2. Importance
• Phaseolus vulgaris
• An important cool season legume vegetable grown for its tender pods,
shelled green beans and dry beans (Rajmah beans). In western countries,
processed pod consumption is quite high. 100 g of green pods contain 1.7g
protein, 4.5 g carbohydrates, 221 I.U. vitamin - A, 11 mg vitamin-C, 50 mg
calcium etc. Dry beans are rich in protein.
• The most important species under Phaseolus, is originated in central and
South America.
3. • Soil :Highly drained, upland and loamy soil
• Land Preparation:1-2 plowing
• Seed Rate : 25-30 kg/ha
• Sowing method: Broadcast/Line sowing
• Weeding and Thinning: 15-20 DAE
• Irrigation : Pre and Post sowing
• Drainage: If needed
• Pod Picking: During blackish in color
Crop Management
5. Tap root system with poor nodule formation. Leaves are
trifoliate.
Though a self-pollinated crop, French bean offers wide
variability for plant growth (bushy / climbing), colour of
pod (green / waxy coloured), cross section of pod (flat /
oval / round), pliability (stringed / string less) etc.
Botany
6. • Rain dependent cropping system. Never irrigated
• Land preparation by hand, bullock and tractors
• Selection of variety according to soil type and sowing time.
• Seed treatment with 3 gm Thiram or Mencozeb 2 gm/ kg seed for the
control of collar rot.
6
Important package of practices
7. Land Preparation
Land preparation for sowing chickpea is based on the soil type and
cropping system.
In the case of a heavy soil, a rough seedbed is prepared to avoid packing of
the cloddy surface due to winter rains and to facilitate soil aeration and
easy seedling emergence.
It is necessary to deep-plow the field at the beginning of the rainy season.
This opens the soil deep and ensures efficient moisture conservation. Deep
plowing also reduces wilting of chickpea that tends to develop due to the
presence of hardpans in the root zone.
8. • Primary tillage implements: Disc ploughs and discs harrow
• Secondary tillage implements: cultivator.
– fine tilth before sowing, free from weeds, clods free,
• Crop need protection from water logging and shallow furrows
should be provided at regular interval.
• Drain to be laid out along slope
• NPK:: 50:75:75 kg/ha
• Ensure that the site selected is cleared of any debris or stubble
from previous crops before the onset of rains.
• Gather and burn all the debris – to avoid carry-over of pests and
diseases.
• Land preparation involves ploughing, harrowing and ridging.
8
Land Preparation
9. • Ploughing turns the soil over to cover the weeds that
are already growing in the plot to be used.
• It increases soil fertility through decomposition of
weeds.
• It increases porosity of the soil making the crop to
develop a big root network.
• It can be done using the hoe, animal drawn ploughs
and tractor drawn ploughs.
• Ploughing with oxen or tractor drawn ploughs is
recommended.
9
Ploughing
10. • Harrowing further turns and breaks the soil after ploughing.
It creates a soft bed.
• It increases the capacity of the soil to absorb water thereby
increasing yield.
• It can also be done with the hoe, animal-drawn harrows and
tractor-drawn harrows.
10
Harrowing
11. • Involves heaping the top soil to form a raised ridge on which
seeds are planted.
• Helps the crop to have a good bed for root establishment
and to prevent lodging.
• Improves drainage in water logged areas.
• It concentrates nutrients from top soil near the crop for easy
access.
• Ridging can be done with the hoe, animal or tractor-drawn
implements.
• Make straight ridges 30-45 cm apart
11
Ridging
12. • For land under fallow, plough once, harrow once or twice
and ridge for best results.
• For land under cultivation, plough at least once every three
years. This breaks hard pans. Harrow every year and ridge
every year.
• Where available, apply farm-yard manure at 4-6 tons/ha on
the field before land preparation.
• Farm yard manure improves soil fertility, soil consistency,
soil drainage, water retention and structure. It also improves
the uptake of inorganic fertilizers.
12
Tips on Land Preparation
13. Self-pollinated crop usually grown as a rain-fed cool-weather crop
or as a dry climate crop in semi-arid regions.
