This document describes the formulation and evaluation of effervescent release tablets containing the drug deferasirox. Six formulations of effervescent tablets were prepared using different concentrations of effervescent agents (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate). The formulations demonstrated acceptable pre-compression and post-compression properties. In vitro dissolution studies showed that formulation F6 had the best drug release profile, releasing over 94% of the drug within 60 minutes. Stability studies of the optimized F6 formulation were conducted according to ICH guidelines. Overall, the study demonstrated the successful preparation of effervescent release tablets containing deferasirox with a dissolution profile similar to the reference product.
Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentive ciprofloxacin hcl effervescent ...Sagar Savale
Ciprofloxacin HCL is an effervescent Tablet is made by Wet Granulation Method. Ciprofloxacin is a broad
spectrum Fluroquinolon antibiotics. Is mainly used for various Bacterial Infections. In this tablet bitter taste
was masked by saccharine as sweeting agent furthermore the effervescent effect of citric acid, tartaric acid
and sodium bicarbonate lead to Effervescent activity by realising the CO2 Molecule. Tablets are rapidly
dissolved and rapidly absorbed and give maximum activity. The Prepared Effervescent Tablet is Evaluated
In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index and, hardness test, weight variation
test, friability test and in vitro study. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to Satisfactory and
having a good free flowing property. The hardness, weight variation, and friability these values are within
the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies show Maximum percentage of release of drug
(99.26) with in end of 5 min.
The Formulation of Pacing (Costus speciosus) Extract Tablet By Using Avicel®P...UniversitasGadjahMada
Pacing (Costus speciosus) is an herbaceous plant that is native to Indonesia and it can be used as a male contraceptive due to spermatogenesis inhibition. The purpose of this study is to find out the composition of optimum Avicel PH 200® as the filler-binder and amylum as the disintegration agent and to find out the variations on physical properties of the powder and tablet. Tablets of Costus speciosus extract (CS tablet) were produced by direct compression in 8 runs based on Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) from Design Expert 7.1.5. Evaluation on physical properties of powder included tapping index, water absorption, and moisture content, while evaluation on the physical properties of tablet included hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The results showed that the variation in the composition between Avicel® PH 200 as the filler-binder and amylum as the disintegration agent had a significant effect on the friability of CS tablet, in which the combination of both materials can increase the friability of the tablet. The optimum formula of CS tablet had a composition of Avicel® PH 200 by 462.5mg and amylum by 37.5mg contained in each tablet.
Preparation and Evaluation of Aspirin tabletsSanket Kapadne
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ASPIRIN TABLETS
Aim - Preparation and Evaluation of Aspirin Tablets.
Requirement –
Chemicals - Aspirin, HPMC, PVP, Sodium
Stearate, Talc
Glasswares - Granulating sieve, standard sieve set, etc.
Equipment - Tablet press
Principle
Aspirin tablet is prepared by wet granulation method. Aspirin belonging to the class of NSAID having analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activity at systematic standard doses. In this Lubricants in combination leads to better drug release kinetic. Aspirin tablets are obtained by wet Compression Method. The particles to be compressed consist of one or more medicaments, with or without excipients substance such as diluents, binders, and disintegration agents, lubricant, glidants.
Formula
Sr. No. Ingredients Quantity (1 Tab.)
1. Aspirin 250 mg
2. HPMC 50 mg
3. Microcrystalline Cellulose 70 mg
4. Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Q.S.
5. Sodium Stearate+ Talc 1 mg + 5 mg
Method
Wet granulation forms the granulation by binding the powders together with an adheshive instead of by compaction.
Stages of granule development :
A. Pendular B. Funicular
C. Capillary D. Droplet Steps involved :
Step 1: Weighing and mixing of formulation ingredients.
Step 2: Preparing the damp mass.
Step 3: Screening the dampened powder into pellets or granules.
Step 4: Drying of moist granules.
Procedure
1. Tablets were prepared using wet granulation technique as per the composition given earlier.
2. The calculated amount which was required to prepare 400 mg aspirin tablets, containing 250 mg drug, HPMC polymer and PVP as a binder were mixed uniformly.
3. An enough granulating agent (water) was added slowly to prepare wet mass. Granules were prepared by sieving method using a 20# sieve.
4. Further, granules were dried at 35-45ºC for six hours. The dried granules were stored in desiccators until compression of tablets.
5.The required amounts of granules were weighed and compressed using automatically operated tablet punching machine having 12mm flat faced punch diameter and during the tablet preparation to maintain the low resistance between the solid and die wall, lubricants added in granules. Lubricant combinations are agents added in small quantities to the tablet during the tablet preparation.
6. The compressed tablets were stored in airtight container at room temperature for further evaluation.
Evaluation
1. Assay : Weigh and powder 20 tablets. Weigh accurately a quantity of the powder containing about 0.5 g of Aspirin, add 30.0 ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide, boil gently for 10 minutes, cool and titrate the excess of alkali with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid using phenol red solution as indicator. Repeat the operation without the substance under examination. The difference
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-III Practical, Bio-Pharmaceutics-I,MANIKImran Nur Manik
a) Tablet Weight Variation Test.
b) Tablet hardness Test.
c) Tablet friability Test.
d) Tablet disintegration Test.
e) Tablet dissolution Test.
f) Leakage test of Packaging of tablets / capsules.
g) Capsule weight variation test
h) Determination of Binding Sites and Association constant.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PARACETAMOL BRANDSShikha Popali
THE PARACETAMOL TABLETS IS COMMONLY TAKEN AND PRESCRIBED FOR FEVER , SO HERE WE HAVE MADE PRACTICAL IS IT TRUE EVALUATION LABEL AND WHICH BRAND IS MORE SAFE.
Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentive ciprofloxacin hcl effervescent ...Sagar Savale
Ciprofloxacin HCL is an effervescent Tablet is made by Wet Granulation Method. Ciprofloxacin is a broad
spectrum Fluroquinolon antibiotics. Is mainly used for various Bacterial Infections. In this tablet bitter taste
was masked by saccharine as sweeting agent furthermore the effervescent effect of citric acid, tartaric acid
and sodium bicarbonate lead to Effervescent activity by realising the CO2 Molecule. Tablets are rapidly
dissolved and rapidly absorbed and give maximum activity. The Prepared Effervescent Tablet is Evaluated
In terms of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s Index and, hardness test, weight variation
test, friability test and in vitro study. The result associated in Optimized batch is good to Satisfactory and
having a good free flowing property. The hardness, weight variation, and friability these values are within
the pharmacopeia limit. The in vitro Dissolution studies show Maximum percentage of release of drug
(99.26) with in end of 5 min.
