Tooth decay and dental erosions are the most frequent diseases of hard dental tissues. One of their origins is poor dietary habits. E.g. consumption of large amount of sweets in combination with poor oral hygiene can lead to tooth decay. On the other hand frequent consumption of acidic food can be the reason of erosive tooth wear. Tooth-friendly products are generally known like products without cariogenic as well as erosive potential. Therefore their consumption is safe for teeth. They mostly contain noncariogenic sweeteners which can not be metabolised by oral microflora and do not contain the acids. After their consumption the pH in oral cavity does not decreases under critical level (5.7 for enamel and 6.5 for dentine). Functional foodstuffs are another group of food that are safe for oral health. They contain some substances like vitamins, minerals (calcium, fluoride, phosphorous, iron, copper), casein phosphopeptide amorfous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), glycomacropeptide, xanthan gum, xylitol, that are beneficial for hard dental structures. These products are dairy products, fruit juices enriched by calcium or fluoride, chewing gums or candies with xylitol or CPP-ACP and many others. Their regular intake can help to strengthen the hard dental tissues. So tooth-friendly and functional foods seem to be useful in dental caries and erosion prevention.
Effect of Magnesium on Fluoride RemovalIJRES Journal
Fluorides in drinking water are known for both beneficial and detrimental effects on health. The fact that the problems associated with the excess fluorides in drinking water is highly endemic and widespread in countries like India prompted many researchers to explore quite a good number of both organic and inorganic materials adopting various processes from coagulation, precipitation through adsorption, Ion exchange etc. for fluoride removal. Some are good under certain conditions while others are good in other conditions. Leaching of Fluoride from the earth crust is the chief source of fluoride content in ground water; however the other sources like food items also add to increase the overall ingestion of fluoride into the human body. The soil at foot of the mountains is particularly likely to be high in fluoride from the weather and leaching of bed rock with a fluoride. The present paper aims to encompass the work carried out by various researchers in various fluoride affected areas and to access the effectiveness of using magnesium for fluoride removal.\
Disruptive Innovation in Education: Open Learning, Online Learning, MOOCs and...inventionjournals
Rapid advancement of information and communication technologies has brought about various changes in education and the structure of colleges and universities. The education system is undergoing dynamic changes. These dynamic changes can be explained from the perspective of theory of disruptive innovation which basically explained that existing organizations were displaced from their industries because of their inertia towards the adoption of new innovation. Recent introduction of massive open online courses (MOOCs) is seen as a strong technological force influencing the education landscape. MOOCs which are operated on a different scale and expectation have triggered existing education providers to evaluate and strategize in order to remain relevant. This study is meant to give readers, especially practitioners in education sector a way of understanding the nature of disruptive innovation and how disruptive innovation is influencing the education landscape
Modeling Truck Movements: A Comparison between the Quick Response Freight Man...inventionjournals
In recent years, with a growing realization of the important impacts of truck traffic on the economy as well as urban congestion and pollution levels, there is a keen interest in modeling truck movements with greater accuracy, robustness, and detail. This paper examines two different approaches for explicitly including truck trips into travel demand forecasting models. The approaches considered are (a) the truck modeling methodology published in the Quick Response Freight Manual (QRFM) and (b) an emerging truck tour-based approach. In this paper, the two approaches are demonstrated and compared using the Birmingham, AL region as a case study and statistical analyses are conducted to evaluate the level of accuracy of both approaches. The results demonstrate that the model using tour-based approach performs better than the one based on the QRFM approach with respect to model accuracy, when compared to field data from the study area. However, the tourbased approach requires a comprehensive data collection and processing effort, whereas the QRFM approach uses the publicly available data such as household and employment data. The decision on the best approach for adoption should be made on a case-by-case basis after considering the tradeoffs between accuracy and data availability and processing requirements. Overall, the findings from this study can be used to support the development of efficient freight truck modeling applications for the Birmingham region. Moreover, lessons learned from the Birmingham case study provide valuable insights that can guide freight modeling efforts of planning agencies in other medium sized communities in the future
Tibia and fibula diaphysis, ankle and foot injuriesJoyce Mwatonoka
This document discusses tibia fractures, including:
1. Tibia fractures are more common than other long bone fractures and often result in open fractures.
2. Tibia fractures are caused by twisting, angulatory, or indirect/direct forces and are classified based on the soft tissue injury and fracture stability.
3. Treatment depends on the soft tissue condition, fracture severity, stability, and degree of contamination. Most are treated non-operatively but unstable or open fractures may require surgery.
Este documento describe los diversos tipos de redes según su alcance, tipo de conexión, direccionalidad de los datos, relación funcional, tecnología y topología. Explica redes como las de área personal, local, de campus, de almacenamiento y amplia, según su alcance, e identifica medios guiados y no guiados para la conexión. Además, distingue entre redes punto a punto, broadcast, peer-to-peer y cliente-servidor según su relación funcional y direccionalidad de los datos.
Experimental Approach for Assessment of Liquefaction in Fine Sand and Silty Sandinventionjournals
The investigation is focused on the comparative study of the silty sand and fine sand soil in respect of the fine contents regarding liquefaction characteristics. The strategy is planned to obtain the locally available silty and fine sand in sufficient quantities. Thereafter these two were sieved to segregate the sand portion and fine contents so as to prepare the reconstituted samples of known percentage of fines in silty sand group and clean sand group, besides, these soil samples were again put to sieve analysis to estimate the grading of individual soil samples and specimen samples are prepared. The results of specimen samples suggested that as the percentage of fines increases then chance of liquefaction decreases.
Analysis of Cr and Cu in Soils around Selected Automobile Workshops of Kaduna...inventionjournals
This study analyzed chromium and copper concentrations in soil samples collected from four automobile workshops in Kaduna, Nigeria. A modified Tessier sequential extraction procedure was used to determine metal distribution among different geochemical fractions. Results showed chromium and copper concentrations varied between workshops, likely due to differences in fossil fuel burning and other activities. Chromium levels were lowest and followed the trend: nitric acid > magnesium chloride > EDTA > oxalic acid. Copper was highest in oxide fractions and followed the trend: oxalic acid > magnesium chloride > nitric acid: hydrogen peroxide. The study concludes metals were distributed among residual, oxide, exchangeable and carbonate fractions, with some areas showing higher levels indicating possible soil pollution from workshop activities.
