This document provides information about a floristic study of benthic algae in Telok Gong, Melaka. The study had four objectives: 1) determine algal diversity and distribution, 2) investigate temporal and spatial distribution patterns, 3) identify dominant algae, and 4) generate an identification key. A total of 35 algal species from 9 orders and 12 families were identified. The study found differences in species composition between months and habitats. Cladophorosis membranacea was the most abundant species. Comparison to previous studies showed similarity ranged from 20-27%. In conclusion, the study provides baseline data on algal diversity in Telok Gong.

1. FLORISTIC STUDY OF BENTHIC ALGAE OF
TELOK GONG, MELAKA
PREPARED BY:
NOR ADIBAH BINTI RAMLI (P80090)
SUPERVISOR:
PROF MADYA DR AHMAD BIN ISMAIL

2. INTRODUCTION
• As a key space occupiers of rocky shores and interact
with other organism; hence play a key role in overall
coastal biodiversity (Satheesh & Wesley 2012).
• Melaka has few publication and research of benthic
algae
• Telok Gong is chosen because there are no research
conducted in this area.

3. OBJECTIVES:
1. To determine the diversity and distribution of benthic algae in
Telok Gong, Melaka.
2. To investigate the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of
benthic algae in Telok Gong, Melaka.
3. To identify the benthic algae that dominates in Telok Gong,
Melaka.
4. To generate identification key of benthic algae from genus up to
species level.

4. LITERATURE REVIEW
DEFINITIONS OF
BENTHIC ALGAE
PRESCOTT (1968) AHMAD (1995) LEE (1980)
• Lower plant
• Non-vascular
• Firstly introduced
by Linnaeus (1754)
• Latin - seaweeds
• Thallophytes
• Chlorophyll ‘a’ as
photosynthetic
pigment

5. BASIC STRUCTURE OF
ALGAE
Trono Ganzon-Fortes (1988)
Blade
Stipe
Holdfast
Thallus

6. MAIN DIVISION OF BENTHIC ALGAE
Phang et al. (2006)
CHLOROPHYTA RHODOPHYTAPHAEOPHYTA
Chlorophyta ‘a’ and
‘b’
Fukoxanthin Phycoerytrhin

7. ZONATION OF BENTHIC
ALGAE
Sze (1986)
SUBLITORAL LITORAL
SUPRALITOR
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I- 200 m from beach
- Exposed during low
tide and submerged
during high tide
- Minimum wave
- Exposed to air
and wave- Light as limiting-
factor

8. • Located near to Kuala Linggi,
Kuala Sg. Baru, Tg Bidara and
Pengkalan Balak.
• Telok Gong is selected
because their availability of
beaches; rocky, sandy and
mangrove.
• Has been gazetted as a
recreation park and ideal for
picnics; thus contributed to the
development of tourism
industry.
• Village of fisherman thus jetty
was built to facilitate coastal
fishing boats stop.
SAMPLING LOCATION
•02°20.76’ North
•102°02.67’ East

9. Specimen
collection
Digital image
capture
Specimen
preservation
Herbarium
specimen
preparation
Slide
preparation
Specimen
identification
Data analysis

10. Two types of sampling:
1) RANDOM SAMPLING
 benthic algae will be collected in beach, sandy and rocky
substrate
 benthic algae will be collected by snorkeling or SCUBA
(1-3 m)
Specimen Collection

11. 2) TRANSECT-QUADRAT SAMPLING
 Setting up of line that was perpendicular to the seashore.
 10 quadrat for 50 x 50 cm will be set up.
 The seaweed that lay inside the quadrat will be collected
and marked.
10 cm

12. • Data Analysis
1. Jaccard Index of Similarity
Where,
A = the total number of species in area 1
B = the total number of species in area 2
C = the total number of same species on both study areas
2. Frequency of species
Frequency of species, F =
Frequency of relative (%), F = x number of quadrats

13. 3. Percentage of coverage (%)
Indexes Level of coverage percentage Multiply (CN)
5 Covered ½ to overall of the quadrat 3.0
4 Covered ¼ to ½ quadrat 1.5
3 Covered to ¼ quadrat 0.75
2 Covered to quadrat 0.375
1 Covered less than quadrat 0.1875
Calculation of coverage percentage:
= (qn5 x c5) + (qn4 x c4) + (qn3 x c3) + (qn2 x c2) + (qn1 x c1)
= (qn5 x 3.0) + (qn4 x 1.5) + (qn3 x 0.75) + (qn2 x 0.375) + (qn1 x 0.1875)
Where,
qn represent the number of sub quadrat (10cm x 10cm) for species x present

14. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
a) FLORISTIC STUDY
b) TEMPORAL & SPATIAL
c) RELATIVE FREQUENCY & COVERAGE
d) SIMILARITY OF SPECIES
e) IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES

15. Chlorophyta
40%
Phaeophyta
11%
Rhodophyta
46%
Cyanophyta
3%
Division Species No.
Chlorophyta 14
Phaeophyta 4
Rhodophyta 16
Cyanophyta 1
Total 35
• Total percentage of benthic algae study by division at Telok Gong,
Melaka
9 orders, 12 families, 20 genus and 35 species

16. 20
14.3 14.3 14.3
7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
0
5
10
15
20
25Percentage(%)
Genus
50
25 25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Padina Dictyota Sargassum
Percentage(%)
Genus
43.75
18.75
6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Percentage(%)
Genus
Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta

17. 43.5
13.6
39.1
4.3
31.8
0
63.6
4.5
35.7
7.1
50
7.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Cyanophyta
Percentage(%)
Division
May Aug Oct
• Between temporal distributions
Percentage of species in each division for month of May, August and October.
Month Species No.
May 23
August 22
October 14
In October collected the dominant species of Gracilaria with 42.9% followed by
August and May recorded as 31.8% and 21.7% respectively

18. • Between spatial distributions
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Percentageofcoverage(%)
Species
Sandy beach Rocky beach Mangrove swamp
Percentage of coverage of species on May of different habitats
Habitat Species No.
Sandy 14
Rocky 11
Mangrove 10

19. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percentageofcoverage(%)
Species
Sandy beach Rocky beach Mangrove swamp
Percentage of coverage of species on August of different habitats
Sandy & rocky - C. membranaceae
Mangrove – E. intestinalis

20. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14Percentageofcoverage(%)
Species
Sandy beach Rocky beach Mangrove swamp
Percentage of coverage of species on October of different habitats
Sandy – G. edulis
Rocky – C. prolifera
Mangrove – E. intestinalis

21. • Relative frequency
Species Relative frequency (%)
May-15 Aug-15 Oct-15
Acanthophora spicifera 3.576667 1.28 0
Cladophorosis membranacea 20.16 48.73 28.06
Caulerpa taxifolia 10.33333 0 0
Caulerpa prolifera 4.586667 0 1.84
Eenteromorpha intestinalis 13.37 0 9.313333
Gracilaria arcuata 0 2.573333 3.32
Gracilaria blodgettii 2.173333 0 1.84
Gracilaria changii 6.11 1.28 5.543333
Gracilaria edulis 14.42667 12.35 22.9
Gracilaria salicornia 6.98 14.41 16.78667
Gracilaria coronopifolia 2.873333 3.853333 10.38667
Hypnea esperi 4.323333 0 0
Hypnea pannosa 0.723333 0 0
H. valentiae 0 7.533333 0
Lyngbya sp. 5.316667 7.99 0
Udotea javensis 5.02 0 0
Percentage of relative frequency on three different month on sandy beach.

22. Species Relative frequency (%)
May-15 Aug-15 Oct-15
Acanthophora spicifera 1.143333 0 6.57
Chondrus crispus 1.143333 0 0
Cladophorosis membranacea 52.6 59.92333 31.24333
Caaulerpa prolifera 1.143333 0 18.09333
Caulerpa sertularioides 0 0 3.23
Caulerpa taxifolia 3.356667 4.153333 18.13
Dictyota dichotoma 0 1.38 4.63
Gracilaria changii 7.273333 1.38 1.38
Gracilaria coronopifolia 3.443333 6.533333 12.56
Gracilaria edulis 6.203333 5.796667 0
Gracilaria salicornia 10.24 19.45667 4.16
Hypnea esperi 1.143333 1.38 0
Lyngbya sp. 12.30333 0 0
Percentage of relative frequency on three different month on rocky beach.