The Formulation of Pacing (Costus speciosus) Extract Tablet By Using Avicel®P...UniversitasGadjahMada
Pacing (Costus speciosus) is an herbaceous plant that is native to Indonesia and it can be used as a male contraceptive due to spermatogenesis inhibition. The purpose of this study is to find out the composition of optimum Avicel PH 200® as the filler-binder and amylum as the disintegration agent and to find out the variations on physical properties of the powder and tablet. Tablets of Costus speciosus extract (CS tablet) were produced by direct compression in 8 runs based on Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) from Design Expert 7.1.5. Evaluation on physical properties of powder included tapping index, water absorption, and moisture content, while evaluation on the physical properties of tablet included hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The results showed that the variation in the composition between Avicel® PH 200 as the filler-binder and amylum as the disintegration agent had a significant effect on the friability of CS tablet, in which the combination of both materials can increase the friability of the tablet. The optimum formula of CS tablet had a composition of Avicel® PH 200 by 462.5mg and amylum by 37.5mg contained in each tablet.
Preparation and Evaluation of Aspirin tabletsSanket Kapadne
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ASPIRIN TABLETS
Aim - Preparation and Evaluation of Aspirin Tablets.
Requirement –
Chemicals - Aspirin, HPMC, PVP, Sodium
Stearate, Talc
Glasswares - Granulating sieve, standard sieve set, etc.
Equipment - Tablet press
Principle
Aspirin tablet is prepared by wet granulation method. Aspirin belonging to the class of NSAID having analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activity at systematic standard doses. In this Lubricants in combination leads to better drug release kinetic. Aspirin tablets are obtained by wet Compression Method. The particles to be compressed consist of one or more medicaments, with or without excipients substance such as diluents, binders, and disintegration agents, lubricant, glidants.
Formula
Sr. No. Ingredients Quantity (1 Tab.)
1. Aspirin 250 mg
2. HPMC 50 mg
3. Microcrystalline Cellulose 70 mg
4. Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Q.S.
5. Sodium Stearate+ Talc 1 mg + 5 mg
Method
Wet granulation forms the granulation by binding the powders together with an adheshive instead of by compaction.
Stages of granule development :
A. Pendular B. Funicular
C. Capillary D. Droplet Steps involved :
Step 1: Weighing and mixing of formulation ingredients.
Step 2: Preparing the damp mass.
Step 3: Screening the dampened powder into pellets or granules.
Step 4: Drying of moist granules.
Procedure
1. Tablets were prepared using wet granulation technique as per the composition given earlier.
2. The calculated amount which was required to prepare 400 mg aspirin tablets, containing 250 mg drug, HPMC polymer and PVP as a binder were mixed uniformly.
3. An enough granulating agent (water) was added slowly to prepare wet mass. Granules were prepared by sieving method using a 20# sieve.
4. Further, granules were dried at 35-45ºC for six hours. The dried granules were stored in desiccators until compression of tablets.
5.The required amounts of granules were weighed and compressed using automatically operated tablet punching machine having 12mm flat faced punch diameter and during the tablet preparation to maintain the low resistance between the solid and die wall, lubricants added in granules. Lubricant combinations are agents added in small quantities to the tablet during the tablet preparation.
6. The compressed tablets were stored in airtight container at room temperature for further evaluation.
Evaluation
1. Assay : Weigh and powder 20 tablets. Weigh accurately a quantity of the powder containing about 0.5 g of Aspirin, add 30.0 ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide, boil gently for 10 minutes, cool and titrate the excess of alkali with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid using phenol red solution as indicator. Repeat the operation without the substance under examination. The difference
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-III Practical, Bio-Pharmaceutics-I,MANIKImran Nur Manik
a) Tablet Weight Variation Test.
b) Tablet hardness Test.
c) Tablet friability Test.
d) Tablet disintegration Test.
e) Tablet dissolution Test.
f) Leakage test of Packaging of tablets / capsules.
g) Capsule weight variation test
h) Determination of Binding Sites and Association constant.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PARACETAMOL BRANDSShikha Popali
THE PARACETAMOL TABLETS IS COMMONLY TAKEN AND PRESCRIBED FOR FEVER , SO HERE WE HAVE MADE PRACTICAL IS IT TRUE EVALUATION LABEL AND WHICH BRAND IS MORE SAFE.
The mixing process in the production of paracetamol suspension and its stabilityAI Publications
The mixing process is a common and important process in the chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries with the objective of producing suspensions and emulsions and increasing the process rate of mass and heat transfer. In this paper, the mixing process was studied during the production of paracetamol syrup in a new formula with a concentration of (10 g / 100 ml). For this purpose, a four-blade mixer was designed and the factors affecting the mixing process and the stability of the final product were studied including the mixing time and speed of rotation.
Evaluation of tablets Useful for the Pharmacy Student ... It -contains all the information on how to evaluate the Tablet as per Indian Pharmacopoeia.
Evaluation consist the Procedure of Dissolution.Disintegration,
Capsules:
a. Hard gelatin capsules: Introduction, Extraction of gelatin and production of hard gelatin capsule shells. size of capsules, Filling, finishing and special techniques of formulation of hard gelatin capsules. In process and final product quality control tests for capsules.
b. Soft gelatin capsules: Nature of shell and capsule content, size of capsules,importance of base adsorption and minimum/gram factors, production, in process and final product quality control tests. Packing, storage and stability testing of soft gelatin capsules
Formulation and evaluation of fast-disintegrating tablets of FlupirtineijperSS
ABSTRACT
Recent developments in fast-dissolving or disintegrating tablets have brought convenience in dosing to elderly and children who have trouble in swallowing tablets. The main objective of the present study was to prepare the orally disintegrating tablets of Flupirtine, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) using different superdisintegrants by direct compression method. Different concentrations (4%, 8%, and 10%) of super disintegrants such as Primogel, Kollidon Cl, Lycoat were used in the formulation. Mannitol was used as a bulking agent and to enhance the mouth feel and taste. The formulated tablets were evaluated for pre-formulation and post-formulation parameters and they were found to be satisfactory and within the official limits. All the tablets shown hardness 3-4.5kg/cm2, friability of all the formulations was less than 1%, weight variation and drug content were found to be within official limits. Amongst all formulations, the optimized formulation F9 was prepared with Lycoat as a super disintegrant showed least disintegration time and faster dissolution.
Key words: Flupirtine, fast-disintegrating tablet, direct compression method, superdisintegrants.
