This document describes the formulation and evaluation of fast-disintegrating tablets containing a solid dispersion of the poorly water-soluble drug carvedilol. Solid dispersions of carvedilol with PEG6000 and PVP K30 in various ratios were prepared using the kneading method and evaluated for solubility, drug content, and in vitro drug release. The F3 formulation with PEG6000 in a 1:3 ratio showed the highest drug release of 96.61% within 40 minutes. This optimized solid dispersion was then used to prepare fast-disintegrating tablets by direct compression. The tablets were evaluated for disintegration time, drug release, and other parameters. Tablet FD6 was selected as the optimized formulation as it
Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinateijtsrd
The aim of the present work is Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinate. Metoprolol Succinate is a BCS class I drug used in the treatment of Angina pectoric, Heart attack, Hypertension and has short half life 3 7hours. In the present study it was planned to prepare sustained release floating tablets of Metoprolol succinate by using HPMC E5 and Gum Karaya excipients. The procured sample of drug was authenticated by pre formulation study like melting point, IR spectra, UV analysis were done. Results of pre formulation studies show that Metoprolol Succinate was pure and complies with standard. Prior to compression, the powder blend were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausners ratio. Results of pre formulation studies show that Metoprolol Succinate was pure and complies with standard. Formulations were evaluated for various evaluation parameters like hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, drug content, floating lag time, floating time, swelling index and in vitro drug release. From the results of evaluation parameters it was observed that formulation F6 shows best results for floating lag time 4min floating time up to 12 hours and consistent drug release 96.15 as compared to other formulations. So formulation F6 was finalized as a optimized formulation for further study. On the basic of above finding it was concluded that sustained release floating drug delivery system was successfully achieved. Neeta. V. Jadhav | Prof. Mr. Prashant Khade | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50409.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50409/formulation-and-evaluation-of-floating-tablet-of-metoprolol-succinate/neeta-v-jadhav
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid dispersion for Dissolution Enhancement of...Jing Zang
The document summarizes research on developing solid dispersions of the poorly water soluble drug nifedipine to enhance its dissolution rate. Solid dispersions of nifedipine were prepared using different polymers (sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium, eudragit E-100) at various weight ratios using solvent evaporation. The best formulation with croscarmellose sodium at a 1:7 ratio showed over 70% increased dissolution compared to nifedipine API. This formulation was further adsorbed onto neusilin US2 to form a ternary mixture, which showed over 30% higher dissolution than the marketed product. Tablets prepared from the ternary mixture were stable
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Thiocolc...ijtsrd
The present study was aimed to formulate and evaluate the Mouth dissolving tablet of Thiocolchicoside. Preliminary investigation of drug was carried out with different. Compatibility of drug with polymers was confirmed by FT IR study. Tablet were prepared with superdisintegrants like Sodium starch glycolate, and other ingredients such as Mannitol, Lactose, Maltose. Sodium saccharide and Talc by Direct compression technique. It was observed that the results obtained after evaluation of F2 formulations follows standards prescribed for Mouth dissolving tablets. The tablet was evaluated for various evaluation parameters such as. Weight Variation. Thickness. Hardness, Friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, In vitro Disintegration Time, in Vitro drug release study, and uniformity of Content etc. Mouth dissolving tablet of optimized formulation F2 having Mouth disintegration, better dissolution and all necessary parameter within the range. Formulation F2 shows the highest drug release upto 99.63 . Finally it is concluded that the drug release from the Mouth dissolving tablet was increased by using the increased concentration of superdisintegrant upto certain conc. After increase in cone. Of superdisintegrant leads to decrease disintegration in the buccal cavity. Increased systemic availability of drug will lead to quick onset of action, which is a prerequisite for analgesic activity. Sujeet A Korde "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Thiocolchicoside" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50506.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50506/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-mouth-dissolving-tablet-of-thiocolchicoside/sujeet-a-korde
