5.76
Mña. Blanca-Tinache 0.30 - 3.59
Mña. Clara-Tinache 9.63 - 13.10
(adults from 4 sympatric
localities, n=33)
MODELLING APPROACH: account for parameters
related to isotopic values
δ15N in D.nesiotes
14. PARAMETERS RELATED TO δ 13C in D.nesiotes
Factors F-stat p-value
Model 1
SEX 6.69 0.0761
LOC 3.84 0.1490
SEX * LOC 0.84 0.4853
Model 2
SEX 5.34 0.0287
LOC 3.62 0.0256
PROSOMA WIDTH 0.00 0.9496
Model 3
SEX 2.13 0.1562
LOC 3.92 0.0190
C:N RATIO 4.86 0.0362
Selected Model
LOC 3.38 0.0319
CNRATIO 8.76 0.0062
95% CI estimated differences
Femés-Tinache -0.42 - 1.14
Mña. Blanca-Tinache 0.02 - 1.58
Mña. Clara-Tinache 0.36 - 1.99
1 unit on C:N ratio -4.31 - -0.78
15. PARAMETERS RELATED TO δ15N and δ 13C in D.alegranzaensis
δ15N F-stat p-value
Model 1
LOC 51.38 <0.0001
PROSOMA WIDTH 4.59 0.0553
Model 2
LOC 39.29 <0.0001
CNRATIO 1.30 0.2783
Selected Model
LOC 41.45 <0.0001
95% CI estimated differences
Mña. Blanca-Tinache 0.91 - 6.62
Mña. Clara-Tinache 8.83 - 14.54
δ13C F-stat p-value
Model 1
LOC 9.69 0.0037
PROSOMA WITDTH 0.00 0.9498
Model 2
LOC 10.52 0.0028
CNRATIO 0.00 0.9850
Selected Model
LOC 13.91 0.0007
95% CI estimated differences
Mña. Blanca-Tinache -0.22 - 2.21
Mña. Clara-Tinache 1.68 - 4.10
Only females from 3 sympatric localities (n=15)
16. HYPOTHESIS 1 : differences in isotopic mean values
between Da and Dn
Adults from 3 sympatric localities
Estimated mean values of δ15N according to species, locality and sex.
For Nitrogen
17. Model for Hypothesis 1 (nitrogen)
Selected Model
SP 9.09 0.0044
SEX 9.01 0.0046
LOC 140.81 <0.0001
95% CI estimated differences
D.alegrazaensis-D.nesiotes 0.56 - 2.83
female-male 0.57 - 2.89
Mña. Blanca-Tinache 1.24 - 3.95
Mña. Clara-Tinache 9.52 - 12.24
Shift between
Da and Dn
0.56-2.83 ‰
Trophic segregation from moderate to high
18. HYPOTHESIS 1 : differences mean values between DA
and DN
Range for C: 4 ‰; for N : 15 ‰
Rather similar
carbon
signature
For
Carbon
20. HYPOTHESIS 3
Use of resources of marine origin in D.mahan
D.Mahan was higher in
δ 13C by 7-8 ‰
(2 times the difference
among localities)
Tested only on juveniles
21. Conclusions
We found that Da feeds at a higher trophic level than Dn (clear shift in N)
(Hyp 1)
To Compare individuals from different habitats it’s necessasary to calculate
the isotopic baseline of each habitat (Hyp 2°a)
Lower variance in some sub-groups of sympatric populations (Hyp 2b).
Dm has a significative higher value of carbon signature, reflecting the use of
resources of marine origine (Hyp 3)
Remarkabe differences among localities for nitrogen (not for carbon)
Isotopes inform on trophic level or habitat use, but for the species
composition of the diet molecular studies are required