Seeds will not germinate below 15°C and plants drop bloom in hot
and rainy weather
• Optimum conditions include 15-22°C day
• Best adapted in areas having rainfall 600-1000 mm
• Ripening required warm and dry period for 1 month
- Pre plant irrigation that wets the soil– signifying the importance
of adequate moisture
Rainfall during early pod development is good to crop
It is sensitive to high rainfall, frost and high temperature.
Pole types tolerate high rainfall better than bushy varieties
13
Temperature and rainfall
14. • Well drained; Loose and friable with high organic matter; pH::5.5-6
• Sandy to loamy soils are more suitable than clayey soils
• Highly sensitive to salinity and sodicity in the soil, Water logging are deterrent to
pod-filling.
• Grown on different types of soils ranging from sandy to sandy to deep black
cotton soils
• Requires good soil aeration. Therefore, heavy soils require care in seedbed
preparation. In such soils a rough seedbed is useful as it is not prone to surface
compaction due to winter rains which may hinder seedling emergence.
• The best soils for chickpea growth are deep loams or silty clay loams devoid of
soluble salts. Such soils retain up to 200 mm moisture in the soil profile up to a
depth of 1 m.
14
Soils
15. • Select good quality seeds and
adopt the seed rate depending
on variety, fertility of soil &
moisture
• Seed Treatment: Use pelleted
seeds with 5 gm
Bavistin/Carbandazim, Metalaxyl
(e.g. Apron Star)
• Sowing to be done after first
rains so that sufficient moisture
in soil for emergence.
15
Seed Rate, Spacing and Sowing
Early varieties are sown at a
spacing of 45-60 cm x 10-15 cm
and seed rate required is 80-90
kg/ ha.
Pole types are sown at 1.0 m apart
in hills @ 3-4 plants / hill and seed
rate is much less (25-30 kg/ha.).
16. • At planting :
– It is needed for good seed to soil content.
– adequate soil moisture
– proper germination temperature (10- 20oC)
– the above 3 ensure good stand establishment .
– The right stages of irrigation are flowering stage
and pod development stage. Excess irrigations
result in delayed maturity and poor yield.
Water use by the plant
17. • At Seedling stage :
– amount of moisture taken up is low.
– availability of sufficient moisture is critical.
– soil moisture is not depleted rapidly.
– more moisture is lost by evaporation from soil than
transpiration through the crop canopy.
– water conservation practices to minimize soil moisture losses.
• residue management; weed control
• narrow row spacing; proper planting date
Water use by the plant (Contd….)
18. Seed Treatment
To protect the crop from seedling diseases, it is recommended
to treat seeds with captan (Orthocide® 50 W) at 1.0 g/kg seed.
Can be treated with carbendazim (Bavistin®) at 1.5 g/kg seed.
Seed treated with a combination of quintozene and thiram,
each at 1.5 g/kg seed, improved germination and seed yield
without any adverse effect on nodulation.
19. • Planting date - rule of thumb
‘availability of moisture at planting & during the
vegetative/reproduction stage & its absence
after maturity and at harvest’
• Planting depth
Depends on seed size & soil type
2.5 to 5cm
19
Seeding methods
20. Traditional control
• The critical period of weed
competition was between 20-
25 and 50-60 days after
emergence (DAE).
Chemical control
• Alachlor/Fluchloralin at the rate
of 1.5 liter per ha as a pre-
emergence application.
• Apply stomp (pendimethalin 3
L/ha) at 0-3 day after sowing
20
Weeds Control
Pre-sowing: Fluchloralin at 2.0 l/ha soil applied and incorporated followed by
light irrigation.
Pre-emergence: Fluchloralin 1.0 l/ha or Pendimethalin @ 1.5 l/ha applied on
third day after sowing through flat fan nozzle with 500 l of water/ha followed by
irrigation.
After 25 - 30 days one hand weeding may be given.
If no herbicide is applied two hand weeding are given on 25th and 60th day after
sowing.
21. • Use appropriate herbicides at recommended doses.
• Ensure you wear hand gloves and nose mask and
dress properly when applying pesticides.
• Take proper measures to dispose cans or containers
after using the content, for safety.