Effect of Magnesium on Fluoride RemovalIJRES Journal
Fluorides in drinking water are known for both beneficial and detrimental effects on health. The fact that the problems associated with the excess fluorides in drinking water is highly endemic and widespread in countries like India prompted many researchers to explore quite a good number of both organic and inorganic materials adopting various processes from coagulation, precipitation through adsorption, Ion exchange etc. for fluoride removal. Some are good under certain conditions while others are good in other conditions. Leaching of Fluoride from the earth crust is the chief source of fluoride content in ground water; however the other sources like food items also add to increase the overall ingestion of fluoride into the human body. The soil at foot of the mountains is particularly likely to be high in fluoride from the weather and leaching of bed rock with a fluoride. The present paper aims to encompass the work carried out by various researchers in various fluoride affected areas and to access the effectiveness of using magnesium for fluoride removal.\
Disruptive Innovation in Education: Open Learning, Online Learning, MOOCs and...inventionjournals
Rapid advancement of information and communication technologies has brought about various changes in education and the structure of colleges and universities. The education system is undergoing dynamic changes. These dynamic changes can be explained from the perspective of theory of disruptive innovation which basically explained that existing organizations were displaced from their industries because of their inertia towards the adoption of new innovation. Recent introduction of massive open online courses (MOOCs) is seen as a strong technological force influencing the education landscape. MOOCs which are operated on a different scale and expectation have triggered existing education providers to evaluate and strategize in order to remain relevant. This study is meant to give readers, especially practitioners in education sector a way of understanding the nature of disruptive innovation and how disruptive innovation is influencing the education landscape
Modeling Truck Movements: A Comparison between the Quick Response Freight Man...inventionjournals
In recent years, with a growing realization of the important impacts of truck traffic on the economy as well as urban congestion and pollution levels, there is a keen interest in modeling truck movements with greater accuracy, robustness, and detail. This paper examines two different approaches for explicitly including truck trips into travel demand forecasting models. The approaches considered are (a) the truck modeling methodology published in the Quick Response Freight Manual (QRFM) and (b) an emerging truck tour-based approach. In this paper, the two approaches are demonstrated and compared using the Birmingham, AL region as a case study and statistical analyses are conducted to evaluate the level of accuracy of both approaches. The results demonstrate that the model using tour-based approach performs better than the one based on the QRFM approach with respect to model accuracy, when compared to field data from the study area. However, the tourbased approach requires a comprehensive data collection and processing effort, whereas the QRFM approach uses the publicly available data such as household and employment data. The decision on the best approach for adoption should be made on a case-by-case basis after considering the tradeoffs between accuracy and data availability and processing requirements. Overall, the findings from this study can be used to support the development of efficient freight truck modeling applications for the Birmingham region. Moreover, lessons learned from the Birmingham case study provide valuable insights that can guide freight modeling efforts of planning agencies in other medium sized communities in the future
Tibia and fibula diaphysis, ankle and foot injuriesJoyce Mwatonoka
This document discusses tibia fractures, including:
1. Tibia fractures are more common than other long bone fractures and often result in open fractures.
2. Tibia fractures are caused by twisting, angulatory, or indirect/direct forces and are classified based on the soft tissue injury and fracture stability.
3. Treatment depends on the soft tissue condition, fracture severity, stability, and degree of contamination. Most are treated non-operatively but unstable or open fractures may require surgery.
Este documento describe los diversos tipos de redes según su alcance, tipo de conexión, direccionalidad de los datos, relación funcional, tecnología y topología. Explica redes como las de área personal, local, de campus, de almacenamiento y amplia, según su alcance, e identifica medios guiados y no guiados para la conexión. Además, distingue entre redes punto a punto, broadcast, peer-to-peer y cliente-servidor según su relación funcional y direccionalidad de los datos.
Experimental Approach for Assessment of Liquefaction in Fine Sand and Silty Sandinventionjournals
The investigation is focused on the comparative study of the silty sand and fine sand soil in respect of the fine contents regarding liquefaction characteristics. The strategy is planned to obtain the locally available silty and fine sand in sufficient quantities. Thereafter these two were sieved to segregate the sand portion and fine contents so as to prepare the reconstituted samples of known percentage of fines in silty sand group and clean sand group, besides, these soil samples were again put to sieve analysis to estimate the grading of individual soil samples and specimen samples are prepared. The results of specimen samples suggested that as the percentage of fines increases then chance of liquefaction decreases.
Analysis of Cr and Cu in Soils around Selected Automobile Workshops of Kaduna...inventionjournals
This study analyzed chromium and copper concentrations in soil samples collected from four automobile workshops in Kaduna, Nigeria. A modified Tessier sequential extraction procedure was used to determine metal distribution among different geochemical fractions. Results showed chromium and copper concentrations varied between workshops, likely due to differences in fossil fuel burning and other activities. Chromium levels were lowest and followed the trend: nitric acid > magnesium chloride > EDTA > oxalic acid. Copper was highest in oxide fractions and followed the trend: oxalic acid > magnesium chloride > nitric acid: hydrogen peroxide. The study concludes metals were distributed among residual, oxide, exchangeable and carbonate fractions, with some areas showing higher levels indicating possible soil pollution from workshop activities.
Selected Psychological and Social Factors Contributing to Relapse among Relap...inventionjournals
Drug abuse is a major global problem and in Kenya there has been increasing drug and alcohol abuse with serious negative effects. Treatment and rehabilitation of alcoholism is expensive and non-conclusive due to consequent relapse. This study sought to find out selected psychological and social factors contributing to relapse among recovering alcoholics of Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. This study adopted the descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of all relapsed alcoholics and rehabilitation counsellors in Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. A sample of 67 recovering alcoholics and 13 counsellors was drawn from the two purposively selected rehabilitation centres and used in the study. The study used two sets of questionnaires, one for relapsed alcoholics and another for rehabilitation counsellors. The questionnaires were piloted to validate and establish its reliability before the actual data collection. Data was collected through administration of two sets of questionnaires to the selected respondents. The data was then processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for windows. The key findings of this study indicated that the selected psychological factor that mostly contributed to relapse was dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict. The social factor that mostly contributed to relapse was hanging around old drinking friends. The key conclusion was that in view of selected factors dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict was the major contributor to relapse. The research findings may benefit NACADA, Ministry of Public Health, mental health agencies, psychologists, counsellors, Non-Governmental organizations, policy makers, researchers, drug abusers and alcoholics in Kenya to better understand factors contributing to relapse and devise ways and means of reducing relapse. Based on the major findings of this study, it is recommended that all stakeholders undertake measures aimed at providing a solution to continued relapse of alcoholics by improvement of rehabilitation and follow-up programmes.
Este documento trata sobre el asma. Explica que hay diferentes tipos de asma como el alérgica, no alérgica, ocupacional, estacional e inducida por el ejercicio. También describe los síntomas del asma y incluye una actividad sobre los tipos de asma y el aparato respiratorio.