23. Species Relative frequency (%)
May-15 Aug-15 Oct-15
Cladophorosis membranacea 2.546667 7.776667 0
Caulerpa taxifolia 2.546667 0 0
Enteromorpha intestinalis 23.09 31.91667 16.61333
Gracilaria blodgettii 2.546667 0 0
Gracilaria coronopifolia 2.546667 3.03 0
Gracilaria changii 15.35333 0 8.306667
Gracilaria edulis 2.546667 0 0
Gracilaria salicornia 28.30667 21.22 8.306667
Hypnea esperi 2.546667 0 0
Lyngbya sp. 17.96333 36.05 66.76667
Percentage of relative frequency on three different month on mangrove swamp.

24. • Coverage on different quadrats
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
G.coronopifolia
G.edulis
E.intestinalis
G.edulis
C.membranacea
Lyngbyasp.
E.intestinalis
G.arcuata
H.valentiae
G.salicornia
E.intestinalis
G.edulis
C.membranacea
E.intestinalis
G.edulis
C.membranacea
E.intestinalis
C.membranacea
U.javensis
G.changii
C.membranacea
G.edulis
C.prolifera
C.membranacea
G.changii
G.edulis
H.valentiae
G.salicornia
E.intestinalis
G.changii
C.membranacea
G.edulis
G.changii
C.membranacea
G.changii
G.coronopifolia
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Percentageofcoverage(%)
Quadrat/Species
May-15 Aug-15 Oct-15
Enteromorpha intestinalis , Cladophorosis membranacea and genus of Gracilaria were
found on the most quadrat
The percentage of coverage of the species along the quadrat in sandy beach on three different
month.

25. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C.membranacea
G.coronopifolia
C.membranacea
G.coronopifolia
C.membranacea
C.membranacea
G.salicornia
C.membranacea
Lyngbyasp.
C.taxifolia
G.salicornia
C.membranacea
C.prolifera
G.edulis
C.membranacea
C.taxifolia
G.coronopifolia
C.membranacea
G.coronopifolia
C.taxifolia
G.edulis
C.prolifera
C.membranacea
G.changii
C.prolifera
C.membranacea
G.edulis
G.coronopifolia
C.membranacea
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Percentageofcoverage(%)
Quadrat/Species
May-15 Aug-15 Oct-15
The percentage of coverage of the species along the quadrat in rocky beach on three different
month.
Cladophorosis membranacea was found on the most quadrat

26. 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
E.intestinalis
Lyngbyasp.
E.intestinalis
G.changii
G.coronopifolia
G.salicornia
Lyngbyasp.
G.salicornia
E.intestinalis
H.esperi
E.intestinalis
Lyngbyasp.
Lyngbyasp.
G.changii
Lyngbyasp.
G.salicornia
G.edulis
G.salicornia
G.salicornia
E.intestinalis
C.membranaceae
E.intestinalis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Percentageofcoverage(%)
Quadrat/Species
May-15 Aug-15 Oct-15
The percentage of coverage of the species along the quadrat in mangrove swamp on three
different month
Enteromorpha intestinalis, Lyngbya sp. and genus of Gracilaria was found on the most
quadrat

27. • Similarity of species
Location Telok Gong
(2015)
Pulau Besar
(2004)
Pulau
Merambong
(2013)
Pulau
Langkawi
(2014)
Pulau Tioman
(2012)
Telok Gong -
Pulau Besar 24.07 -
Pulau Merambong 26.79 11.86 -
Pulau Langkawi 23.40 10.42 23.91 -
Pulau Tioman 20.31 10.77 16.92 21.15 -
The percentage value of Jaccard Index of Similarity for present and previous studies
15 same species

28. CONCLUSION
• Total: 9 orders, 12 families, 20 genus and 35 species
: Chlorophyta (14 sp.), Pheophyta (4 sp.), Rhodophyta (16 sp.)
and Cyanophyta (1 sp.)
• Temporal: May (23 sp.), August (22 sp.) and October (14 sp.).
: Gracilaria was dominant species in all three month
• Spatial: Sandy (14 sp.), Rocky (11 sp.) and Mangrove (10 sp.).
• Percentage coverage and relative frequency: Cladophorosis
membranaceae was the abundant and dominant species.
• Jaccard’s Index Similarity: The highest value is 26.79% between Telok
Gong (2016) and Pulau Merambong (2013).

29. THANK YOU