21
Precaution regarding use of Pesticides
22. • Gram Pod Borer : Helicoverpa armigera
• Semilooper : Autographa nigrisigna
• Cut worm, Agrotis ipsilon
• Termites: Odontotermes obesus
22
Important insect pest
23. Helicoverpa armigera
Symptoms of damage
• Skeletinization of leaves – feeding chlorophyll only
leaving veins by young larvae Defoliation
• Feeds flower and green pods
• In green pods – make circular holes and feed the grains and
make empty.
Identification of the pest
• Eggs – are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour, laid
singly
Pupa – brown in colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris
Adult - light pale brownish yellow stout moth.
Forewing grey to pale brown with V shaped speck.
Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer
margin.
23
Gram Pod Borer
24. Helicoverpa armigera
Management
• ETL: 2 early instar larvae/plant 5-8 eggs/plant
• Pheromone traps for Helicoverpa armigera 12/ha
• Bird perches 50/ha
• Hand picking of grown up larvae and blister beetles
Apply any one of the following (Spray fluid 625 ml/ha)
• Dichlorvos 76 WSC 625 ml/ha; Neem seed kernel extract 5% (31.0 kg/ha)
twice followed by Triazophos 40 EC 780 ml/ha; Neem oil 12.5 lit./ha;
Phosalone 35 EC 1.25 lit./ha
(Note : Insecticide / Ha NPV spray should be made when the larvae were
upto third instar)
24
Gram Pod Borer
25. Symptoms of damage
Skeletinization of leaves and the plant becomes whitish
• The larvae feed on leaf buds, flowers, tender pods and
developing seeds.
• Ragged and irregular pod. (This is in contrast with the neat,
and round hole, characteristic of pod borer damage.)
Identification of the pest
• Moths have typically patterned forewings.
• The larva 25 mm long is green semiloopers.
25
Semilooper : Autographa nigrisigna
26. Management of pod borer and looper
• ETL 10% affected parts
• Deep summer ploughing in 2-3 years to eliminate quiescent pupa.
• Early sowing, short duration varieties.
• Avoid closer plant spacing.
• Grow tall sorghum as comparison crop to serve as biological bird perches
• Collect and destroy larvae and adults to the extent possible
• Install Bird perches @ 50/ha.
• Setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to kill moth population.
• Conserve green lacewing, predatory stink bugs, spider, ants
• Application of NPV 250 LE /ha with teepol 0.1% and Jaggery 0.5% thrice at
10 – 15 days interval commencing from flowering stage. (Note: Insecticide /
Ha NPV spray should be applied when the larvae are in early stage).
• Neem oil/ pungum oil 80 EC @ 2ml/lit; Spray triazophos 0.05%. Apply any
one of insecticides at 25 kg/ha. Chlorpyriphos 1.5 % DP, quinalphos 4D,
carbaryl 5D, Spray insecticides like Carbaryl 10%DP.(OR) Quinalphos 25 EC
@ 1000 ml/ha 26
Semilooper : Autographa nigrisigna
27. Symptoms of damage
• The caterpillar remains the soil at a depth of 2-4 inches.
• The caterpillars cut the tender plants at the base, and branches or stems
of growing plants.
• The caterpillars drag the cut parts into soil for feeding.
• The buried stem or branches is almost the sure index of the place where
the caterpillar is hiding
Identification of the pest
• Eggs - are laid on earth clods, chickpea stem bases and on both sides of
leaves.
• Larva - is dark brown with red head.
• Pupa -Pupation takes place in earthen cocoon.
• Adult- moth are brownish with numerous wavy lines and spots, measuring
3 to 5 cm across wings
27
Cut worm, Agrotis ipsilon
28. Management
• Deep summer ploughing.,
• Use well decomposed organic manure.
• Adapt crop rotation.
• Early sowing in the last week of October.
• Intercropping with wheat or Linseed or Mustard reduces infestation.
• In the early stages pick the insects and destroy.
• Do not grow Tomato or Lady Finger in near by field.
• Grow marigold on bunds
• The adult insects can be controlled by light traps
• Spray insecticides like quinalphos 25 EC @ 1000 ml/ha
• In case of severe infestation Spray insecticides like spark 36 EC at the rate
of 1000 ml/ha. Profenophos 50 EC @ 1500 ml/ha.