Telnet es un protocolo de red que permite acceder remotamente a otra máquina como si estuviéramos sentados frente a ella, funciona cuando la máquina remota tiene un programa que reciba las conexiones Telnet y sólo permite el acceso en modo terminal sin gráficos, aunque fue útil para arreglar fallos a distancia. Hoy en día también se usa para acceder a BBS que inicialmente requerían módem y línea telefónica.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de redes de computadoras clasificadas por su área de cobertura y topología. Explica las redes PAN, CAN, MAN y WAN según su alcance geográfico, desde redes personales hasta redes a nivel mundial. También describe las topologías de red bus lineal y estrella, señalando las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada una como su complejidad, vulnerabilidad y capacidad.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de buscadores de internet como Altavista, Ask Jeeves y Google, así como metabuscadores como Kartoo, Ixquick y SurfWax. También menciona navegadores web como SeaMonkey y GreenBrowser, así como benchmarks para medir el rendimiento de JavaScript como SunSpider y Benchmark Suite v6.
Quito, la capital de Ecuador, se encuentra a una altitud promedio de 2850 metros sobre el nivel del mar en las laderas del volcán Pichincha. La ciudad ha pasado por períodos de colonización española e independencia y actualmente está dividida en 32 parroquias. El clima de Quito es subtropical de tierras altas debido a su elevada altitud.
This document provides information about three international organizations: the World Trade Organization (WTO), World Customs Organization (WCO), and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It discusses the purpose and functions of each organization, including regulating international trade for WTO, improving customs administrations worldwide for WCO, and leading efforts to defeat hunger and ensure food security for FAO. Membership, objectives, and statistics are also presented for each organization.
Effects of Citalopram in Cognition and Memory in Experimental Animalsinventionjournals
Citalopram is an SSRI which enhances serotonin reuptake, a neurotransmitter involved closely in cognition and memory. With ever increasing cases of dementia and Alzeihmer’s disease and lack of definitive treatment, research into other treatment options are necessary. This study aims to evaluate the cognition and memory enhancing effects of citalopram in experimental animals
Este documento describe brevemente la historia y concepto de los monitores, así como sus principales partes, ventajas y desventajas. Explica que los primeros monitores surgieron en 1981 y eran monocromáticos, mientras que en 1987 surgió el estándar VGA. Define al monitor como el dispositivo de salida principal de una computadora para visualizar la información. Finalmente, enumera algunos de los principales fabricantes de monitores a nivel mundial.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de herramientas de búsqueda en Internet como buscadores, metabuscadores, navegadores y correo electrónico. Explica que los buscadores buscan archivos almacenados en servidores web, mientras que los metabuscadores localizan información utilizando otros buscadores sin tener su propia base de datos. También define los navegadores web como programas que interpretan la información de los archivos a través de Internet y proporciona ejemplos como Internet Explorer. Finalmente, señala que el correo electrónico
Note on Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitationinventionjournals
In this note, it is shown that the Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitation is close to the Einstein Tetrad Field and far of Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory. Mathematically in the sector Gravitation-Electromagnetism, Sidharth approach through non commutativity, where there is a minimum space time length, allows to link the vector magnetic potential with quantum mechanics and unify electromagnetism and gravitation under self dual configuration of electromagnetic fields.
This document provides the weekly school lunch menu and activities schedule for Northridge Middle School. It lists the daily breakfast and lunch options for each day of the week. It also provides information about lunch prices, bus routes, school supplies needed, bell schedules, contact information and upcoming sports games and club meeting times.
Algebraic Method of the Robust Stability of Continuous Linear Interval Dynami...inventionjournals
The algebraic method of researches of robust stability is considered continuous interval dynamic systems. The results specifying and supplementing earlier known are received. The illustrating examples are given
Este documento describe dos tipos de daños que puede sufrir un disco duro: daños lógicos y daños de software. Los daños lógicos ocurren cuando el disco duro hace ruidos extraños o no gira y requieren ser reparados por una empresa especializada. Los daños de software ocurren cuando el disco duro gira correctamente pero no es reconocido por el sistema operativo, y pueden ser causados por problemas con los controladores, particiones dañadas o configuraciones erróneas del sistema. El documento explica cómo identificar cada tipo de daño y
MHD Mixed Convection Flow of casson Nanofluid over a NonLinear Permeable Stre...inventionjournals
The document summarizes a numerical study on mixed convection flow of a Casson nanofluid over a non-linear permeable stretching sheet. The governing equations are transformed using similarity variables and solved using a MATLAB solver. Results show that increasing the Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters decreases the local Nusselt number but increases the local Sherwood number. Increasing the heat generation or absorption parameter increases or decreases the surface temperature respectively. Comparison to previous studies shows excellent agreement. The study analyzed effects of various physical parameters on velocity, temperature, skin friction, and heat and mass transfer rates.
Никита Семенов, руководитель отдела по работе с ключевыми клиентами CoMagic
Генерация лидов: как выйти из каменного века
- Анализ работы с лидами на среднем сайте
- Новые инструменты, о которых говорят, но не используют
- Кейсы использования персонализированных лидогенераторов.
This document discusses tooth surface loss (TSL), providing information on prevalence, causes, clinical features, and preventive strategies. It notes that TSL can be considered pathological if the long-term survival of teeth is questionable, dentine is exposed, or it is an aesthetic concern for the patient. Causes of TSL include erosive factors like gastroesophageal reflux disease or bulimia, which cause intrinsic acid damage, as well as attritional factors such as bruxism or dental malocclusions. Preventive strategies involve controlling aetiological risk factors through dietary modifications, oral hygiene, splint therapy, and treating underlying medical conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of taking a thorough history and clinical examination to
The document discusses the relationship between diet and dental caries (cavities). It notes that physical properties of food like roughness can help clean teeth while soft, sticky foods cling to teeth and promote caries. Frequency of sugar intake is more important than total amount. Foods high in vitamins and minerals like milk, cheese, fruits and vegetables support dental health while sugars and acids promote demineralization and caries. Regular cleaning including brushing, flossing and eating foods like green tea is recommended to reduce plaque and promote remineralization to prevent cavities.
This document discusses oral health and provides tips for maintaining good oral hygiene. It covers the importance of oral health and the implications of poor oral health, including effects on overall health, nutrition, and quality of life. It discusses groups at higher risk of poor oral health, such as those with dementia or disabilities. The document provides guidance on brushing techniques, use of fluoride, and diet. It also addresses oral care for patients with conditions like dementia, strokes, or who use dentures. The goal is to improve understanding of oral health and hygiene practices.
7 Surprising Foods That Stop Cavities & Protect Your TeethFreshly Thailand
You already know that the sugar filled sweets, snacks and drinks like soda are bad for your teeth, but did you know that certain foods & drinks can actually help prevent tooth decay before it happens?
We looked into the factors that causes tooth decay and the surprising foods & drinks that can help you prevent it, when included as part of your regular diet along with daily brushing and flossing.
These foods & drinks are shown to be rich in proteins & nutrients that work to strengthen teeth and actively protect against the acids that cause tooth decay.
This document discusses various ways to prevent dental caries through the use of fluoride. It begins by explaining the role of fluoride in increasing the remineralization of teeth and making enamel more resistant to decay. It then discusses water fluoridation as an effective public health measure for delivering fluoride and preventing cavities at the community level. Finally, it mentions some additional sources of fluoride beyond water, such as toothpaste, mouth rinses, and foods. The overall message is that maintaining adequate fluoride intake through various means can help strengthen tooth enamel and reduce the risk of cavities developing.
