This document discusses prescription writing and handling. It defines a prescription as a written order from a medical practitioner to a pharmacist for a medication. It outlines the typical parts of a prescription including prescriber information, patient details, medication, directions, and signature. It describes types of prescriptions and legal requirements. It discusses the pharmacist's role in receiving, checking, compounding, packaging, and labeling prescriptions. Common errors like abbreviations, drug names, doses, and incompatibilities are also outlined.
Total parenteral nutrition is a medication used to manage and treat malnourishment. It is in the nutrition class of drugs.
TPN is a mixture of separate components which contain lipid emulsions, dextrose, amino acids, vitamins, electrolytes, minerals, and trace elements. Clinicians should adjust TPN composition to fulfill individual patients' needs. The main three macronutrients are lipids emulsions, proteins, and dextrose.
Hospital pharmacy: Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy SHIVANEE VYAS
The hospital pharmacy may be defined as that department of the hospital that deals with procurement, storage, compounding, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, packaging, and distribution of drugs. It is also concerned with education and research in pharmaceutical services. A hospital pharmacy is controlled by a qualified pharmacist.
The hospital pharmacy exerts a great deal of influence on the professional status of the hospital as well as the economics of the total operational cost of the institution. Modern-day hospital pharmacy also provides clinical pharmacy services of drug monitoring and drug information system.
Pharmacopoeia: the word derives from the ancient Greek word pharmakon means drug & poeia- to make.
It is a legally binding collection, prepared by a national or regional authority& contains list of medicinal substances, crude drug & formulas for making preparation from them.
PRESCRIPTION
DEFINITION:
Prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner or
other properly licensed practitioners such as dentist, veterinarian etc.
To a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the
patient.
The prescriptions are generally written in the English language but
Latin words or abbreviations are frequently used in order to save time.
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION:
Prescriptions are gentrally written on a typical format which is usually
kept as pads.
1. Date.
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient.
3. Superscription.
4. Inscription.
5. Subscription.
6. Signatura.
7. Renewal instructions.
8. Signature, Address and Registration number of the prescriber.
1) DATE:
It helps a pharmacist to find out the date of prescribing and date of
presentation for filling the prescription.
2) NAME, AGE, SEX AND ADDRESS OF THE PATIENT:
Name, age, address of the patient must be written in the prescription
because it serves to identify the prescription.
In case, if any of these information is missing in the prescription, the
same may be included by the pharmacist after proper enquiry from the
patient.
Age and sex of the patient, especially in case of children, help the
pharmacist to check the prescribed dose of medication.
3) SUPERSCRIPTION:
It is represented by a symbol Which is written before writing the
prescription. is an abbrevation of the latin word receipe, meaning
‘You take’ (take thou). In olden days,the symbol was considered from
the sign of jupiter, God of healing.
4) INSCRIPTION:
This is the main part of the prescription order, contains the names and
quantities of the prescribed ingredients.
The names of ingredients are generally written in English language but
common abbreviation used can written both in English and Latin
languages.
The medicament may be prescribed as an official preparation,
a proprietary product, a nonproprietary product (Generic), not official
or a specific or individual formula.
In case of special or individual formula, the quantity of each ingredient
will be stated together with a description of the type of the preparation,
e.g: cream, mixture, lotion etc.
The name of each ingredient is written on a separate line along with its
quantity.
5) SUBSCRIPTION:
This comprises direction to the pharmacist for preparing and number
of doses to be dispensed.
6) SIGNATURA:
This consists of the direction to be given to the patient regarding the
administration of the drug.
It is usually written as ‘sig’ on the prescription.
The instructions given in prescription are required to be transferred to
the label of the container in which the medicament is to be dispensed, so
that the patient can follow it.
RENEWAL INSTRUCTIONS:
The prescriber indicate on every prescription order, whether it may be
renewed and if so, how many times.
It is very important particularly in the prescription containing the
narcotic and habit form
Total parenteral nutrition is a medication used to manage and treat malnourishment. It is in the nutrition class of drugs.