Effervescent technique in development of floating tablets for antiviral drugsSriramNagarajan19
The purpose of this investigation was to prepare a regiospesific drug delivery system of Stavudine. Floating tablets of Stavudine were prepared by direct compression method employing different concentration of HPMC K15M by effervescent technique. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. The floating tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, drug content, swelling studies, in vitro buoyancy and dissolution studies. The effect of different concentration of HPMC K15M on drug release profile and floating properties was investigated. The prepared tablets exhibited satisfactory physico-chemical characteristics. All the prepared batches showed good in vitro buoyancy. The tablet swelled radially and axially during in vitro buoyancy studies. It was observed that the tablet remained buoyant for more than 12 hours. Increased in the HPMC K15M level, decreased the floating lag time but tablets floated for longer duration. The formulation with 1:1 drug: Polymer ratios were found to float for longer duration as compared with other formulations containing HPMC K15M. The drug release from the tablets was sufficiently sustained and non-Fickian transport of the drug from tablets was confirmed.
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-IV Practical, Biopharmaceutics-II, MANIKImran Nur Manik
4. Biopharmaceutics-II: (Marks-35)
Evaluation of drugs and drug products (pharmacokinetics) measurement of viscosity of emulsion; quality control of sterile medicaments such as ophthalmic solution.
The mixing process in the production of paracetamol suspension and its stabilityAI Publications
The mixing process is a common and important process in the chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries with the objective of producing suspensions and emulsions and increasing the process rate of mass and heat transfer. In this paper, the mixing process was studied during the production of paracetamol syrup in a new formula with a concentration of (10 g / 100 ml). For this purpose, a four-blade mixer was designed and the factors affecting the mixing process and the stability of the final product were studied including the mixing time and speed of rotation.
Evaluation of tablets Useful for the Pharmacy Student ... It -contains all the information on how to evaluate the Tablet as per Indian Pharmacopoeia.
Evaluation consist the Procedure of Dissolution.Disintegration,
Capsules:
a. Hard gelatin capsules: Introduction, Extraction of gelatin and production of hard gelatin capsule shells. size of capsules, Filling, finishing and special techniques of formulation of hard gelatin capsules. In process and final product quality control tests for capsules.
b. Soft gelatin capsules: Nature of shell and capsule content, size of capsules,importance of base adsorption and minimum/gram factors, production, in process and final product quality control tests. Packing, storage and stability testing of soft gelatin capsules
Formulation and evaluation of fast-disintegrating tablets of FlupirtineijperSS
ABSTRACT
Recent developments in fast-dissolving or disintegrating tablets have brought convenience in dosing to elderly and children who have trouble in swallowing tablets. The main objective of the present study was to prepare the orally disintegrating tablets of Flupirtine, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) using different superdisintegrants by direct compression method. Different concentrations (4%, 8%, and 10%) of super disintegrants such as Primogel, Kollidon Cl, Lycoat were used in the formulation. Mannitol was used as a bulking agent and to enhance the mouth feel and taste. The formulated tablets were evaluated for pre-formulation and post-formulation parameters and they were found to be satisfactory and within the official limits. All the tablets shown hardness 3-4.5kg/cm2, friability of all the formulations was less than 1%, weight variation and drug content were found to be within official limits. Amongst all formulations, the optimized formulation F9 was prepared with Lycoat as a super disintegrant showed least disintegration time and faster dissolution.
Key words: Flupirtine, fast-disintegrating tablet, direct compression method, superdisintegrants.
Effervescent technique in development of floating tablets for antiviral drugsSriramNagarajan19
The purpose of this investigation was to prepare a regiospesific drug delivery system of Stavudine. Floating tablets of Stavudine were prepared by direct compression method employing different concentration of HPMC K15M by effervescent technique. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. The floating tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, drug content, swelling studies, in vitro buoyancy and dissolution studies. The effect of different concentration of HPMC K15M on drug release profile and floating properties was investigated. The prepared tablets exhibited satisfactory physico-chemical characteristics. All the prepared batches showed good in vitro buoyancy. The tablet swelled radially and axially during in vitro buoyancy studies. It was observed that the tablet remained buoyant for more than 12 hours. Increased in the HPMC K15M level, decreased the floating lag time but tablets floated for longer duration. The formulation with 1:1 drug: Polymer ratios were found to float for longer duration as compared with other formulations containing HPMC K15M. The drug release from the tablets was sufficiently sustained and non-Fickian transport of the drug from tablets was confirmed.
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-IV Practical, Biopharmaceutics-II, MANIKImran Nur Manik
4. Biopharmaceutics-II: (Marks-35)
Evaluation of drugs and drug products (pharmacokinetics) measurement of viscosity of emulsion; quality control of sterile medicaments such as ophthalmic solution.
Design and Development of Effervescent Floating Tablet Dapagliflozinijtsrd
The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate Effervescent Floating Tablet of Dapagliflozin for the treatment of antidepressant agent. Tablets were prepared by direct compression using directly compressible polymers such as HPMC K4M, and Carbopol 934 were evaluated for drug excipient compatibility, density, buoyancy test, swelling study, drug content and In Vitro release profile. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were used producing effervescent base for buoyancy of tablets. Analysis of drug release from tablet indicates drug release by zero order, first order rate kinetics. No significant change was observed in physical appearance, drug content, floatability or in vitro dissolution pattern after storage at 450C 750C RH for three months. Samadhan Mali | Shweta Gedam | Swati Talele | Anil Jadhav "Design and Development of Effervescent Floating Tablet Dapagliflozin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31674.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/31674/design-and-development-of-effervescent-floating-tablet-dapagliflozin/samadhan-mali
The oral route is the most favorable route for administration of drugs because of accurate dosage, low cost of therapy, self medication, non-invasive method, and ease of administration leading to a high level of patient compliance. Of the oral Dosage forms, solid dosage form is the preferred class of product as tablet represents a unit dosage form in which one dose of drug is placed accurately.
Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Solid Dispersion ...ijtsrd
The aim of the present work is Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Solid Dispersion of Carvedilol. The solid dispersions of Carvedilol were prepared with PEG6000 and PVP K30 in 1 1, 1 2, 1 3 by using Kneading method. The prepared solid dispersions were analyzed for FTIR. Solid dispersions showed a better dissolution compared to the pure drugs and among all the other formulations. The F3 formulation shows high percentage drug release i.e. 96.61 in 40 min and selected as an optimized formulation for the preparation of fast disintegrating tablets of Carvedilol. Crosscarmellose sodium and Crospovidone used in the preparation of fast disintegrating tablets prepared by direct compression method. The post compression parameters of all the prepared tablets were within the limits. FD6 was selected as optimized formulation based on its highest disintegration time 48 sec and drug release 94.87 in 40 min. Hence it concluded that solid dispersions incorporated fast disintegrating tablets is very useful approach for fast disintegration of Carvedilol to treat high blood pressure. Akshada Gavhane | Prof. Mr. Prashant Khade | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Solid Dispersion of Carvedilol - A Research" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50379.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50379/formulation-and-evaluation-of-fast-disintegrating-tablet-of-solid-dispersion-of-carvedilol--a-research/akshada-gavhane
Formulation and evaluation of microspheres with aceclofenacSagar Savale
Aceclofenac is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug that reduces fever, pain, and inflammation in rheumatoid
arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Aceclofenac has higher anti-inflammatory action than
conventional NSAIDs. Development of microspheres is a promising technology for controlled release and drug
targeting. Various types of microspheres such as bio-adhesive, magnetic, floating, radioactive and polymeric
microspheres are developed for various purposes. Microspheres occupied a central place in novel drug delivery, it
can targeted and localized drug delivery system. This Aceclofenac Microsphere is Prepared by using Spray drying
Technique in which release rate of drug is mainly depends on formulation composition (Eudragit RS 30 D and
Ethyl Cellulose (1:2 ratio)). Formulated microspheres were characterized for particle size, encapsulation efficiency
and In vitro studies. The optimum drug-to-polymer ratio and feed flow rate is responsible for higher percent yield,
smaller particle size and maximum encapsulation efficiency.
Solubility enhancement technique of BCS Class II drug by Solvent EvaporatiomKaustav Dey
I am very happy to share with you my B.Pharm Final semester Presentation. The topic of the presentation was “SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE OF BCS CLASS II DRUG BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE – FORMULATION & EVALUATION" which i have done under the esteemed guidance of Dr. Goutam Kumar Jena. It was a great experience to deliver this topic infront of the expert jury. I would also like thank all my teammates especially Agniv Masanta for his efforts. I hope everyone of you will like presentation and the research and efforts behind it.Thank you for giving your precious time. #research #science #thankyou #experience #share
Design expert software assisted development and evaluation of cefpodoxime pro...Makrani Shaharukh
Cefpodoxime Proxetil is third generation, broad-spectrum Cephalosporin Antibiotic & it has an oral bioavailability of only 50% and biological half life 2 h so to improve it’s bioavailability sustain release matrix formulation was designed. Sustained release matrix tablets of Cefpodoxime Proxetil prepared by direct compression method based on combination of natural Acacia gum & Karaya gum polymers. 32 full factorial designs optimization study was carried out by using Design Expert Software to find the effect of independent variables, i.e., Acacia gum (X1) and Karaya gum (X2) concentration on dependent variables i.e., Hardness & % CDR. The drug excipient mixtures were subjected to preformulation studies. The tablets were subjected to physicochemical studies, in-vitro drug release, kinetic studies and stability studies. FTIR and DSC studies shown there was no interaction between drug and polymers. Matrix tablet of Cefpodoxime Proxetil were formulated well in term of hardness 5.07 ± 0. 5.93 ± 0.03 kg/cm2, thickness 2.25 ± 0.1 mm to 3.33 ± 0.3 mm, weight variation were within limits. In-vitro release studies show that almost 90 % of drug was release from all the formulation were within 12 h. Formulation F5 selected as a optimized one since it showed optimum hardness & sustained drug release within 12 h in comparison to other formulation. The F5 optimized formulations were subjected to stability studies and shown there were no significant changes in drug content, physicochemical parameters and release pattern. 32 full factorial design optimization technique was successfully used in this research work. Developed matrix tablets of Cefpodoxime Proxetil produced a sustained and effective drug release over a prolonged time frame that led to greater therapeutic efficacy.
ABSTRACT
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent condition which has an adverse effect on quality of life. The presence
of urgency incontinence confers significant morbidity above and beyond that of OAB sufferers who are
continent. The primary treatment for OAB and urgency incontinence is a combination of behavioral measures
and antimuscarinic drug therapy. The ideal antimuscarinic agent should effectively relieve the symptoms of
OAB, with the minimum of side effects; it should be available as a once-daily sustained release formulation
and in dosage strength that allows easy dose titration for the majority of sufferers. Solifenacin succinate was
launched in 2005 and has been shown in both short and long term clinical trials to fulfill these requirements.
Solifenacin is a competitive M3 receptor antagonist with a long half-life (45-68 hours). It is available in two
dosage strengths namely a 5 or 10 mg once-daily tablet. The efficacy and tolerability of solifenacin for the
treatment of all symptoms of OAB has been evaluated in a number of large, placebo controlled, randomized
trials. Long-term safety, efficacy, tolerability and persistence with treatment have been established in an open
label 40 week continuation study.
KEYWORDS
Solifenacin, Urinary incontinence, Overactive bladder and Wet granulation method.
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate immediate release itraconazole pellets and comprehensive studies of the same. The itraconazole pellets is prepared using fluid bed processer with different concentration of HPMC (Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose). The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the excipient studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The prepared pellets were physically evaluated with size, shape, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, hausners ratio, angle of repose, sieve analysis, surface roughness, density, moisture content, assay and drug release etc. The in vitro drug release profile from pellets shows that all the formulation release more than 75% drug within 90min. Optimized formulations were found to have HPMC concentration 2-5% of total weight of pellets to maximize high-quality surface, desired release, and size distribution within the range. These results indicate that pellets containing 10 % HPMC of total weight of pellets give better quality of itraconazole pellets for immediate release. Key Words: Itraconazole, Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and Immediate release.
A new RP -HPLC method development and validation for simultaneous estimation ...SriramNagarajan19
A simple, accurate, precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Aspirin and Omeprazole in Tablet dosage form. Chromatogram was run through Discovery 250 x 4.6 mm, 5m. Mobile phase containing Buffer and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 70:30 v/v was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength for Aspirin and Omeprazole was 241 nm. Retention time of Aspirin and Omeprazole were found to be 2.454 min and 3.168 min %RSD of the Aspirin and Omeprazole were and found to be 1.1 and 0.8 respectively. Percentage recovery was obtained as 99.50% and 99.57%for Aspirin and Omeprazole. LOD, LOQ values were obtained from regression equations of Aspirin and Omeprazole were 0.26ppm, 0.80ppm and 0.06ppm, 0.17ppm respectively. Regression equation of Aspirin is y = 3524x + 3853, and of Omeprazole is y = 10438x+542.2.
Nutrease powder; a natural plant based nutritional shake with co-factors & co...SriramNagarajan19
Nutrease powder is an effective natural vitamin and minerals Nutritional supplementation to improve metabolism. Nutrease powder just ½ serving (1 scoop) Provides 150 calories,18 grams of protein, 12 grams of fiber, and 1 gram of sugar per day. Nutrease powder Supports effective weight management, Reduces hunger and cravings, Promotes energy and positive mood, Promotes loss of fat and preservation of lean body mass, Improves metabolism and insulin sensitivity. This article reviews the current available scientific literature regarding the effect of nutrease powder as an effective supplementation for daily energy needs.