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Film of Ziprasidon...ijtsrd
The primary objective of this work was to develop a mouth dissolving film with Ziprasidone HCI, along with bioenhancer quercetin and basic ingredients like polymers, plasticizers, sweetener, saliva stimulating agent and flavor. The films were prepared by solvent casting I method. Quercetin enhances dissolution of drug which results in increase in CDR upto 99 . HPMC E5 cps, which was not able to impart thickness to the film, HPMC E15 shown good flexibility. The plasticizer propylene glycol which was not able to impart flexibility and folding endurance to the film. PEG 400 produced good folding endurance, tensile strength and percent elongation. The optimized formulation F3 was shown good mouth feel, folding endurance, instant drug release as well as good mechanical properties. The F3, shown less disintegration time of 31 seconds and 95 drug released within 3 minutes. Therefore it was concluded that rapid drug release was achieved for immediate onset of action using quercetin as natural bioenhancer which is beneficial and gives maximum drug release when compared to conventional dosage form. Jaydeep Jadhav "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Film of Ziprasidone Using Natural Bioenhancer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50464.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50464/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-mouth-dissolving-film-of-ziprasidone-using-natural-bioenhancer/jaydeep-jadhav
Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Piro...ijtsrd
The solubility behavior of drugs remains one of the most exigent aspects in formulation development. With the advent of combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening, the number of poorly water soluble compounds has dramatically increased. Among all the newly discovered chemical entities, about 40 45 drugs fail to reach market due to their poor water solubility. Because of solubility problem, bioavailability of drugs gets affected and hence solubility enhancement becomes necessary. In present study the attempts have been made to increase the dissolution of BCS class 2 drug Piroxicam using hydrophilic polymers namely polyethylene glycol PEG 6000 and sodium lauryl sulphate as a surfactant by using solid dispersion technique. In solid dispersion microwave induced solid dispersion and conventional fusion method is compared. Drug polymer complex was prepared using batch method. Maximum dissolution rate was obtained of the complex prepared from Piroxicam PEG6000 SLS . A successful solubility enhancement of drug complex was confirmed by taking drug release in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The drug was characterized according to different compendial methods, on the basis of identification by UV spectroscopy, organoleptic properties and other tests. After that among the all formulation batches, solid dispersion F16 was selected for further tablet formulation batches, nine formulations were developed and studied. The values of pre compression parameters was evaluated, results were within prescribed limits and indicated good free flowing properties. The data obtained of post compression parameters such as weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, content uniformity, disintegration time and dissolution was found to superior over conventional formulation. The F9 batch with disintegrating time 10 ± 0.52 second and dissolution 93.20 ± 0.61 was selected as optimized formulation and was found superior over other formulation. Batch F9 was also subjected to stability studies for three months and was tested for its disintegrating time, drug contents and dissolution behavior monthly. F9 formulation after stability study was found to be stable. Mr. Yennuwar Dhiresh Pramod | Mr. Sujit Kakade | Mrs. Trusha Shangrapawar | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Piroxicam using Solid Dispersion Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50422.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50422/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-fast-disintegrating-tablet-of-piroxicam-using-solid-dispersion-technique/mr-yennuwar-dhiresh-pramod
This document provides a synopsis for a Master's thesis project titled "Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Films of Lisinopril". The project aims to develop fast dissolving films of the hypertension drug Lisinopril to improve patient compliance. Literature on fast dissolving drug delivery systems and films has been reviewed. The planned work involves preparing Lisinopril films using natural and synthetic polymers through various techniques and evaluating the films for properties like drug content, dissolution, and pharmacodynamics. If successful, the fast dissolving Lisinopril films could provide quick action and ease of administration benefits for hypertension patients.