TPN is a mixture of separate components which contain lipid emulsions, dextrose, amino acids, vitamins, electrolytes, minerals, and trace elements. Clinicians should adjust TPN composition to fulfill individual patients' needs. The main three macronutrients are lipids emulsions, proteins, and dextrose.
Hospital pharmacy: Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy SHIVANEE VYAS
The hospital pharmacy may be defined as that department of the hospital that deals with procurement, storage, compounding, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, packaging, and distribution of drugs. It is also concerned with education and research in pharmaceutical services. A hospital pharmacy is controlled by a qualified pharmacist.
The hospital pharmacy exerts a great deal of influence on the professional status of the hospital as well as the economics of the total operational cost of the institution. Modern-day hospital pharmacy also provides clinical pharmacy services of drug monitoring and drug information system.
Pharmacopoeia: the word derives from the ancient Greek word pharmakon means drug & poeia- to make.
It is a legally binding collection, prepared by a national or regional authority& contains list of medicinal substances, crude drug & formulas for making preparation from them.
PRESCRIPTION
DEFINITION:
Prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner or
other properly licensed practitioners such as dentist, veterinarian etc.
To a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the
patient.
The prescriptions are generally written in the English language but
Latin words or abbreviations are frequently used in order to save time.
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION:
Prescriptions are gentrally written on a typical format which is usually
kept as pads.
1. Date.
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient.
3. Superscription.
4. Inscription.
5. Subscription.
6. Signatura.
7. Renewal instructions.
8. Signature, Address and Registration number of the prescriber.
1) DATE:
It helps a pharmacist to find out the date of prescribing and date of
presentation for filling the prescription.
2) NAME, AGE, SEX AND ADDRESS OF THE PATIENT:
Name, age, address of the patient must be written in the prescription
because it serves to identify the prescription.
In case, if any of these information is missing in the prescription, the
same may be included by the pharmacist after proper enquiry from the
patient.
Age and sex of the patient, especially in case of children, help the
pharmacist to check the prescribed dose of medication.
3) SUPERSCRIPTION:
It is represented by a symbol Which is written before writing the
prescription. is an abbrevation of the latin word receipe, meaning
‘You take’ (take thou). In olden days,the symbol was considered from
the sign of jupiter, God of healing.
4) INSCRIPTION:
This is the main part of the prescription order, contains the names and
quantities of the prescribed ingredients.
The names of ingredients are generally written in English language but
common abbreviation used can written both in English and Latin
languages.
The medicament may be prescribed as an official preparation,
a proprietary product, a nonproprietary product (Generic), not official
or a specific or individual formula.
In case of special or individual formula, the quantity of each ingredient
will be stated together with a description of the type of the preparation,
e.g: cream, mixture, lotion etc.
The name of each ingredient is written on a separate line along with its
quantity.
5) SUBSCRIPTION:
This comprises direction to the pharmacist for preparing and number
of doses to be dispensed.
6) SIGNATURA:
This consists of the direction to be given to the patient regarding the
administration of the drug.
It is usually written as ‘sig’ on the prescription.
The instructions given in prescription are required to be transferred to
the label of the container in which the medicament is to be dispensed, so
that the patient can follow it.
RENEWAL INSTRUCTIONS:
The prescriber indicate on every prescription order, whether it may be
renewed and if so, how many times.
It is very important particularly in the prescription containing the
narcotic and habit form
Community pharmacy-Definition ,scope and Roles and responsibilities of commun...MerrinJoseph1
Second Pharm D , Community Pharmacy -first chapter,definition of community pharmacy,its scope and the roles and responsibilities of community pharmacist in health care of common people,Dr.Merrin Joseph,Department of pharmacy practice
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
1. Abbreviation
2. Name of the drug
3. Strength of the preparation
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
5. Dose
6. Instructions for the patient
7. Incompatibilities
1. ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviation.
E.g: Dispense Achromycin for “Achro” may cause difficulty when a
intention of the prescriber is to dispense Achrostatin.
2. NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
E.g: Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
3. STRENGTH OF THE PREPARATION
The strength of preparation should be stated by prescriber.
It is essential when various strengths of a product are available in
the market.
E.g: It will be a wrong decision on the part of pharmacist to
dispense paracetamol tablet 500 mg when prescription for
paracetamol tablet is received with no specific strength.
4. DOSAGE FORM OF THE DRUG PRESCRIBED
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
E.g: Liquid, Tablet, Capsule and Suppository.
The pharmaceutical form of the product should be written on the
prescription in order to avoid ambiguity.
5. DOSE
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the
prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should
consult paediatric posology to avoid any error.
Sometimes a reasonable dose is administered too frequently.
E.g: A prescription for sustained release formulation to be
administered after every 4 hours should thoroughly check
because such dosage forms are usually administered only two or
three times a day.
6. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENT
The instructions for the patient which are given in the
prescription are incomplete or omitted.
The quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequently and timing of
administration and route of administration should clearly give in
the prescription so as to avoid confusion.
7. INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical or
therapeutic incompatibilities in a prescribed preparation and
that different medicines prescribed for the same patient do not
interact with each other to produce any harm to the patient.
Certain antibiotics should not be given with meals since it
significantly decrease the absorption of the drug.
it is GTU based syllabus chapter and all the points are covered like... handling of prescription , etc... very helpful for pharmacy students...and its in easy language..
Prescription types, parts of prescription, handling and care required during dispensing prescription, sources of error in prescription & calculations involved in dispensing prescription-Imperial System & Metric System.
For B Pharmacy Students
Subscribe to the YouYube Channel #Professor_Beubenz
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC84jGf2iRN5VjwnQqi6qmXg?view_as=subscriber
Chapter 7_Health Screening Services in Community Pharmacy.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Introduction,
Scope and importance of various health screening services - for routine monitoring of patients,
Early detection,
And referral of undiagnosed cases
This ppt is very simple and has immence importance in dispensing pharmacy. it has been prepared based on the syllabus of WBUT & consists of informations of elimentary label...WHAT IS A “PRESCRIPTION” ?
A Prescription is a written order from a Registered Medical Practitioner, or any other Licensed Practitioner, such as Dentists, Veterinarian etc.
ABBREVIATIONS:-
It represents a problem in understanding the parts of a prescribing order & therefore leads to confusion…
NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of other drugs…
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENTS
It essential to mention the instructions like quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequency & timing of administration in order to avoid confusion…
INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no Pharmaceutical or Therapeutic incompatibility in a prescription…
Prescription is a written medication order to pharmacist by medical prescriber, for supply of medicine to a patient.
It has some parts which have been explained in this presentation.
A medical prescription (℞) is an order (often in written form) issued by a
qualified health care professional (e.g. physician and dentist) to a pharmacist or
other therapist for a treatment (medicine or device) to be provided to their patient.
1.INTRODUCTION OF PRESCRIPTION
2.PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION
3.TYPES OF PRESCRIPTION
4.LEGAL REQUIREMENT FOR VALID PRESCRIPTION
5.HANDLING OF PRESCRIPTION
6.ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
7.ABRIVIATIONS
Community pharmacy-Definition ,scope and Roles and responsibilities of commun...MerrinJoseph1
Second Pharm D , Community Pharmacy -first chapter,definition of community pharmacy,its scope and the roles and responsibilities of community pharmacist in health care of common people,Dr.Merrin Joseph,Department of pharmacy practice
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
1. Abbreviation
2. Name of the drug
3. Strength of the preparation
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
5. Dose
6. Instructions for the patient
7. Incompatibilities
1. ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviation.
E.g: Dispense Achromycin for “Achro” may cause difficulty when a
intention of the prescriber is to dispense Achrostatin.
2. NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
E.g: Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
3. STRENGTH OF THE PREPARATION
The strength of preparation should be stated by prescriber.