This document provides an overview of common dental diseases and conditions. It discusses periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis, tooth decay caused by bacteria breaking down sugars, mouth odor from bacterial breakdown, sensitive teeth due to enamel damage, and oral cancer which has a high rate of occurrence in India linked to use of paan masala and gutka. It also mentions noma which affects children in Africa, congenital tooth anomalies, oral trauma, dental erosion, dry mouth, and the role of diet and oral hygiene in prevention. Dentifrices and oral care products are mentioned as tools to promote oral health.
Selected Psychological and Social Factors Contributing to Relapse among Relap...inventionjournals
Drug abuse is a major global problem and in Kenya there has been increasing drug and alcohol abuse with serious negative effects. Treatment and rehabilitation of alcoholism is expensive and non-conclusive due to consequent relapse. This study sought to find out selected psychological and social factors contributing to relapse among recovering alcoholics of Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. This study adopted the descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of all relapsed alcoholics and rehabilitation counsellors in Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. A sample of 67 recovering alcoholics and 13 counsellors was drawn from the two purposively selected rehabilitation centres and used in the study. The study used two sets of questionnaires, one for relapsed alcoholics and another for rehabilitation counsellors. The questionnaires were piloted to validate and establish its reliability before the actual data collection. Data was collected through administration of two sets of questionnaires to the selected respondents. The data was then processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for windows. The key findings of this study indicated that the selected psychological factor that mostly contributed to relapse was dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict. The social factor that mostly contributed to relapse was hanging around old drinking friends. The key conclusion was that in view of selected factors dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict was the major contributor to relapse. The research findings may benefit NACADA, Ministry of Public Health, mental health agencies, psychologists, counsellors, Non-Governmental organizations, policy makers, researchers, drug abusers and alcoholics in Kenya to better understand factors contributing to relapse and devise ways and means of reducing relapse. Based on the major findings of this study, it is recommended that all stakeholders undertake measures aimed at providing a solution to continued relapse of alcoholics by improvement of rehabilitation and follow-up programmes.
Este documento trata sobre el asma. Explica que hay diferentes tipos de asma como el alérgica, no alérgica, ocupacional, estacional e inducida por el ejercicio. También describe los síntomas del asma y incluye una actividad sobre los tipos de asma y el aparato respiratorio.
Telnet es un protocolo de red que permite acceder remotamente a otra máquina como si estuviéramos sentados frente a ella, funciona cuando la máquina remota tiene un programa que reciba las conexiones Telnet y sólo permite el acceso en modo terminal sin gráficos, aunque fue útil para arreglar fallos a distancia. Hoy en día también se usa para acceder a BBS que inicialmente requerían módem y línea telefónica.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de redes de computadoras clasificadas por su área de cobertura y topología. Explica las redes PAN, CAN, MAN y WAN según su alcance geográfico, desde redes personales hasta redes a nivel mundial. También describe las topologías de red bus lineal y estrella, señalando las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada una como su complejidad, vulnerabilidad y capacidad.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de buscadores de internet como Altavista, Ask Jeeves y Google, así como metabuscadores como Kartoo, Ixquick y SurfWax. También menciona navegadores web como SeaMonkey y GreenBrowser, así como benchmarks para medir el rendimiento de JavaScript como SunSpider y Benchmark Suite v6.
Quito, la capital de Ecuador, se encuentra a una altitud promedio de 2850 metros sobre el nivel del mar en las laderas del volcán Pichincha. La ciudad ha pasado por períodos de colonización española e independencia y actualmente está dividida en 32 parroquias. El clima de Quito es subtropical de tierras altas debido a su elevada altitud.
This document provides information about three international organizations: the World Trade Organization (WTO), World Customs Organization (WCO), and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It discusses the purpose and functions of each organization, including regulating international trade for WTO, improving customs administrations worldwide for WCO, and leading efforts to defeat hunger and ensure food security for FAO. Membership, objectives, and statistics are also presented for each organization.
Effects of Citalopram in Cognition and Memory in Experimental Animalsinventionjournals
Citalopram is an SSRI which enhances serotonin reuptake, a neurotransmitter involved closely in cognition and memory. With ever increasing cases of dementia and Alzeihmer’s disease and lack of definitive treatment, research into other treatment options are necessary. This study aims to evaluate the cognition and memory enhancing effects of citalopram in experimental animals
Este documento describe brevemente la historia y concepto de los monitores, así como sus principales partes, ventajas y desventajas. Explica que los primeros monitores surgieron en 1981 y eran monocromáticos, mientras que en 1987 surgió el estándar VGA. Define al monitor como el dispositivo de salida principal de una computadora para visualizar la información. Finalmente, enumera algunos de los principales fabricantes de monitores a nivel mundial.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de herramientas de búsqueda en Internet como buscadores, metabuscadores, navegadores y correo electrónico. Explica que los buscadores buscan archivos almacenados en servidores web, mientras que los metabuscadores localizan información utilizando otros buscadores sin tener su propia base de datos. También define los navegadores web como programas que interpretan la información de los archivos a través de Internet y proporciona ejemplos como Internet Explorer. Finalmente, señala que el correo electrónico
Note on Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitationinventionjournals
In this note, it is shown that the Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitation is close to the Einstein Tetrad Field and far of Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory. Mathematically in the sector Gravitation-Electromagnetism, Sidharth approach through non commutativity, where there is a minimum space time length, allows to link the vector magnetic potential with quantum mechanics and unify electromagnetism and gravitation under self dual configuration of electromagnetic fields.
This document provides the weekly school lunch menu and activities schedule for Northridge Middle School. It lists the daily breakfast and lunch options for each day of the week. It also provides information about lunch prices, bus routes, school supplies needed, bell schedules, contact information and upcoming sports games and club meeting times.
Algebraic Method of the Robust Stability of Continuous Linear Interval Dynami...inventionjournals
The algebraic method of researches of robust stability is considered continuous interval dynamic systems. The results specifying and supplementing earlier known are received. The illustrating examples are given
Este documento describe dos tipos de daños que puede sufrir un disco duro: daños lógicos y daños de software. Los daños lógicos ocurren cuando el disco duro hace ruidos extraños o no gira y requieren ser reparados por una empresa especializada. Los daños de software ocurren cuando el disco duro gira correctamente pero no es reconocido por el sistema operativo, y pueden ser causados por problemas con los controladores, particiones dañadas o configuraciones erróneas del sistema. El documento explica cómo identificar cada tipo de daño y
MHD Mixed Convection Flow of casson Nanofluid over a NonLinear Permeable Stre...inventionjournals
The document summarizes a numerical study on mixed convection flow of a Casson nanofluid over a non-linear permeable stretching sheet. The governing equations are transformed using similarity variables and solved using a MATLAB solver. Results show that increasing the Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters decreases the local Nusselt number but increases the local Sherwood number. Increasing the heat generation or absorption parameter increases or decreases the surface temperature respectively. Comparison to previous studies shows excellent agreement. The study analyzed effects of various physical parameters on velocity, temperature, skin friction, and heat and mass transfer rates.