Formulation and Evaluation of Nimodipine Tablet by Liquisolid Techniqueijtsrd
Liquisolid technique is novel concept of the drug delivery via the oral route. This technique is applied to poorly water soluble , water insoluble or lipophilic drugs. According to the new formulation method of liquisolid compact, liquid medication such as solution or suspensions of water insoluble drug in suitable non volatile solvent can be converted into acceptably flowing and compressible powders by blending with selected powder excipients. The present work endeavour is directed towards the development of liquisolid compact for production of immediate release tablet of water insoluble Nimodipine. Liquisolid compacts were prepared by using polyethylene glycol 300 as the liquid vehicle or non volatile solvent. Crospovidone was used as a superdisintegrating agent and PVP K30 as a binder. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as a absorbing carrier and silicone dioxide as adsorbing coating material. The prepared liquisolid system were evaluated for their micromeretic properties and possible drug excipients interaction . The FTIR spectra study ruled out any interaction between the drug and excipients in preparation of Nimodipine liquisolid compact. The in vitro dissolution study confirmed enhance drug release from liquisolid compacts by using USP type I basket in 0.5 SLS in water. The selected optimal formula released 93.86 of its content in 30 min which is showing immediate release. The results showed that use of superdisintegrants had remarkable impact on the release rate of Nimodipine from Liquisolid compact, enhancing the release rate of the drug from liquisolid compact. Neha Durge | Kirti Parida ""Formulation and Evaluation of Nimodipine Tablet by Liquisolid Technique"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23863.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/23863/formulation-and-evaluation-of-nimodipine-tablet-by-liquisolid-technique/neha-durge
Oral route of drug administration is the most preferred and convenient method of drug administration, but due to the poor solubility of drug is the major drawback for the dissolution and bioavailability of that drug. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug depends on the solubility of the drug molecule. Solid dispersion is defined as dispersion of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredient in water soluble carriers at solid state to increase the dissolution of poorly water soluble drugs. Solid dispersion technique improves the dissolution rate of highly lipophilic drugs by enhancing bioavailability by means of decreasing particle size of drug, improving its wettability and forming amorphous particles of crystalline drugs. For preparation of solid dispersion carriers such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic are used. Nowadays the use of natural carriers is prepared over the synthetic carriers. Solid dispersion techniques are very effective and promising than conventional dosage forms. In this review we have mainly focused on historical background, introduction to solid dispersion, advantages and disadvantages, characterization of solid dispersion, method of preparation, applications, types of solid dispersion, carriers used in solid dispersion. Dhiresh Yennuwar | Snehal Jadhav | Mr. Sujit Kakade | Dr. Ravindra Patil | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "A Review on Solid Dispersion" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50101.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50101/a-review-on-solid-dispersion/dhiresh-yennuwar
Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinateijtsrd
The aim of the present work is Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinate. Metoprolol Succinate is a BCS class I drug used in the treatment of Angina pectoric, Heart attack, Hypertension and has short half life 3 7hours. In the present study it was planned to prepare sustained release floating tablets of Metoprolol succinate by using HPMC E5 and Gum Karaya excipients. The procured sample of drug was authenticated by pre formulation study like melting point, IR spectra, UV analysis were done. Results of pre formulation studies show that Metoprolol Succinate was pure and complies with standard. Prior to compression, the powder blend were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausners ratio. Results of pre formulation studies show that Metoprolol Succinate was pure and complies with standard. Formulations were evaluated for various evaluation parameters like hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, drug content, floating lag time, floating time, swelling index and in vitro drug release. From the results of evaluation parameters it was observed that formulation F6 shows best results for floating lag time 4min floating time up to 12 hours and consistent drug release 96.15 as compared to other formulations. So formulation F6 was finalized as a optimized formulation for further study. On the basic of above finding it was concluded that sustained release floating drug delivery system was successfully achieved. Neeta. V. Jadhav | Prof. Mr. Prashant Khade | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50409.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50409/formulation-and-evaluation-of-floating-tablet-of-metoprolol-succinate/neeta-v-jadhav
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid dispersion for Dissolution Enhancement of...Jing Zang