It is essential when various strengths of a product are available in
the market.
E.g: It will be a wrong decision on the part of pharmacist to
dispense paracetamol tablet 500 mg when prescription for
paracetamol tablet is received with no specific strength.
4. DOSAGE FORM OF THE DRUG PRESCRIBED
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
E.g: Liquid, Tablet, Capsule and Suppository.
The pharmaceutical form of the product should be written on the
prescription in order to avoid ambiguity.
5. DOSE
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the
prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should
consult paediatric posology to avoid any error.
Sometimes a reasonable dose is administered too frequently.
E.g: A prescription for sustained release formulation to be
administered after every 4 hours should thoroughly check
because such dosage forms are usually administered only two or
three times a day.
6. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENT
The instructions for the patient which are given in the
prescription are incomplete or omitted.
The quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequently and timing of
administration and route of administration should clearly give in
the prescription so as to avoid confusion.
7. INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical or
therapeutic incompatibilities in a prescribed preparation and
that different medicines prescribed for the same patient do not
interact with each other to produce any harm to the patient.
Certain antibiotics should not be given with meals since it
significantly decrease the absorption of the drug.
it is GTU based syllabus chapter and all the points are covered like... handling of prescription , etc... very helpful for pharmacy students...and its in easy language..
Prescription types, parts of prescription, handling and care required during dispensing prescription, sources of error in prescription & calculations involved in dispensing prescription-Imperial System & Metric System.
For B Pharmacy Students
Subscribe to the YouYube Channel #Professor_Beubenz
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC84jGf2iRN5VjwnQqi6qmXg?view_as=subscriber
Chapter 7_Health Screening Services in Community Pharmacy.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Introduction,
Scope and importance of various health screening services - for routine monitoring of patients,
Early detection,
And referral of undiagnosed cases
This ppt is very simple and has immence importance in dispensing pharmacy. it has been prepared based on the syllabus of WBUT & consists of informations of elimentary label...WHAT IS A “PRESCRIPTION” ?
A Prescription is a written order from a Registered Medical Practitioner, or any other Licensed Practitioner, such as Dentists, Veterinarian etc.
ABBREVIATIONS:-
It represents a problem in understanding the parts of a prescribing order & therefore leads to confusion…
NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of other drugs…
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENTS
It essential to mention the instructions like quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequency & timing of administration in order to avoid confusion…
INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no Pharmaceutical or Therapeutic incompatibility in a prescription…
Prescription is a written medication order to pharmacist by medical prescriber, for supply of medicine to a patient.
It has some parts which have been explained in this presentation.
A medical prescription (℞) is an order (often in written form) issued by a
qualified health care professional (e.g. physician and dentist) to a pharmacist or
other therapist for a treatment (medicine or device) to be provided to their patient.
1.INTRODUCTION OF PRESCRIPTION
2.PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION
3.TYPES OF PRESCRIPTION
4.LEGAL REQUIREMENT FOR VALID PRESCRIPTION
5.HANDLING OF PRESCRIPTION
6.ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
7.ABRIVIATIONS
This ppt is useful for all pharmacy students specially for students who are in first year B.pharmacy. this will including all the important points with proper explanation. language is kept very much simple for easy understanding.
Definition of Prescription
Parts Prescription
Handling of Prescription
legality & identification of medication related problems like drug interactions.
The prescription, An important topic of pharmacy, Pharmaceutics 2nd, Prescrip...RajkumarKumawat11
The prescription, An important topic of pharmacy, Pharmaceutics 2nd, Prescription topic for pharma students, A presentation on prescription by Raj kumar kumawat
It covered all topics from syllabus of prescription chapter
of pharmaceutics-2,
It's become helpfull for diploma students, took all topics from R.M.Mehta pharmaceutics-2, 3rd edition-2010, vallabh prakashan.
Basic principles of compounding and dispensing (Prescription) MANIKImran Nur Manik
Weight, measure and units calculation for compounding and dispensing. Fundamental operation in compounding. Good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing. Containers and closures for dispensed products. Responding to prescription, labeling of dispensed medications.