• Dilute the above in 500 - 600 liters water and spray.
28
Cut worm, Agrotis ipsilon
29. (Odontotermes spp)
29
Termites
Symptoms of damage
Termite bores into the roots and stem.
Due to the bore the plants soon dries.
Attack may continue to the standing crop
also especially during the period of drought.
Identification of the pest
These are social insects, live in termitaria, in distinct castes, workers,
kings and queen.
Eggs are laid on plants and in the soil.
'Worker' are small (4 mm) and have a soft, white body and a brown head.
Management
Frequent intercultural operations and irrigation before sowing.
Field sanitation, timely disposal of crop stables and undecomposed plant
parts.
Undecomposed FYM or composed should not be used
Two-three deep ploughing could also help control this pest.
Seed treatment with chlorpyriphos @ 4ml/kg of seed.
30. Control
30
Cultural Control
•Digging the termitaria and destruction of the queen is most important in termite
management.
•Use well rotten organic manure.
•Harvest the groundnuts as soon as they are matured, early removal of the produce
from the field will reduce the chances of termite damage to pods.
•Clean cultivation
•Irrigate the crop frequently
•Thorough ploughing and frequent interculture
Mechanical Control
•Avoid physical loss of the crop during harvesting.
•Destruction of debris, termite nests and queen
Chemical Control
•Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insect
population crosses the ETL.
•Apply chlorpyriphos 20 EC or Lindane 1.3% to control termites.
•Or apply dust of chlorpyriphos @ 30-40 kg/ha in soil before sowing.
•Seed dressing with insecticides such as 6.5ml of chloropyriphos /kg of seed may
reduce termite damage.
32. Symptom
• The disease occurs during the flowering stage of the crop.
• Leaves are infected most.
• Shedding of lower leaves generally occurs in the infected plant.
• The lesions are seen on leaflets as water soaked, small, circular and purple
in colour.
• Infected pods turn blackish in colour, Infected seeds get shriveled
Management
• The plants should be planted distantly. Avoid excessive vegetative
growth.
• Avoid excessive irrigation. Use compact varieties.
• Use Mancozeb at the rate of 2.5g/lit or Use Carbendazim at 1g/lit
32
Alternaria blight: Alternaria alternata
33. Symptom
• All plant parts are affected.
• Symptoms appear on leaves as water soaked lesions.
• Symptoms include smaller circular brown spots on leaves.
• Under favorable conditions, these spots enlarge rapidly and coalesce, blighting the leaves and
buds.
• In case of severe infection, the entire plant dries up suddenly.
• The lesions are also developed on stems and petioles.
• Late infections result in shriveled and infected seed.
• The disease is seed borne in nature.
• Left over debris in the fields serve as a source.
• Wet and warm weather, and dense crop canopy are conducive to the spread of the disease
Management
• Sow disease-free seed. Follow rotation crop.
• Intercrop with wheat, barley, mustard
• Seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 1g/kg of seed. or Hot water seed treatment (52 C for 10
min) to lower the infestation.
• Spray the crop with Mancozeb @ 2.5g/lit if noticed during the growth period. or Spray
Wettable sulphur at the rate of 2.3g/lit of water.
33
Ascochyta blight:Ascochyta rabiei
34. Symptom
• Lack of pod setting is the first indication.
• Under favourable conditions, foliage shows symptoms and plants often die in
patches.
• Shedding of flowers and leaves, covered with spore mass can be seen.
• Lesions on stem are 10-30 mm long and girdle the stem fully.
• Tender branches break off at the point where the gray mold has caused rotting.
• Affected flowers turn in to a rotting mass.
• Lesions on the pod are water-soaked and irregular.
• On infected plants, the pods contain either small, shriveled seeds or no seeds.
Management
• Avoid excessive vegetative growth.
• Avoid excessive irrigation. Use compact varieties.
• Deep summer ploughing Reduce plant density and increase in air passage between
the plants.
• Seed treatment with Carbendazim + Thiram (1:1) @ 3g/kg of seed is
recommended or Spray the crop with Captan 5 - 6 kg/ha at 15 days interval./Spray
of Carbendazim @ 1.5g/lit of water is recommended./Spray Mancozeb @3 g/lit of
water.