Никита Семенов, руководитель отдела по работе с ключевыми клиентами CoMagic
Генерация лидов: как выйти из каменного века
- Анализ работы с лидами на среднем сайте
- Новые инструменты, о которых говорят, но не используют
- Кейсы использования персонализированных лидогенераторов.
This document discusses tooth surface loss (TSL), providing information on prevalence, causes, clinical features, and preventive strategies. It notes that TSL can be considered pathological if the long-term survival of teeth is questionable, dentine is exposed, or it is an aesthetic concern for the patient. Causes of TSL include erosive factors like gastroesophageal reflux disease or bulimia, which cause intrinsic acid damage, as well as attritional factors such as bruxism or dental malocclusions. Preventive strategies involve controlling aetiological risk factors through dietary modifications, oral hygiene, splint therapy, and treating underlying medical conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of taking a thorough history and clinical examination to
The document discusses the relationship between diet and dental caries (cavities). It notes that physical properties of food like roughness can help clean teeth while soft, sticky foods cling to teeth and promote caries. Frequency of sugar intake is more important than total amount. Foods high in vitamins and minerals like milk, cheese, fruits and vegetables support dental health while sugars and acids promote demineralization and caries. Regular cleaning including brushing, flossing and eating foods like green tea is recommended to reduce plaque and promote remineralization to prevent cavities.
This document discusses oral health and provides tips for maintaining good oral hygiene. It covers the importance of oral health and the implications of poor oral health, including effects on overall health, nutrition, and quality of life. It discusses groups at higher risk of poor oral health, such as those with dementia or disabilities. The document provides guidance on brushing techniques, use of fluoride, and diet. It also addresses oral care for patients with conditions like dementia, strokes, or who use dentures. The goal is to improve understanding of oral health and hygiene practices.
7 Surprising Foods That Stop Cavities & Protect Your TeethFreshly Thailand
You already know that the sugar filled sweets, snacks and drinks like soda are bad for your teeth, but did you know that certain foods & drinks can actually help prevent tooth decay before it happens?
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These foods & drinks are shown to be rich in proteins & nutrients that work to strengthen teeth and actively protect against the acids that cause tooth decay.
This document discusses various ways to prevent dental caries through the use of fluoride. It begins by explaining the role of fluoride in increasing the remineralization of teeth and making enamel more resistant to decay. It then discusses water fluoridation as an effective public health measure for delivering fluoride and preventing cavities at the community level. Finally, it mentions some additional sources of fluoride beyond water, such as toothpaste, mouth rinses, and foods. The overall message is that maintaining adequate fluoride intake through various means can help strengthen tooth enamel and reduce the risk of cavities developing.
This document provides an overview of common dental diseases and conditions. It discusses periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis, tooth decay caused by bacteria breaking down sugars, mouth odor from bacterial breakdown, sensitive teeth due to enamel damage, and oral cancer which has a high rate of occurrence in India linked to use of paan masala and gutka. It also mentions noma which affects children in Africa, congenital tooth anomalies, oral trauma, dental erosion, dry mouth, and the role of diet and oral hygiene in prevention. Dentifrices and oral care products are mentioned as tools to promote oral health.
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Oral Health Care
All what you have to know about your oral health.Its impact on physical, social & psychological well being is considerable.Financial costs of treating these conditions are enormous
But they are easily preventable. Lets see how.
Dental caries is caused by the interaction of four main factors: the tooth, dental plaque, diet, and time. Dental plaque is a soft biofilm containing bacteria like Streptococcus mutans that produce acid from sugars in the diet, causing demineralization of tooth enamel and leading to cavities. Diet plays a key role, as frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates like sucrose promotes acid production. Other factors like saliva, fluoride, socioeconomic status, and education can also influence risk. Dental caries is diagnosed visually, tactilely, and radiographically and can be classified based on location, extent, and rate of progression. Prevention focuses on reducing sugar intake, maintaining oral hygiene to
The document discusses the relationship between sugars and dental health. It notes that sugars and fermentable carbohydrates provide substrate for oral bacteria to produce acid, which begins the process of tooth demineralization if not balanced by remineralization. Frequent consumption of sticky, sucrose-containing foods between meals is most cariogenic, while liquid foods and those consumed with meals are less so. The document also discusses factors like food texture and stickiness, saliva flow, and buffers that determine a food's cariogenic potential.
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This document discusses fluoride and the benefits of water fluoridation. It notes that scientific studies have not found links between fluoridation and cancer. Fluoride occurs naturally and is added to drinking water to prevent tooth decay and reduce oral disease by up to 40%. Community water fluoridation is considered a cost-effective public health measure that benefits all individuals regardless of age, race, or socioeconomic status.
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Food Components in Oral Health
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 5 Issue 6 ‖ October 2016 ‖ PP. 42-47
www.ijpsi.org 42 | P a g e
Food Components in Oral Health
StomatologYuliya Morozova, Ph.D.1
, MU Dr. Eva Misova, Ph.D.1
,
MDDr. LenkaFoltasova, Ph.D.1
, MUDr. Eva Sedlata-Juraskova, Ph.D.1
,
MDDr. Veronika Tvrda1
1
Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc,
Czech Republic
Abstract: Tooth decay and dental erosions are the most frequent diseases of hard dental tissues. One
of their origins is poor dietary habits. E.g. consumption of large amount of sweets in combination
with poor oral hygiene can lead to tooth decay. On the other hand frequent consumption of acidic
food can be the reason of erosive tooth wear. Tooth-friendly products are generally known like
products without cariogenic as well as erosive potential. Therefore their consumption is safe for teeth.
They mostly contain noncariogenic sweeteners which can not be metabolised by oral microflora and
do not contain the acids. After their consumption the pH in oral cavity does not decreases under
critical level (5.7 for enamel and 6.5 for dentine). Functional foodstuffs are another group of food
that are safe for oral health. They contain some substances like vitamins, minerals (calcium, fluoride,
phosphorous, iron, copper), casein phosphopeptide amorfous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP),
glycomacropeptide, xanthan gum, xylitol, that are beneficial for hard dental structures. These
products are dairy products, fruit juices enriched by calcium or fluoride, chewing gums or candies
with xylitol or CPP-ACP and many others. Their regular intake can help to strengthen the hard dental
tissues. So tooth-friendly and functional foods seem to be useful in dental caries and erosion
prevention.
Keywords:tooth-friendly products, functional food, noncariogenic sweeteners, dental caries, dental erosion
I. Dietary habits and dental health
Diet plays an important role both in general and oral health. Dietary habits can influence teeth
generally during their development and eruption or locally after eruption into the oral cavity [1].