TOP AND BEST GLUTE BUILDER A 606 | Fitking FitnessFitking Fitness
"Feature:
• Intelligent Ergonomically Design Glute Builder Is A Must Have For Those Looking To Target Their Gluteal Muscles And Hamstrings With Precision.
• The Ability To Adjust The Starting Position, This Machine Allows For A More Targeted Workout That Is Tailored To Your Specific Needs.
• Spacious And Supportive Cushioned Seat Provide Added Comfort And Stability During Your Workout."
Get more information visit on:- www.fitking.in
Our mail I.D:-care@fitking.in, fitking.in@gmail.com
Call us at :- 9958880790, 9870336406, 8800695917
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION OF PRESCRIPTION
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION
TYPES OF PRESCRIPTION
LEGAL REQUIREMENT FOR VALID PRESCRIPTION
HANDLING OF PRESCRIPTION
ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
ABRIVIATIONS
3. INTRODUCTION
It is an order written by a physician, dentist,
veterinarian or a registered medical practitioner
(RMP) to a pharmacist to compound and dispense a
specific drug for the patient. OR
Prescription is a written order for medication, issued
by physician or RMP. Prescription is relationship
between physician and pharmacist.
Physician (RMP) Pharmacist patients
4. Cont…
The word "prescription" is derived from the Latin
term praescriptus.
(Prae - 'before' and scribere- meaning 'to write').
Prescription means 'to write before' which means
prescription had to be written before a drug could be
compounded and administered to a patient.
5. PARTS OF A PRESCRIPTION
Atypical prescription consists of the following parts:
1. Prescriber office information
2. Date
3. Patient information (Name, Age, SexAndAddress Of The Patient)
4. Superscription (symbol ℞)
5. Inscription (Medication prescribed)- Main part of prescription
6. Subscription(Direction to Pharmacist/Dispenser )
7. Signatura or Transcription (Direction for Patient)
8. Renewal instructions
9. Prescriber’s signature and registration number.
6. 1.Physician (Prescriber) office Information:
Information about physician is essential so that the patient
could be contact in emergency. Following information is
mentioned on the prescription
i. Doctor's or office name.
ii. Address with phone number and e-mail.
iii. Prescription number, (required when calling the
pharmacy for a refill)
7. 2. Date
It helps a pharmacist to find out the date of
prescribing.
It also helps in know when the medicines were last
dispensed if the prescription is brought for
redispens.
In case of habit forming drug the date prevents
the misuse of the drug by the patient
8. 3. Patient information
PATIENT INFORMATION (Name, Age, Sex and
Address of the Patient)
Name and address of the patient for identification
purpose.
Age and sex of the patient is required for child
patient to check the prescribed dose.
9. 4. SUPERSCRIPTION (symbol ℞)
It is represented by ℞ (Latin term) „recipe‟ which
means „take thou‟ or „you take‟.
In olden days, the symbol was considered to be
originated from the sign of Jupiter.
Jupiter is the Greek God of healing.
This symbol was use for requesting God for the quick
recovery of the patient.
10. 5. INSCRIPTION (Medication prescribed)
It is the main part of the prescription.
It contains the names and quantities of the prescribed
medicaments.
The medicament may be official preparation or nonofficial
preparation.
a.) Official preparation (i.e. from pharmacopoeia) – Only
name of the preparation is written E.g. Piperazine Citrate
Elixir IP
b.) Nonofficial preparation- Quantity of each ingredient
will be given and type of preparation will also be given
11. 6. SUBSCRIPTION (Direction to Pharmacist)
In this part the prescriber gives direction to the
pharmacista) Regarding the dosage form to be
prepared.
b) Number of doses to be dispensed.
12. 7. SIGNATURA (Direction for Patient)
To be placed on the label.
It is usually written as „Sig.‟.