34
Botrytis gray mold- Botrytis cineria
35. Symptom
• It comes in the early stages i.e up to six weeks from sowing.
• Drying plants whose foliage turns slightly yellow before death,
scattered in the field is an indication of the disease.
• Seedling become chlorotic.
• The joint of stem & root turns soft slightly contracts and begins to decay.
• Infected parts turn brown white.
• Black dots, like mustard in shape known as sclerotia are seen appearing on the
white infected plant parts
Management
• Deep ploughing in summer.
• Avoid high moisture at the sowing time.
• Seedlings should be protected from excessive moisture.
• Destroy the residues of last crop and weed before sowing and after harvest.
• All un decomposed matter should be removed from the field before land
preparation.
• Treat the seeds with a mixture of Carbendazim 1g per kg of seed.
35
Collar rot-Sclerotium rolfsii
36. Symptom
• The disease appears from flowering to podding stage as scattered dried plants.
• The leaves and stem are become straw colored.
• Affected plants wither and spread across the entire field.
• The roots of infected plants become brittle and dry.
Management
• Deep ploughing in summer
• Grow cultivars resistant to dry root rot.
• Drought should be avoided.
• Sowing should always be done on the recommended time.
• Germinating and young seedlings should be saved from high temperatures.
• Seed treatment with T. viride @4g/kg or P. fluorescens @ 10g/ kg of seed or
Carbendazim or Thiram 2g/kg of seed.
• Spot drenching with Carbendazim 1g/lit or P. fluorescens / T. viride 2.5 kg/ha with
50 kg FYM.
36
Dry root rot:Rhizoctonia bataticola/
Macrophomina phaseolina
37. Symptom
• The disease can affect the crop at any stage.
• The field symptoms of wilt are dead seedlings or adult plants, usually in patches.
• At seedling stage, 3-5 weeks after sowing, whole seedlings collapse and lie flat on
the ground with dull green leaves and shrunken stem.
• Dark drown or dark discoloration of the internal stem tissues is visible.
• At adult stage, drooping of petioles, rachis and leaflets and finally entire plant
occurs.
Management
• Deep summer ploughing, Follow crop rotation measures continuously.
• Always use disease free seed, Avoid sowing when temperatures are high.
• Follow 6-year crop rotations with sorghum, Apply FYM 10-15 cart load/ha.
• Seed treatment with T. viride @4g/kg or P. fluorescens @ 10g/ kg of seed or
Carbendazim or Thiram 2g/kg of seed.
• Spot drenching with Carbendazim 1g/lit or P. fluorescens / T. viride 2.5 kg/ha with
50 kg FYM.
• Seed treatment with Carbendazim at the rate of 1g/kg of seed /
• Seed treatment with Thiram + Carbandizm @ 1g+2g per kg of seed 37
Fusarium wilt:Fusarium oxysporum
38. Symptom
• Crop plants of all the age group are affected.
• With the onset of the disease white powdery mass appear on the leaves.
• Small patches of white powder coating initially develop on both surfaces of
older leaves.
• Affected leaves turn purple and then die.
• When infection is severe, stems, young leaves, and pods are also covered
with the powdery coating.
Management
• Field and crop sanitation.
• Dithane M-45 or Carbendazim at 2.5 g/lit should be sprayed.
• Seed treatment with Thiram + Carbandizm @ 1g+2g per kg of seed
38
Powdery mildew:Oidiopsis taurica
39. Harvesting Storage and Handling
• It should be handled in a manner similar to other pulse crops.
• Aeration can improve storage by reducing seed moisture and
temperature.
• Seed should be stored at 14 per cent moisture or less. It should be
checked at intervals for moisture and temperature levels to avoid
spoilage loss.
40. • Harvesting: Ensure the crop has reached the required
maturity
• Cleaning: Ensure the crop is free from dust and other dirty
• Sorting
• Grading
• Drying: Dry the crop up to 14% moisture content
• Storage in a cool, well ventilated, moisture free structure/Bin,
Silo, Sacks, etc.
40
Steps in Postharvest management system