Tooth decay and dental erosions are the most frequent pathological changes of hard dental tissues.
They are occurred in patients of all age groups with the highest prevalence between adolescents and young
people [2]. One of the main origins of these diseases is poor dietary habits. If the individual consumes a lot of
sweets and does not provide adequate hygiene of oral cavity, so the tooth decay can be gradually developed. It is
well known that tooth decay is characterized by hard dental tissues demineralization caused by organic acids
produced by cariogenic microorganisms of dental plaque through the anaerobic metabolic processes of
fermentable carbohydrates contained in food [3]. Due to these chemical processes (formation of organic acids,
mostly lactic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid) the pH in oral cavity decreases under the critical value (5.5–
5.7) that leads to hard dental tissues hydroxyapatite dissolution [3]. If these periods occur frequently, the tooth
decay can be developed. Before the cavity formation this process is reversible and due to remineralization the
lesion can heal [1].
There are a lot of evidences that fermentable carbohydrates especially sugars are the main diet factor of
tooth decay etiology. However sugars alone are not determinant of food cariogenicity [1]. Just if the sugars are
refined and added to foodstuffs, significant number of tooth decay can be present [1]. Added or “free” sugars are
non-milk extrinsic sugars in combination with sugars in syrups, honey and fruit juices in high concentration.
These “free” sugars are the major diet factor of tooth decay origin. Due to WHO recommendation their amount
should be no more 10 % of total energy intake [4]. However in many countries their intake is much more higher
that leads to high prevalence of tooth decay among the population of these countries. So one of the most
effective way of dental caries prevention is sugars intake reduction [1]. The sugars reduction in the diet includes
two methods: the first, reduction of total amount of refined sugars with emphasis on necessary intake more fruit,
vegetables and starchy foods and the second, substitution of “free” sugars in foodstuffs, beverages and
medicines by alternative sweeteners [1].
The main etiological factor of dental erosions are the acids that can have extrinsic source- dietary
acidscontained in fresh vegetables and fruit (especially in citruses), juices, carbonated beverages, wine, pickles,
some mineral waters etc.; acids contained in some medicines (vitamin C, acetylsalicylic acid, iron remedies),
2. Food Componentsin Oral Health
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environment or employment (wine tasters, swimmers) or intrinsic source- stomach acids that contact with tooth
surfaces during the vomiting, reflux or regurgitation [2]. So the most frequent causes of dental erosions are the
so called dietary acids. These acids determine a low level of pH that is one of factors of erosive potential. Fresh
fruit, especially citruses, due to low pH has the highest erosive potential (Table 1). The critical frequency of
citrus consumption is if you eat two or more citruses per day [5]. A high amount of acids is also characterized
for acidic kinds of cucumbers and tomatoes as well as tomato sauce, salad dressings and vinegar (acetic acid-
additive E 260). With respect to drinks the highest erosive potential is typical for fruit juices, soft drinks,
mineral waters, sports and energetic drinks, fruit tea, wine and others. The most of these beverages contain citric
acid (additive E 330), phosphoric acid (additive E 338), carbonic acid (additive E 290) or other acids. They have
pH 4.0 and lower (Table 1).
Table 1 pH of most frequent consumed foodstuffs and beverages [2, 6, 7, 8]
Foodstuff pH Beverage pH
Apricot 3.5–4.0 Milk 6.7–7.0
Pear 3.4–4.7 Distilled water 5.6
Peach 3.1–4.2 Carrot juice 4.2
Pineapple 3.3–4.1 Apple juice 3.4
Cherry 3.2–4.7 Orange juice 3.7
Strawberry 3.0–4.2 Grapefruit juice 2.9–3.4
Grapefruit 3.0–4.5 Coca-Cola 2.2.–2.6
Orange 2.8–4.0 Pepsi 2.53
Lemon/lime 1.8–2.4 Pepsi Light 3.1
Tomatoes 3.7–4.7 Fanta Orange 2.86
Cucumbers 5.1–5.7 Sprite 2.64
Ketchup 3.7 Sports and energetic drinks 3.05–3.8
Salad dressing 3.6 Coffee 2.4–3.3.
Vinegar 3.2 Black tea 4.2
Yogurt 4.1–.4.4 Red wine 3.4
White wine 3.7
Bear 4.0–5.0
Sports and energetic drinks have both cariogenic and erosive potential. Their main component are
carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose or glucose synthetic polymer maltodextrin), the main function of them
is supplying of human body by sufficient amount of energy during the exercises. The higher content of
carbohydrates determines their high cariogenic potential. These beverages also contain different electrolytes,
first of all Na+
, K+
, Cl-
which help to maintainthe water electrolyte balance. On other hand they contain just little
amount of ions that are beneficial for tooth structure (Ca2+
, PO4
3-
and F-
) [9]. Their pH is between 2.38 and 4.46.
These beverages also have high level of titratable acidity[10]. Most of them contain citric or malic acids. The
drinks with citric acid have significantly higher erosive potential [11]. It was detected that, individuals
consuming these beverages once per week have four times higher risk of tooth erosions with comparison with
individuals who do not consume sports and energetic drinks [2].
Flavoured beverages except for fruit and cola flavours are generally safe for teeth [12]. Ideal flavours
are the flavours that do not contain acids, like green tea, herbal extracts, mint, flower flavours, banana, coconut
or chocolate. If it is necessary they can be also used in combination with a slightly acidic fruit note (e.g.
combination of banana and strawberry) [12].
However erosive potential of acidic foodstuffs and beverages is done not only by low level of pH, but
also another chemical and physical parameters, like titratable acidity. This is the amount of basic substances that
is needed for neutralization of acids contained in the foodstuff or beverage [2, 13]. The higher value of titratable
acidity needs the higher amount of saliva for neutralization of acidic environment formed after acidic
foodconsumption. Titratable acidity determines the amount of damaging hydrogen ions produced after acid
dissociation that are able to react with the substances of hard tooth tissues. It was determined that fruit juices
have 2–3 times higher titratable acidity than another drinks with erosive potential (soft drinks, sports and
energetic drinks) [9]. Further chemical properties of foods and drinks, like type, concentration and power of
acids determinedby value of dissociation constant, can also have influence on the erosive potential. Chelation
property (ability to bind the calcium from hard dental tissues hydroxyapatite) or mineral components content
can significantly influencethe foods erosive potential. Mineral components, like calcium, phosphate and fluoride
can reduce the erosive potential[8, 14]. Another factors as frequency, acidic foods method and beverages
consumption, their temperature and adhesion ability can influencethe susceptibility of tooth surface to erosive
damage. For example drinking using strawdecreases the time of drink contact with tooth surface in comparison
with drinking from cup [2, 15]. Frozen beverages have reduced erosive potential [16]. The time during which
the food is present in oral cavity is also important. The most aggressive way of acidic foodstuffs and beverages
consumption is holdingin the mouth, when time of contact with teeth is longer.