The signatura written in english and use some
Latin abbreviations like t.i.d (thrice a day),
b.i.d (twice a day) and o.d (once a day).
13. Cont..
Instructions should be written on the label of container so that
the patient can follow them.
The instructions may include-
a) Quantity to be taken(dose of drug)
b) Frequency and timing of administration of the preparation
(dose interval)
c) Route of administration
d) Special instruction (if any)
14. 8. RENEWAL INSTRUCTIONS
The number of times a prescription is to be repeated is
written by the physician.
It is very important for the case of habit forming drugs
to prevent its misuse.
15. 9. PRESCRIBER’S SIGNA
TURE AND
REGISTRATION NUMBER
The prescription must be signed by the prescriber by
his / her own hand.
Registration number should be written in the case of
dangerous and habit forming drugs.
17. a). Compounded prescription-
Also known as extemporaneous prescription.
It is an order that requires mixing of one or more
ingredients (active medicaments).
It contains several ingredients which are divided into
the following parts:
(a) Base: The active medicaments (Produce the
therapeutic effect).
(b) Additives-1) It enhances the action of the drug.
18. Cont…
2) It makes the preparation more elegant (attractive)
and palatable.
(c) Vehicle: It is the main carrier of the drug. E.g. -In
liquid preparations solvent (water) used as vehicle.
Now a day’s compounding is omitted from
prescription.
E.g. Sodium bicarbonate -3g
Simple Syrup -6ml
Purified Water (q.s.)- 100ml
19. b).Non-compounded prescription
Does not require compounding of pharmaceutical
product.
Precompounded drugs supplied by a pharmaceutical
company by its official or proprietary name.
20. Legal Requirements for a Valid Prescription
1. Prescription should be written in indelible (can not
erased) ink (may be handwritten or computer
generated)
2. Prescription must be signed in indelible ink by the
practitioner using his own name.
3. Prescription must be dated by the prescriber.
4. Prescription should state address of the practitioner
5. if issued by a dentist the words „for dental use only
21. Cont…
6. Prescription always writes legibly.
7.Prescription always space out words and numbers
to avoid confusion.
8.Prescription always contains complete medication
orders.
9. Avoid abbreviations.
22. CONT…
Now a day’s electronic prescriptions use, to minimize
medication errors.
The use of Latin word in prescription writing is
traditional.
Now a day’s Latin has slowly gone.
24. Latin Terms Latin term / phrases
Abbreviation
Semel in die or omne in
die
o.d. Once a day
Bis in die, Bis die b.d Twice a day
Ter in die, Ter die t.i.d Thrice a day
Quartar in die q.i.d., q.d Four times a day
Si opus sit s.o.s When required
25.
26. HANDLING OF PRESCRIPTION
The following procedures should be adopted by the
pharmacist while handling the prescription for
compounding and dispensing:
I. Receiving
II. Reading and checking
III. Collecting and weighing the materials
IV.Compounding, packaging and labeling
27. I. Receiving
The prescription should be received by the pharmacist.
While receiving a prescription, a pharmacist should
not change his/her facial expression.
It gives an impression that he/she is confused or
surprised after seeing the prescription.
28. II. Reading and checking
After receiving the prescription it should be screened
behind the counter.
Prescription authenticity should be checked.
The signature of the prescriber and the date of prescription
should be checked.
The pharmacist should read all the lines and words of the
prescription.
He/she must not guess any word.
If there is any doubt, the pharmacist should consult with
the other pharmacist or the prescriber over telephone.
29. (III). Collecting and weighing the material
Before compounding a prescription all the materials
should be collected from the shelves or drawers.
All the materials kept in the left hand side of the
balance. After measuring each material should be
kept on the right hand side of the balance.
30. Cont…
After compounding of the prescription materials are
replaced back to the shelves / drawers. While
compounding every container of material should be
checked thrice in the following manner:
(i) When collected from the shelves/drawers.
(ii) When the materials are measured.
(iii)When the containers are replaced back to the
shelves/drawers.