The document summarizes research on developing solid dispersions of the poorly water soluble drug nifedipine to enhance its dissolution rate. Solid dispersions of nifedipine were prepared using different polymers (sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium, eudragit E-100) at various weight ratios using solvent evaporation. The best formulation with croscarmellose sodium at a 1:7 ratio showed over 70% increased dissolution compared to nifedipine API. This formulation was further adsorbed onto neusilin US2 to form a ternary mixture, which showed over 30% higher dissolution than the marketed product. Tablets prepared from the ternary mixture were stable
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Thiocolc...ijtsrd
The present study was aimed to formulate and evaluate the Mouth dissolving tablet of Thiocolchicoside. Preliminary investigation of drug was carried out with different. Compatibility of drug with polymers was confirmed by FT IR study. Tablet were prepared with superdisintegrants like Sodium starch glycolate, and other ingredients such as Mannitol, Lactose, Maltose. Sodium saccharide and Talc by Direct compression technique. It was observed that the results obtained after evaluation of F2 formulations follows standards prescribed for Mouth dissolving tablets. The tablet was evaluated for various evaluation parameters such as. Weight Variation. Thickness. Hardness, Friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, In vitro Disintegration Time, in Vitro drug release study, and uniformity of Content etc. Mouth dissolving tablet of optimized formulation F2 having Mouth disintegration, better dissolution and all necessary parameter within the range. Formulation F2 shows the highest drug release upto 99.63 . Finally it is concluded that the drug release from the Mouth dissolving tablet was increased by using the increased concentration of superdisintegrant upto certain conc. After increase in cone. Of superdisintegrant leads to decrease disintegration in the buccal cavity. Increased systemic availability of drug will lead to quick onset of action, which is a prerequisite for analgesic activity. Sujeet A Korde "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Thiocolchicoside" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50506.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50506/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-mouth-dissolving-tablet-of-thiocolchicoside/sujeet-a-korde
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Film of Ziprasidon...ijtsrd
The primary objective of this work was to develop a mouth dissolving film with Ziprasidone HCI, along with bioenhancer quercetin and basic ingredients like polymers, plasticizers, sweetener, saliva stimulating agent and flavor. The films were prepared by solvent casting I method. Quercetin enhances dissolution of drug which results in increase in CDR upto 99 . HPMC E5 cps, which was not able to impart thickness to the film, HPMC E15 shown good flexibility. The plasticizer propylene glycol which was not able to impart flexibility and folding endurance to the film. PEG 400 produced good folding endurance, tensile strength and percent elongation. The optimized formulation F3 was shown good mouth feel, folding endurance, instant drug release as well as good mechanical properties. The F3, shown less disintegration time of 31 seconds and 95 drug released within 3 minutes. Therefore it was concluded that rapid drug release was achieved for immediate onset of action using quercetin as natural bioenhancer which is beneficial and gives maximum drug release when compared to conventional dosage form. Jaydeep Jadhav "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Film of Ziprasidone Using Natural Bioenhancer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50464.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50464/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-mouth-dissolving-film-of-ziprasidone-using-natural-bioenhancer/jaydeep-jadhav
Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Piro...ijtsrd
The solubility behavior of drugs remains one of the most exigent aspects in formulation development. With the advent of combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening, the number of poorly water soluble compounds has dramatically increased. Among all the newly discovered chemical entities, about 40 45 drugs fail to reach market due to their poor water solubility. Because of solubility problem, bioavailability of drugs gets affected and hence solubility enhancement becomes necessary. In present study the attempts have been made to increase the dissolution of BCS class 2 drug Piroxicam using hydrophilic polymers namely polyethylene glycol PEG 6000 and sodium lauryl sulphate as a surfactant by using solid dispersion technique. In solid dispersion microwave induced solid dispersion and conventional fusion method is compared. Drug polymer complex was prepared using batch method. Maximum dissolution rate was obtained of the complex prepared from Piroxicam PEG6000 SLS . A successful solubility enhancement of drug complex was confirmed by taking drug release in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The drug was characterized according to different compendial methods, on the basis of identification by UV spectroscopy, organoleptic properties and other tests. After that among the all formulation batches, solid dispersion F16 was selected for further tablet formulation batches, nine formulations