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With respect to determination of food risk for oral health two terms: cariogenicity and acidogenicity are
used. Generally cariogenicity can be described like the potential of food to produce dental caries, while
acidogenicityis described like the potential of food to produce acids [1]. Therefore like beneficial for dental
health the foods with low cariogenicity and acidogenicity are considered. Cariogenicity of the foodstuff depends
directly on the content of carbohydrates that can be fermented to organic acids by bacteria in dental plaque [3].
Moreover foodstuffs that contain large amount of acids may have additional indirect cariogenic potential due to
promotion of cariogenic microorganisms growth by frequent acidification of dental plaque [3]. This plaque
acidification can be measured by different methods, however the most frequent is plaque- pH telemetry. In this
method pH-electrode measures the pH of plaque on proximal sites of the artificial teeth placed on special partial
prosthesis in volunteers oral cavity. The plaque has accumulated on electrode surface for at least three but no
more than seven days. Like non-cariogenic food is considered the food after its consumption the pH of plaque is
not decreased under 5.7 [3].
The erosive potential of the food can be only determined in in vivo conditions, because factors such as
food dissolutionperiod, acids neutralization by saliva as well as period for food contact with teeth can
significantly influence the erosive potential [3]. For erosive potential measuring the same method of pH
telemetry is used. The only difference is that in this case the electrode measures pH on tooth surface free of
plaque. According to this method an exposure to acid of 40 µmol H+
/min is considered like critical level of food
acidogenicity.
II. Tooth-friendlyproducts
Due totooth-friendlyproductsconsumption, dentalplaque pH will not decreaseunderthe 5.7 as well as
they do not haveerosivepotential [17]. So these products are safeforteeth. Allof these productshavespecial logo
„Happy Tooth“ (Fig. 1).TheTooth-friendlymarkwasregistered in Switzerland in 1982
forconfectionaryproduction[3]. Consequentlyanothereuropeancountriesregisteredthismark. Tooth-
friendlyproducts do not containcertain food componentsthatcandamagetheteeth [3, 12].
Someofthemcontaindifferentsubstancesthat are beneficialfordentalhealth. They are mineralcomponents,
caseinephosphopetideamorphouscalciumpshosphate (CPP-ACP), sweeteners, macropeptides, xanthan gum and
others.
Figure 1 Happy Tooth logo [18, 19]
Additionofmineralcomponentslike fluoride, calcium and phosphatereducescariogenic and
erosivepotentialoffoods. These mineralscanbefound in fruitjuices, carbonatedbeverages, sweets,
chewinggumsetc. [2, 14, 20, 21].Themeanswith CPP-ACP (caseinphosphopeptideamorphouscalciumphosphate-
RECALDENT) provide a simile effect [2]. Itiscontained in dairybeveragesMeijiMilk de RECALDENT
orchewing gum Trident.Theirconsumptioniscontraindicated in the case ofallergicreaction to milk protein.
As wasmentionedabove, onestrategyof food cariogenicpotentialreductionissubstitution by
differentsweeteners. There are two groups of sweeteners that are used in food technology: reduced-calorie
(nutritive)bulk sweeteners with calories and low-calorie (non-nutritive) intense sweetenerswith little or no
calories [1].
1. Reduced-calorie bulk sweeteners
1.1. Erythritolis a sugar alcohol and has promising properties like sugar substitution in the reduction of
cariogenic potential. However there are limited evidences about its anticariogenic effect. Some studies
established significant plaque reduction in the case of daily use of erythritol chewable tablets and dentifrice
[22]. Based on currently available evidences, erythritol is considered like non-cariogenic. In contrast to
many other polyols used like bulk sweeteners erythritol does not have laxative effect. So its usage should be
wider in the future. Erythritol is added to different beverages, chewing gum, chocolate, candies and bakery
products. It is also used as top-table sweetener [1].
4. Food Componentsin Oral Health
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1.2. Isomaltcan beconsidered like non-acidogenic sweetener [1]. Many studies showed that cariogenic bacteria
are not able to ferment it that leads to the reduction of their amount [1]. These different studies concluded
that isomalt is non-cariogenic. It is used in chocolate, chewing gum, candies, fruit spreads and cereals [1].
1.3. Lactitolhas low cariogenic potential. Due to the study of Grenby and Desai dental plaque of individualswho
consumed sweets with lactitol during 3 days contained less soluble carbohydrate and more calcium and
phosphates in comparison with individuals who consumed sweets with sucrose [23].Lactitol is applied in
chewing gum, confectionary products, ice-cream and frozen desserts, chocolate, preserves and others [1].
1.4. Maltitol. There are a limit evidences of maltitol dental effect. Available studies established that streptococci
are not able to ferment maltitol [1]. After maltitol application dental plaque pH does not fall under 6.0 [24].
Based on these facts maltitiol can be considered like non-acidogenic, non-cariogenic and possibly caries
inhibitory [1]. It is used in chewing gum, confectionary, sweets, some dairy and bakery products [1].
1.5. Sorbitol has been widely investigated in different studies. They showed a really slow rate of sorbitol
fermentation by microorganisms of dental plaque as well as slight decrease of pH after sorbitol application
[1]. Sorbitol is applied in chewing gums, sweets, bakery products, chocolates and other products [1].
1.6. Mannitol has similar effect on pH and fermentation by bacteria [1]. The application is the same like for
sorbitol.
1.7. D-tagatoseis added to different foodstuffs, beverages and food supplements. It is also used in some
toothpastes and mouthwashes like an alternative to sorbitol, a humectant and sweetener, as well as to
improve taste. D-tagatose can have some potential effect in preventionand reduction of plaque formation as
well as subgingival microflora alteration[25].
1.8. Xylitol is the mostly used sweetener that has been investigated in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies [1].
It is a natural sweetener occurring in fruit, vegetables and in the wood of some trees (xylem) [26]. Its
cariostatic and anti-cariogenic effect is already known for several years [26]. Xylitol can neutralize the
plaque acids. It also acts like bacteriostatic agent. Xylitol can form some complex compounds with calcium
ions that subsequently penetrate into the enamel and prevent loss of calcium and phosphate ions from hard
dental tissues hydroxyapatite during demineralization. Thus, xylitol plays important role in the
remineralization of hard dental tissues [26]. Besides this xylitol increases the buffering capacity of saliva,
which helps to increase the pH in the oral cavity [26]. Xylitol is available in the form of pellets, powder,
chewing gum or nasal spray. It is added into confectionery products, chocolate, dairy products, frozen
desserts, baked goods [1]. It is also part of some mouthwashes, toothpastes and gels [26].
According to different studies xylitol has a positive dental effect even in really small doses: less than 1 g
per day in toothpaste, 5–20 g in confectionery and 2–10 g in chewing gums [1].