31. IV. Compounding, packaging and labeling
Only one prescription should be compounded at a time.
Compounding should be done on a clean table.
All equipment required should be cleaned and dried.
The preparation should be prepared according to the
direction of the prescriber or as per methods given in
pharmacopoeia or formulary.
The compounded preparations should be filled in
suitable containers.
Label the container.
32. CARE REQUIRED IN DISPENSING PRESCRIPTION
1.The prescription must be carried with the pharmacist while taking the
medicine out of the shelves.
2.The dispensing balance should always be checked before weighing any
ingredient.
3.All the chemicals should be replaced back in to their original positions in the
shelf.
4.Care should be taken to keep the balance clean after each measurement.
5.Liquid preparations for external use the label must display FOR EXTERNAL
USE ONLY in red ink
6.Before handing over the medicine to the patient, again the preparation should
be checked.
34. 1.Abbreviation
In most of the prescriptions abbreviated terms are used
by the prescriber that leads to major errors during
interpretation by the pharmacists. E.g. „SSKI‟ is the
abbreviated term of „Saturated Solution of Potassium
Iodide‟.
It is preferable to avoid these types of misleading
abbreviations.
35. 2. Name of the drugs
Names of some drugs (especially the brand
names) either look or sound alike. So any error
in the name of a drug will lead to major danger
to the patient. e.g. Althrocin – Eltroxin, Acidin
–Apidin , Digoxin- Digitoxin etc.
36. 3. Strength of the preparation
Drugs are available in the market in various strengths.
So a drug must not be dispensed if the strength is not
written in the prescription. E.g. Paracetamol tablet
500mg should not be dispensed when no strength is
mentioned in the prescription.
37. 4. Communication failure
Failures during the process of patient management -
Includes illegible handwriting, incomplete
prescribing order. Common errors include: „g‟
mistaken for „mg‟
38. 5.Dosage form of the drug prescribed
Many drugs are available in more than one dosage
forms. E.g. liquid, tablets, injections or suppositories.
The dosage form intended for the patient must be
mentioned in the prescription to reduce ambiguity.
39. 6.Dose
If unusually high or low dose is mentioned in the
prescription then it must be consulted with the
prescriber. Some time a sustained release (SR) dosage
form is prescribed thrice or more times daily.
Actually SR dosage forms should be given once or
twice a day.
40. 7.Instructions to the patient
preparation is either omitted
Some times the instruction for a certain
of mentioned
partially. The route of administration should be
mentioned clearly.
41. 8. Incompatibilities
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical
or therapeutic incompatibilities in the prescription. If
more than two medicines are prescribed then it is the
duty of the pharmacist to see whether their
interactions will produce any harm to the patient or
not. Certain drugs have interactions with food. E..g,
Tetracycline should not be taken with milk or antacid.
42. LABELING OF DISPENSED MEDICINES
After dispensing the medicine in a container, a label is
attached by adhesive. The label on the dispensed
medicines should provide the following
information:–
1. Name of the preparation-
When the prescriber mentions the name in the
prescription the same name must be displayed on
the label.
43. Example
PIPERAZINE CITRATE ELIXIR IP
If it is a non-official preparation then the name of the
dosage form should be given on the label.
e.g. THE MIXTURE, THE EMULSION, THE
DUSTING POWDER
44. Cont…
2. The strength of the medicine-
The strength of the active ingredient in the
preparation must be displayed if it is intended for
internal (oral) purpose. The amount in each unit of
dose should be mentioned.
e.g. In case of oral liquids “Each 5ml contains
250mg”
e.g. In case of tablet “Each tablet contains 500mg”.
45. Cont..
The values must be written in whole numbers and if
decimal is not avoidable then a zero is placed before
the decimal point. E.g. instead of 0.1g it should be
100mg, and instead of .5% it should be 0.5%. In case
of an official preparation the strength is not required
to be given, because the name with reference to the
pharmacopoeia is sufficient.
E.g. CHLORAMPHENICOL ORAL SUSPENSION
IP.