Analytical method development and validation for the estimation of quinapril ...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Quinapril and Tolcapone tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a Mixed Phosphate buffer (KH2PO4 +K2HPO4): Acetonitrile 40:60, with detection of 239 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 50 - 150 µg /ml for Quinapril (r2 =0.995) and 62.5- 187.5µg /ml for Tolcapone (r2 =0.999) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
Method development and validation of simultaneous estimation of paracetamol &...SriramNagarajan19
A drug may be defined as a substance meant for diagnosis, cure, mitigation, prevention or treatment of diseases in human beings or animals or for alternating any structure or function of the body of human being or animals. Pharmaceutical chemistry is a science that makes use of general laws of chemistry to study drugs i.e. their preparation, chemical natures, composition, structure, influence on an organism and studies the physical and chemical properties of drugs, the methods of quality control and the conditions of their storage etc. the family of drugs may be broadly classified as.
1. Pharmacodynamic agents.
2. Chemotherapeutic agents.
It is necessary to find the content of each drug either in pure or single, combined dosage forms for purity testing. It is also essential to know the concentration of the drug and it’s metabolites in biological fluids after taking the dosage form for treatment.
The scope of developing and validating analytical methods is to ensure a suitable method for a particular analyte more specific, accurate and precise. The main objective for that is to improve the conditions and parameters, which should be followed in the development and validation.
WELLIA-R tablets; helps to protect brain tissue in cerebral edemaSriramNagarajan19
Boswellia serrate extract in Wellia- R gained significant importance in treatment of cerebral edema in patients with brain tumors, colon cancer, lung cancer, blood cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, renal cancer, fibro sarcoma, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. The medicinal properties of Boswellia serrate extract in Wellia- R have been known and utilized since antiquity. Its current potential as an anti inflammatory and anticancer agent are being investigated and hold great promise. This article reviews the current available scientific literature regarding the effect of wellia-R tablets, from Boswellia serrate extract that Provides long lasting cerebral protection in brain tumor patients
Formulation and invivo evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres embedded clero...SriramNagarajan19
In this study an attempt was made to prepare mucoadhesive microcapsules of Clerodendrum phlomidis extract using alginate polymers for prolonged release. Encapsulation of extract into sodium alginate polymer was done by ionic-gelation technique. In vivo testing of the mucoadhesive microcapsules in diabetic albino rats demonstrated significant antidiabetic effect of extract. The hypoglycemic effect obtained by mucoadhesive microcapsules was for more than 16 h whereas plain CP extract produced an antidiabetic effect for only 4 h suggesting that mucoadhesive microcapsules are a valuable system for the long term delivery of CP extract. In-vivo data obtained over a 120-h period indicate that CP extract loaded alginate microspheres from batch F7 showed the better glycemic control than control and a commercial brand of the drug.
Brian stroke memory impairment and treatment strategiesSriramNagarajan19
A brain stroke occurs when one of the brain parts are deprived form oxygen-rich blood due to various mechanism. Usually a brain stroke occurs when one of the arteries is blocked either because of narrowing of small arteries with in the brain or the hardening of the arteries that lead to atherosclerosis strokes can be either ischemic (85%) or Hemorrhagic (15%). Forget fullness is a common complaint among older people. Age –related memory changes are not the same thing as dementia. Preventing memory loss is by exercise regularly staying social, manage stress, get plenty of sleep and don’t smoke. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetable and take food contain antioxidant in abundance; will reduce your risk of stroke. Walking regularly is an easy to fight memory loss and also brain exercises to prevent loss and boost brainpower. Research is going no to enhance memory power in brain in patient with brain stroke.
A new analytical method development and validation for the estimation of lenv...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Lenvatinib dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of Phosphate buffer (KH2PO4): Acetonitrile (80:20) with detection of 240nm. Linearity was observed in the range 60-140 µg /ml for Lenvatinib (r2 =0.996) for the amount of drug estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
A new analytical method development and validation for the simultaneus estima...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of LEDIPASVIR and SOFOSBUVIR in tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of Mixed Phosphate Buffer:ACN (55:45) with detection of 213 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 60-140 µg/ml for LEDIPASVIR oxalate (r2 =0.999) and 6-14 µg /ml for SOFOSBUVIR (r2 =0.996) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
A new analytical method development and validation for the simultaneus estima...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Ibuprofen and Tramadol in tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 60 volumes of Triethylamine buffer, 40 volumes of acetonitrile with detection of 227 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 50-150 µg/ml for Ibuprofen (r2 =0.983) and 50-150 µg /ml for Tramadol (r2 =0.985) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
Method development and validation of escitalopram and estizolam in tablet dos...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Escitalopram oxalate and Etizolam in tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 30 volumes of ammonium acetate buffer, 40 volumes of acetonitrile and 30 volumes of Methanol with detection of 238 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 60-140 µg/ml for Escitalopram oxalate (r2 =0.999) and 6-14 µg /ml for Etizolam (r2 =0.996) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
Analytical method development and validation for the estimation of aspirin an...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Aspirin and Omeprazole in tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 30 volumes of ammonium acetate buffer, 40 volumes of acetonitrile and 30 volumes of Methanol with detection of 233 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 18-42 µg/ml for Aspirin (r2 =0.983) and 6-14 µg /ml for Omeprazole (r2 =0.970) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim. The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
A new analytical method development and validation for the simultaneus estima...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Albuterol and Ipratropium Bromide in tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 80 volumes of methanol and 20 volumes of water with detection of 239 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 36-84 µg /ml for Albuterol (r2 =0.996) and 6-14 µg /ml for Ipratropium Bromide (r2 =0.997) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
Formulation and evaluation of rosiglitazone nanosuspensionSriramNagarajan19
The main aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate Rosiglitazone Nano suspension. Nano suspensions are colloidal dispersion of Nano sized drug particles stabilized by surfactants. They can also be defined as a biphasic system consisting of pure drug particles dispersed in an aqueous vehicle in which the diameter of the suspended particle is less than 1micro meter in size. Rosiglitazone is an oral rapid and short –acting anti-diabetic drug from the sulfonylurea class. It is classified as a second generation sulfonylurea, which means that it undergoes enter hepatic circulation. Rosiglitazone Nano suspension was prepared by precipitation technique. After preparation of Nano suspension various characterization studies were done such as drug content, %yield, FTIR, DSC, TEM, and Invitro drug release.PVPK30,polaxomer are used as stabilizers. From the dissolution study F4 formulation which containts PVPK30 as stabilizer was considered as optimized formulation. It showed maximum drug release at 30min.FTIR and DSC studies revealed that good stability in dispersion.