2. High-intensity sweeteners. There is a few evidence about effects of high-intensity sweeteners on dental
health [1]. These sweeteners provide a sweet taste with low calories. For improving of their functional
properties they are often used in combination with bulk sweeteners such as polydextrose, maltodextrin,
resistant maltodextrin or other bulking polysaccharides [1]. High-intensity sweeteners are widely used in
carbonated drinks.
2.1. Acesulfame Khas a property to inhibit the growth of S. mutans as well as to decrease the formation of acids
from sucrose [1]. So it can be suggested as non-cariogenic. Acesulfame K is added to beverages, dairy
products, edible ices, bakery products, cereals, different sweets and chewing gums as well as to jams,
marmalades, preserves and canned fruit. It is also used like table-top sweetener [1].
2.2. Aspartame. Due to available studies aspartame is non-fermentable and non-cariogenic sweetener [1]. It is
used in soft drinks, confectionery, pharmaceutical tablets and dry syrups, dairy products, dry mix products,
bars as well as table-top sweetener [1].
2.3. Cyclamate and Saccharin are the further sweeteners that used in food industry for reduction of cariogenic
potential. After their application the pH in dental plaque is not higher than critical values. They are used in
beverages and like table-top sweetener [1].
2.4. Sucraloseis chlorinated derivative of sucrose. Available studies provided in in vitro conditions showed that
sucralose is non-cariogenic and unable to support the growth of cariogenic bacteria [1]. These studies also
showed that sucralose is non-acidogenic. Sucralose is used in beverages, dairy products, confectionery
production, baked products and in some pharmaceutical means [1].
2.5. D-psicose (D-allulose) is a novel non-laxative and tooth-friendly sweetener that can have particular interest
for confectionery manufacturers in the future. Nowadays its use is limited to some countries (e.g. USA,
Japan) [27].
2.6. Thaumatin, Neohesperidine DC, Isomaltulose (Palatinose) are further low-calorie sweeteners that are
used in food industry. However there is a few studies investigated their effect on dental health. Therefore
further investigations are needed. They are added to chewing gums, selected soft drinks as well as in liquid
medicines, oral care products and in the nutraceutical/fortified foods industries [1].
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2.7. Bulking agents like polydextrose, inulins, maltodextrines, gellan gum are another substances that are
added to foodstuffs and beverages to reduce their cariogenic potential [1, 27]. The mechanism of its non-
cariogenic effect is the similar like for sweeteners: they are unable to be the substrate for cariogenic bacteria
as well as their application do not lead to pH decrease or decrease it insignificantly [1]. However it is
advisable to provide a detailed research of their dental effects.
III. Functional food
Some foodstuffs besides macronutrients, mineral components and vitamins contain so called functional
substances that have beneficial effect on human health generally. These foodstuffs and beverages are called
functional. They have besides their main, nutritional, function supporting effect on normal physiological
functions as well as they can help to stop some pathological processes [28, 29]. The history of functional food
starts from 80s years of the 20th century. Due to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) the functional food
is defined as food that is a part of diet containing biologically active substances helping to save health and
reduce risk of diseases [28].
Functional foodstuffs are first of all the dairy products with high content of bioactive proteins and
calcium. It is well known from many studies that regular consumption of milk,cream cheese and cheese leads to
reduction of cariogenicity [29]. They contain mineral components (calcium, phosphates), lipids and so called
bioactive proteins like caseinphosphopeptideand glycomacropeptide. These casein derivatives can be also
contained in some beverages, waffles, cookies, chocolate, pudding, nut butter, cereals, gelatin and help to
remineralize hard dental tissues (increase of absorption of calcium, iron and zinc) as well as reduce dental
plaque formation and protect the tooth surface against tooth decay and erosion [28, 29]. Their combination with
amorphous calcium phosphate is patented substance RECALDENT that is a part of many foodstuffs, beverages
and oral hygiene means with anticariogenic and antierosive effects. This substance inhibits the growth of
cariogenic Streptococci as well as forms on the enamel surface the reservoir of mineral components for its
healing after acidic reaction [28, 29]. Dairy products are recommended to be consumed like final product after
main meal and they are both effective in prophylaxis of dental caries as well as erosion. Besides mentioned
active substances they also contained protein binding the folate, lactoferrin, lysocim, lactoperoxidase that in in
vitro conditions inhibit the growth and adherence of Streptococcus mutans [30].
Some fruit and plant also contain functional components. For example cranberries have anticariogenic
effect due to polyphenols and polyalcohols helping to reduce the number and adherence of Stretococcusmutans
on the tooth surface [31]. The similar effect is characterized for cacao that contains procyanidins, antioxidants,
trigonelline and polyfenols. Tea leaves contain catechin that inhibits the metabolism of cariogenic
microorganisms and due to block of glycosyltransferase worsen adherence of some cariogenic bacteria on the
tooth surface [32].
Another group of functional components are some preservatives, like sorbates, benzoates, sulphites
andnitrite that inhibits the growth of cariogenic streptococci [33].
Honey and its products are also very beneficial for general and oral health. It contains phosphate ethers
of glucose and sucrose as well as salts of inositol hexaphosphate acid that in in vitro conditions are able to
interference with cariogenic bacteria and inhibit the adherence of Streptococcus mutans on the tooth surface
[34]. The further honey product with anticariogenic property is the propolis that contains flavonoids and
antimicrobial substances and due to this has biocidal effect on cariogenic bacteria [34].
Probiotics are another foods with functional components. These are the products that contain
microorganisms beneficial for health. These microorganisms can form some antimicrobial substances that
inhibit another, pathological, kinds of microorganisms. Dairy products with probiotic kinds of lactobacillae and
bifidobacteria are widely used in therapy of gastroenterological and gynecological diseases. It was established
that these bacteria can also have anticariogenic effect [35]. Nowadays some probiotic chewing gums and dragée
for tooth decay reduction are available on the market. But it is necessary to keep in mind that further clinical
studies of probiotics influence on tooth decay formation and prevention are needed [1].
IV. Conclusion
Consumption of tooth-friendly and functional products instead usual sweets and foods with high
erosive potential seems to be one of the ways of dental caries and erosion prevention. Use of sweeteners instead
sugar, has positive effect in caries prevention that has been confirmed in many clinical and experimental
studies.Use of reduced-calorie sweeteners in „safe for teeth‟confectionery products provided a tooth-friendly
alternative to confectioneryproducts with sugar. Addition of mineral components like calcium, fluoride,
phosphate to different foodstuffs and beverages reduces their cariogenic and erosive potential. Another
functional components that can be found in different plants, fruit, honey, milk, dairy products, preservatives,
probiotics etc. seem to be also effective addition to complex prevention of these pathological changes of hard
dental tissues. However further investigations in this field are needed.
6. Food Componentsin Oral Health
www.ijpsi.org 47 | P a g e
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