agriculture reference

1. PLANTING
CROPS

2. 1.DIRECT
PLANTING/SOWING

3. DIRECT
PLANTING/SOWING
Generally, large seeds are planted directly in the
ground or in garden plots or in the field. Some
vegetable crops do not need special care and are
planted directly in the ground. Some of these
plants are:
legumes like mongo, beans, cowpeas
vegetable fruit crops like okra, squash, upo,
patola
root crops radish and carrots.
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4. PARTS OF PLANTS DIRECTLY
PLANTED IN THE GROUND
1. Seed
2. Cuttings
3. Planting underground
runners
4. Bulb
5. Root and tuber
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5. 1. Seed
⊷ - a ripened ovule
containing embryo
- an embryonic plant
enclosed in a
protective covering
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6. Type of Seeds
A. Orthodox Seeds- these are seeds which can be kept for
longer periods provided they are properly dried and stored
after harvest and at its maturity.
Examples:
balimbing, betel nut, cashew, coconut, guava,
papaya, passion fruit, and tamarind; and all
vegetable seeds and ornamentals plants fall to this
category
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7. Type of Seeds
B. Recalcitrant seeds – these are seed of many fruits and
plantation crops which cannot withstand drying and
should not be permitted to dry out before planting
Examples:
mango, durian, rambutan, mangosteen, lanzones,
santol, jackfruit, tea, cacao, citrus, rubber, avocado,
duhat, calamansi, and oil palm
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8. Type of Seeds
C. Long lived seeds – these are seeds which contain hard
seed coat
Example:
pili
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9. 2. Cuttings
⊷ Cuttings are pieces of
stems placed under
suitable conditions
which will produce new
plants.
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10. POINTS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING
CUTTINGS:
The cuttings should be taken from sturdy
plants.
They should come from productive plants
planted in productive land.
They should be free from diseases and insect
pests.
They should be stocky and uniform in size
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11. 3. Planting underground runners
⊷ The underground section of the plant is used
for planting materials. The runners or suckers
are clipped off from the parent plants and
then planted to the field before they get dry.
They are usually set in ridges and rows.
Examples of these crops are arrowroots,
ginger, taro and gabi.
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12. 4. Bulb
⊷ The bulb portion of the plant is
used as a planting material.
Example is
garlic.
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13. 5. Root and tuber
Some crops are best propagated or
planted by the sections of the
roots or tubers. The root or tuber is cut
into halves or quarters. Each
section of which should have two or
three alive buds or “eyes.”
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14. METHODS OF DIRECT PLANTING
1. By machine
2. Sowing seeds by hand
The methods of planting seeds by hand are:
a. Hill planting. This is commonly done by having 3 to 4 seeds
per hill.
b. Broadcast method. This means scattering seeds uniformly
by hand all over a well prepared field and then covering the
seeds with soil through the help of light implement or plank.
3. Drill /line/furrow sowing
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15. Too shallow sowing results in
thin germination due to
inadequate soil moisture at top
soil layer. Similarly, if the seeds
are sown very deeply into the
soil, the young seedlings may
not be able to push their shoots
above, through thick soil layer.
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16. Transplanting
is the process of transferring the seedlings
from the nursery to the field where they
continually grow and develop.
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17. PURPOSES OF TRANSPLANTING
1. Allow sufficient space for stocky
development of the plants.
2. Do preliminary selection of good,
healthy and vigorous seedlings.
3. Eliminate disease and weak seedlings
or plants.
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18. TIPS IN SUCCESSFUL TRANSPLANTING
1. Have good healthy seedlings.
2. Have the land thoroughly prepared
before transplanting.
3. Transplant hardened seedlings.
Hardened seedlings could
withstand outside conditions.
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19. RULES IN TRANSPLANTING
1. Keep direct sunlight away from the roots while the
seedlings are out of the ground.
2. Keep the roots moist and the tops dry while transferring
the seedlings.
3. Keep as much soil on the roots as possible.
4. Settle the soil around the roots when watering.
5. Handle seedlings carefully to avoid bruising or breaking.
6. Do your transplanting late in the afternoon or on a cloudy
day and shade the seedlings
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20. STEPS IN TRANSPLANTING
1. Water the seedlings 24 hours before
transplanting.
2. With the aid of a sharp dibbler or trowel, lift the
plant carefully. Never pull the plants. The roots
should not be disturbed as little as possible. Carry
them on a wet gunny sack. They should not be
exposed to sunshine.
3. Dig a hole big enough to receive the root system
without bending or squeezing it into the space.
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21. STEPS IN TRANSPLANTING
4. Set the seedling in the hole. Sift fine moist soil around
the roots and press it down enough to bring the soil in
contact with the roots.
5. Water the newly transplanted seedlings using a
sprinkler or water hose with fine spray.
6. If necessary, provide a temporary shade to the
seedlings for a few days. Temporary shade can be made
from banana bracts or any available materials suitable
for the purpose.
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22. TOOLS AND MATERIALS IN TRANSPLANTING
⊷ Dibbler. The dibbler aids in lifting or pulling the seedlings
to minimize possible damages to seedlings.
⊷ Sprinkler or water hose is used in watering the seedlings
before pulling them and upon transplanting.
⊷ Covering materials like banana bracts and other
materials cover the transplants and safeguard the
transplants from excessive transpiration of water
especially during sunny days.
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23. Need to Remember
⊷ Success in transplanting seedlings to the field or garden
depends on good seedlings, good condition of the soil,
favorable weather conditions, time of transplanting, use
of appropriate tools and other materials and on the
proper manner of doing the work.
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24. Need to Remember
⊷ Seedlings are like babies. They are fragile and vulnerable
so the principles of Tender Loving Care (TLC) should be
strictly followed.
⊷ You should not delay transplanting because you are
also delaying the maturity of your crops
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25. Quiz
Directions: Read the following statements carefully. Write TRUE if
the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
_______1. Transplanting is the process of transferring the
seedlings from the nursery to the field where they continually grow
and develop.
_______2. Do not eliminate disease and weak seedlings or plants.
_______3. Keep the tops moist and the roots dry while transferring
the seedlings.
_______4. Water the seedlings 24 hours before transplanting.
_______5. Keep direct sunlight away from the roots while the
seedlings are out of the ground.

26. Quiz
_______6. Use dibbler to lift the plant carefully. Never pull
the plants.
_______7. You can delay transplanting based on your
preferred schedule.
_______8. Cover the root system with sandy soil and press it
down to bring the soil in contact with the roots.
_______9. Cover the newly transplanted seedlings with
materials like banana bracts to prevent excessive
transpiration of water.
______10. Handle seedlings carefully to avoid bruising or
breaking.

27. Quiz (5 pts each)
Directions: Give your own statement or ideas
about the following questions.
1. Why is there a need to be familiar with the
different ways on how to plant
crops?
2. Why is there a need to be familiar with the
rules and steps of transplanting
seedlings?

28. ‘’The day you plant the seed is not
the day you eat the fruit. Be patient
and stay the course.’’
-Fabienne Fredrickson