Effect of hydrophilic polymers on solubility of some antihypertentives drugs ...SriramNagarajan19
The main aim of the present study is to carried out to enhance solubility of Felodipine. Felodipine.was selected as model drug and different carriers like Vitamin-E, Polyethylene Glycol 8000, Polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 were used in drug to carrier ratio 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 by weight respectively. Solid dispersions were prepared by physical mixing method and solvent evaporation method. Solid dispersions were evaluated by drug content, in-vitro release, FT-IR, DSC and XRD. The obtained data of solid dispersion prepared by solvent evaporation method were compared with physical mixing method. The result showed decrease in melting point change from crystalline to amorphous form and improved dissolution rate as compared to physical mixing as well as pure Felodipine. The finding of present study proposes that solid dispersion approach is beneficial in enhancing solubility of drug and bioavailability as well.
A review on plants act on both antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic plantsSriramNagarajan19
Since ancient times, plants have been an exemplary source of medicine. Ayurveda and other Indian literature mentioned the use of plants in treatment of various human ailments. Medical plants play an important role in the management of diabetes mellitus especially in developing countries where resources are meager. Oral hypoglycemic agents like sulphonylureas and biguanides are still the major players in the management of the disease but there is growing interest in herbal remedies due to the side effects associated with the oral hypoglycemic agents. Herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine throughout human history. Hyperlipidemia has been ranked as one of the greatest risk factors contributing to prevalence and severity of coronary heart diseases. Hyperlipidemia is a condition when abnormally high levels of lipids i.e. the fatty substances are found in the blood. Hypolipidemic drugs are extensively used as prophylactic agents to prevent such atherosclerosis induced disorders. But these hypolipidemic drugs are not free from adverse effects. Many plant derivatives and domestic remedies have been screened for their hypolipidemic action. More than 70 medicinal plants have been documented to have significant hypolipidemic action. During the last decade, an increase in the use of medicinal plants has been observed in metropolitan areas of developed countries. Medicinal plants play a major role in diabetes and hypolipidemic activity. The advantages of herbal medicines reported are effectiveness, safety, affordability and acceptability, this review focus on diabeties and hyperlipidemia and the role of plants used for the treatment of diabeties and hyperlipidemia.
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF PERINDOPRILSriramNagarajan19
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) has been an increased interest in the drug administration via the skin for both local therapeutic effects on diseased skin (topical delivery) as well as for systemic delivery of drugs. The skin as a site of drug delivery, has a number of significant advantages over many other routes of drug administration, including the ability to avoid problems of gastric irritation, pH and emptying rate effects, avoid hepatic first-pass metabolism thereby increasing the bioavailability of drug, reduce the risk of systemic side effects by minimizing plasma concentrations compared to oral therapy, provide a sustained release of drug at the site of application; rapid termination of therapy by removal of the device or formulation, the reduction of fluctuations in plasma levels of drugs, and avoid pain associated with injections. The transdermal delivery can also eliminate pulsed entry into the systemic circulation, which might often cause undesirable side effects. Main objective of formulating the transdermal system was to prolong the drug release time, reduce the frequency of administration and to improve patient compliance. In the present study, five formulations were prepared using single polymer in different ratios, along with plasticizers and penetration enhancer. Finally it was concluded that Some formulations show formation of brittle patch due to insufficient amount of polymer and in some patches texture of patch is not elegant due to plasticizer concentration for patch preparation. So by increasing concentration of polymer and plasticizer, finally formulation-5 was considered as optimized formula for preparing transdermal patch of Perindopril, where it shown best drug release profile.
Intercontinental journal of pharmaceutical Investigations and ResearchSriramNagarajan19
Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Portulaca quadrifida Linn. was studied in wister rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema, carrageenan induced pleurisy and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. The ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.,) produced the inhibition of carrageenan induced rat paw edema. It also showed an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration and a reduction on the pleural exudates as well as reduction on the granuloma weight in the cotton pellet granuloma method. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract produced significant (P<0.001) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control.
ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF TACHYSPERMUM AMMI FRUITSSriramNagarajan19
This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial activity of Tachyspermum ammi fruits extracts. In the present study, the anti-bacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tachyspermum ammi fruits was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial and fungal strains. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar disc diffusion method. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested against Gram-positive—Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative—Escherichia coli human pathogenic bacteria. Zone of inhibition of extracts were compared with that of different standard drugs. The results showed that the remarkable inhibition of the bacterial growth was shown against the tested organisms. The phytochemical analyses of the plants were carried out. The antibacterial activity of the Tachyspermum ammi fruits was due to the presence of various secondary metabolites. Hence, these plants can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals research activities.
Live Longer, Stay healthy, Feel better with AstashinecapsulesSriramNagarajan19
ASTASHINE capsule contains natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis Astaxanthin has exceptional antioxidant activity to combat singlet oxygen when compared to other antioxidants. In particular, Astaxanthin can be used to defend against singlet oxygen damage, which are especially susceptible to aging effects.
In this study, Astaxanthin extracted from Haematococcus microalgae powerfully quenched singlet oxygen. Results show that the quenching effect of Astaxanthin is 800 times greater than coenzyme Q10. Astaxanthin was also about 75 times greater than alpha lipoic acid, about 550 times greater than green tea catechins and about 6000 times greater than Vitamin C.the present Article reviews the role of ASTASHINE capsules as World’s most powerful Antioxidant and Anti-aging Nutrient.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Preparation and evaluation of deferasirox effervescent release tablets
1. G. Ravali et al, ICJPIR 2016, 3(1), 64-71
www.icjpir.com
~64~
Available online at www.icjpir.com ISSN: 2349-5448
Intercontinental journal of pharmaceutical
Investigations and Research
ICJPIR |Volume 3 | Issue 1 | Jan – Mar- 2016 Research Article
Preparation and evaluation of deferasirox effervescent release tablets
G. Ravali*1
, Desani Ravali Reddy 2
, Jaffer Sadik 3
, Abdul Lateef4
1234
Pharmaceutics, Sri Indu Institute of Pharmacy, India
Corresponding Author: G. Ravali
ABSTRACT
Deferasirox is an oral iron chelater used to reduce chronic iron over load in patients who are receiving long term
blood transfusion for condition such as beta-thalassemia. In this study deferasirox drug were formulated by
direct compression. Six formulations of effervescent tablets were prepared by using different concentrations of
effervescent agents to get desired release profile of reference product. Drug - Exciepient compatibility was
studied by FT-IR spectral analysis. Effervescent tablets of deferasirox drug were prepared by using various
excipients .Pre compressive parameters like carr’s index of all formulations between 22.54 ± 0.1 to 11.68 ±0.19,
indicates passable compressibility index. Angle of repose of formulations from 37.34±0.04 to 33.50 ±0.14 i.e..,
it declares that all are possessing good flow properties and hausners ratio of all formulations was 1.29±0.09 to
1.12±0.10 which satisfies the limits of compressibility. Post compressive parameters like weight are within
limits .Hardness test of all the formulations from 9.3± 0.13 to 10.3 ±0.45 kg/cm2
.All the evaluation parameters
were under acceptable ranges. The in vitro drug dissolution studies were carried out for the formulations in
pH
6.8 phosphate buffer .Dissolution profiles of all trials were done among all the formulations F6 better release.
Stability studies were carried out for optimized formulation as per ICH guidelines.
Keywords: Deferasirox, Effervescent tablerts, FT-IR spectral analysis, Iron chelator
INTRODUCTION
Deferasirox tablets are iron chelating agents.
Pharmacokinectic properties
Bioavailability: 70%.
Protein binding: 99%.
Half life: 8-16 hrs.
Excertion: 8% through urine, 84% through feaces.
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Mechanism of action
Two molecules of deferasirox are capable of
binding to 1atom of iron .Deferasirox works in
treating iron toxicity by binding trivalents (ferric)
iron (for which it has a strong affinity),forming a
stable complex which is eliminated via the
kidneys.
Defearsirox is iron chelating agent belonging to
BCS class -2 having low water solubility and high
intestinal permeability. The half-life of drug is 8-16
hrs.
2. G. Ravali et al, ICJPIR 2016, 3(1), 64-71
www.icjpir.com
~65~
Effervescent tablet is a tablet intended to be
dissolved or dispersed in water before
administration .Effervescent tablets are uncoated
tablets that generally contain acid substances and
carbonates or bicarbonates and which react rapidly
in the presence of water by releasing carbon
dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or
dispersed in water before use.
The objectives of work were proposed to
be carried out in the following steps
To ultimate objective of the study was to
formulate Deferasirox effervescent tablets to be
used in the treatment of iron over load condition.
Preformulation studies such as drug identity,
physical, chemical properties and drug excipients
compatibility. Formulation development of
deferasirox effervescent tablets dosage form. To
study formulation variables. To carry out in vitro
studies of the optimized formulations. Stability
studies as per ICH guidelines. Excipients used
were Microcrystalline cellulose1
, Crospovidone
2
,Magnesium stearate3
,PVP-k30 ,Citric acid
,Sodium Bi-Carbonate, Mannitol .
PREFORMULATION STUDIES
The first step in rational development of dosage
form of a drug substance is preformulations testing.
It can be defined as investigation of
physicochemical properties of drug substance alone
and when combined with excipients.
Scope
To gather some useful information from
preformulation studies for getting stable and
bioavailable dosage forms. These studies are
selective.
Goals of preformulation
To establish physic chemical properties of new
drug substance.
To determine the kinetic rate profile.
To establish its physical characters.
To establish any compatibility issues.
API CHARACTERIZATIO
Description
Visual inspection of drug was done and
description as per specification was checked
Organoleptic characteristics of drug
Properties Observation
Organolepticproperties Off white to white powder with unpleasant odour
Melting point
Melting point of drug was determined by
capillary method. The melting point is found to be
in the range of 269-2700
C the reported melting
point for deferasirox was 2690
C.
Solubility
Drug was added to 10ml of media (i.e.,
simulated intestinal fluid 6.8pH) solubility in
water.
Particle size determination
Flow characteristics of API
Bulk density
gm/ml
Tapped density
Gm/ml
Carr’s
Compressibility
Index (%)
Hausners
ratio
Angle of
Repose (Ɵ)
0.345±0.11 0.511±0.01 32.48%±0.14 1.48±0.01 48.22±0.25
Discussion
The flow property was poor for the pure drug.
Drug excipients compatibility studies
To establish drug –excipients compatibility ,
binary powder mixtures were prepared in 1:1
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ratios with excipients . The binary mixtures
were ground in a mortar , screened and the
mixtures were filled individually in amber
colored vials and sealed . After specific time
period the mixtures were subjected to assay
and all binary mixtures showed drug
concentration ranges. FR-IR Spectrophotometric
scanning was also done to establish drug –
excipients –interactions .There was no evidence
found about interactions of neither polymeric
materials nor additives with drug.
Composition of API with different excipients used for compatibility studies
S.NO Composition details Ratio
1
Deferasirox 1:0
2
Deferasirox +Citric acid 1:1
3
Deferasirox +NaHco3 1:0.5
4
Deferasirox +MCC 1:1
5
Deferasirox +Crospovidone 1:1
6
Deferasirox +Talc 1:1
7
Deferasirox +PVP K-30 1:1
8
Deferasirox+Magnesium stearate 1:0.5
9
Deferasirox +Mannitol 1:1
FORMULATION & EVALUATION
The main objective of this formulation
development is to design the Deferasirox
effervescent tablets i.e., the drug should be
immediately released for a short period of
time . In this formulation development, different
batches are planned to formulate with different
Effervescent release polymers in different ratios
.
Preparation of Deferasirox effervescent
tablets
The tablets were prepared by Wet granulation
technique for F1 to F6 formulations.
Dry mix (premix)
Sieve the drug through 40 # mesh and collect
the shifted drug in butter paper.
Sieve the dry-mix excipient through 40 #
mesh and collect shifted excipient in butter
paper .
The sifted drug and the sifted excipients were
mixed geometrically and thoroughly for10min
in octagonal blender.
Pre-lubrication
Sieve the pre–lubricated excipients through 40#
mesh and transferred into dry-mix both were mixed
geometrically and thoroughly for 10min in
octagonal blender
Lubrication
Sieve the lubricated excipient through 60#
mesh. The powder mixture was lubricated with
sifted magnesium stearate for 5min and the
immediate tablets were compressed.
Compression
The tablets were compressed using compression
machine with lubricated blend employing
appropriate punch tooling (9mm concave punch).
Collect the compressed tablets in to double poly
lined bag
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Formulation of deferasirox effervescent tablets
S.NO Ingerdients F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
1Deferasirox 100 100 100 100 100 100
2Citric acid 100 110 120 130 140 150
3NaHco3 150 150 150 150 150 150
4MCC 10 10 10 10 - -
5CP 10 - - 12 19 25
6PVP K-30 - - - 5 8 10
7Talc 5 5 5 5 5 5
8Magensium
stearate
5 5 5 5 5 5
9Mannitol 120 120 110 83 73 55
Core tablet (mg) 500 500 500 500 500 500
*All the values were expressed in mg per tablet
EVALUATION OF FORMULATED
IMMEDIATE RELEASE TABLETS
Thickness5
Control of physical dimensions of the tablets
such as size and thickness is essential for consumer
acceptance and tablet– tablet uniformity.
Weight variation6
Twenty tablets were selected randomly from
each batch and weighed individually to check for
weight variation.
Acceptance criteria for tablet weight variation
Average weight of a tablet (mg) Percentage deviation (%)
130mg ±10
130-324mg ±7.5
More than 324 ±5
Hardness7
Tablet requires a certain amount of strength or
hardness and resistance to friability to withstand
mechanical shakes of handling in manufacture,
packaging and shipping.
Friability8
It is measure of mechanical strength of tablets.
Roche friabilator is used to determine the friability.
It is used for determining the percentage loss in
weight of the tablets.
%Friability = (Initial weight – Final
weight/Initial weight) ×100
%Friability of tablets less than 1% was considered
acceptable.
Disintegration
The USP device to test disintegration was six
glass tubes that are “3 long, open at the top, and
held against 10” screen at the bottom end of the
basket rack assembly.
Invitro dissolution studies 9
The dissolution test measure the rate of release
of the drug from the dosage form in vitro, it is
usually expressed as extent of dissolution (% drug
content) occurring after a given time under
specified conditions.
Dissolution conditions
Medium: 6.8 phosphate buffer
Volume: 900ml
Temperature: 37± 0.5º
C
Apparatus: USP Type-II
Rpm: 50
Time intervals: 10, 15, 20
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Procedure
Dissolution study conducted for optimized
formulation using type-2 apparatus
(ELECTROLAB). The dissolution test was
performed with pH
6.8 phosphate buffer as the
dissolution medium at 50 rpm and at a
temperature of 37ºC±0.5ºC for 60mins. A sample
of the solution was withdrawn from the dissolution
apparatus at different time interval of 10,
15,20,30,45, min and the sample volume was of
fresh dissolution medium. Drug released were
analyzed through UV spectrophotometer at 245nm.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Formulation development
Immediate release tablets of Deferasirox were
prepared a total of 6 formulations were prepared
and evaluated for pre compression parameters,
Physic-chemical parameters and in vitro release
studies.
Precompression parameters of Deferasirox blend
Blend characteristics of all formulations
Formulation code Bulk density
(gm/cc) ±SD*
Tapped density
(gm/cc) ±SD*
Carr’s index
(%) ±SD*
Hausner’s
ratio ± SD*
Angle of
Repose (º
) ±SD*
F1 0.433±0.12 0.559±0.14 22.54±0.1 1.29±0.09 37.34±0.04
F2 0.439±0.02 0.554±0.04 20.75±0.02 1.26±0.01 38.13±0.06
F3 0.424±0.16 0.561±0.17 24.42±0.22 1.32±0.02 39.13±0.02
F4 0.431±0.09 0.559±0.11 22.89±0.13 1.29±0.03 38.33±0.65
F5 0.437±0.18 0.539±0.16 18.92±0.13 1.23±0.08 35.89±0.48
F6 0.442±0.11 0.543±0.13 18.60±0.19 1.22±0.05 38.38±0.66
*represents mean ± S.D, n =3
Post compression studies
Physical parameters of all formulations
Formulation
code
Hardness (kgcm2
)
n =5±SD
Thickness
(mm)n= 5±SD
Friability
(%) n =10
Weight
(mg)n= 20
Disintegration
n =6(min)
F1 9.3 ± 0.13 4.31 ± 0.36 0.40 ± 0.09 320 ± 1.92 3.0 ± 0.15
F2 9.5 ± 0.18 4.30 ± 0.38 0.38 ± 0.04 319 ± 1.63 2.50 ± 0.12
F3 9.8 ± 0.25 4.28 ± 0.06 0.31 ± 0.07 319 ± 1.26 2.45 ± 0.20
F4 10.3 ± 0.54 4.27 ± 0.08 0.28 ± 0.02 318 ± 1.1 2.58 ± 0.05
F5 10.2 ±0.22 4.30 ± 0.07 0.22 ± 0.04 320 ± 1.35 2.46 ± 0.08
F6 10.4 ±0.39 4.31 ± 0.11 0.20 ± 0.08 320 ± 1.4 2.41 ± 0.25
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Cumulative %drug release of F1 to F3 ±S.D*
Time (min) F1 F2 F3
0 0 0 0
5 35.04±1.23 49.51±0.55 55.83±0.72
10 51.92±1.37 55.64±1.22 65.94±0.22
15 72.14±1.44 76.82±1.44 84.91±1.12
20 80.14±1.16 82.13±1.25 86.23±0.98
30 82.56±1.33 85.43±1.67 86.91±1.12
45 84.39±2.22 86.61±0.54 90.81±1.66
60 85.43±1.37 89.71±1.66 94.89±0.12
*represents mean ± S.D, n=6
Cumulative % drug release of F4 to F6 ± S.D*
Time (min) F4 F5 F6
0 0 0 0
5 36.32±1.88 48.09±1.25 54.03±0.22
10 52.81±1.66 56.92±0.67 63.43±1.24
15 73.83±1.44 74.84±1.24 83.09±1.58
20 79.14±1.44 84.82±1.66 85.81±0.58
30 81.16±1.08 84.89±1.24 87.92±1.36
45 84.73±1.44 86.94±0.68 90.84±1.28
60 85.81±0.98 89.92±0.66 95.18±1.27
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*represents mean ± S.D, n=6
CONCLUSION
Deferasirox effervescent tablets were
successfully prepared by using some selected
effervescent agents to increase drug release by
using direct compression method. All the prepared
formulations were evaluated for both pre
compressive and post compressive parameters , the
values obtained were found to be satisfactory
and they complies with pharmacopeial standards.
The results generated in this study showed that the
profile of drug release were the function of type
and concentration of effervescent agents. The type
and proportion of effervescent agents place an
important role in effervescent release tablets.
After the stability studies there was no change
in physical appearance and colour, formulations
were analyzed for the period of three months for
general tablet properties like weight, drug content,
and disintegration and dissolution studies. Tablets
are shown much deviation, it reveals that there was
no significant change optimized tablets from initial
to stability batches and it was found to be stable.
Thus formulation of Deferasirox Efferent tablets
helped to release the drug immediately and
increases the flexibility of dosage for
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