were developed and studied. The values of pre compression parameters was evaluated, results were within prescribed limits and indicated good free flowing properties. The data obtained of post compression parameters such as weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, content uniformity, disintegration time and dissolution was found to superior over conventional formulation. The F9 batch with disintegrating time 10 ± 0.52 second and dissolution 93.20 ± 0.61 was selected as optimized formulation and was found superior over other formulation. Batch F9 was also subjected to stability studies for three months and was tested for its disintegrating time, drug contents and dissolution behavior monthly. F9 formulation after stability study was found to be stable. Mr. Yennuwar Dhiresh Pramod | Mr. Sujit Kakade | Mrs. Trusha Shangrapawar | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Piroxicam using Solid Dispersion Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50422.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50422/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-fast-disintegrating-tablet-of-piroxicam-using-solid-dispersion-technique/mr-yennuwar-dhiresh-pramod
This document provides a synopsis for a Master's thesis project titled "Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Films of Lisinopril". The project aims to develop fast dissolving films of the hypertension drug Lisinopril to improve patient compliance. Literature on fast dissolving drug delivery systems and films has been reviewed. The planned work involves preparing Lisinopril films using natural and synthetic polymers through various techniques and evaluating the films for properties like drug content, dissolution, and pharmacodynamics. If successful, the fast dissolving Lisinopril films could provide quick action and ease of administration benefits for hypertension patients.
Formulation and Evaluation of Nimodipine Tablet by Liquisolid Techniqueijtsrd
Liquisolid technique is novel concept of the drug delivery via the oral route. This technique is applied to poorly water soluble , water insoluble or lipophilic drugs. According to the new formulation method of liquisolid compact, liquid medication such as solution or suspensions of water insoluble drug in suitable non volatile solvent can be converted into acceptably flowing and compressible powders by blending with selected powder excipients. The present work endeavour is directed towards the development of liquisolid compact for production of immediate release tablet of water insoluble Nimodipine. Liquisolid compacts were prepared by using polyethylene glycol 300 as the liquid vehicle or non volatile solvent. Crospovidone was used as a superdisintegrating agent and PVP K30 as a binder. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as a absorbing carrier and silicone dioxide as adsorbing coating material. The prepared liquisolid system were evaluated for their micromeretic properties and possible drug excipients interaction . The FTIR spectra study ruled out any interaction between the drug and excipients in preparation of Nimodipine liquisolid compact. The in vitro dissolution study confirmed enhance drug release from liquisolid compacts by using USP type I basket in 0.5 SLS in water. The selected optimal formula released 93.86 of its content in 30 min which is showing immediate release. The results showed that use of superdisintegrants had remarkable impact on the release rate of Nimodipine from Liquisolid compact, enhancing the release rate of the drug from liquisolid compact. Neha Durge | Kirti Parida ""Formulation and Evaluation of Nimodipine Tablet by Liquisolid Technique"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23863.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/23863/formulation-and-evaluation-of-nimodipine-tablet-by-liquisolid-technique/neha-durge
Oral route of drug administration is the most preferred and convenient method of drug administration, but due to the poor solubility of drug is the major drawback for the dissolution and bioavailability of that drug. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug depends on the solubility of the drug molecule. Solid dispersion is defined as dispersion of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredient in water soluble carriers at solid state to increase the dissolution of poorly water soluble drugs. Solid dispersion technique improves the dissolution rate of highly lipophilic drugs by enhancing bioavailability by means of decreasing particle size of drug, improving its wettability and forming amorphous particles of crystalline drugs. For preparation of solid dispersion carriers such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic are used. Nowadays the use of natural carriers is prepared over the synthetic carriers. Solid dispersion techniques are very effective and promising than conventional dosage forms. In this review we have mainly focused on historical background, introduction to solid dispersion, advantages and disadvantages, characterization of solid dispersion, method of preparation, applications, types of solid dispersion, carriers used in solid dispersion. Dhiresh Yennuwar | Snehal Jadhav | Mr. Sujit Kakade | Dr. Ravindra Patil | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "A Review on Solid Dispersion" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50101.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50101/a-review-on-solid-dispersion/dhiresh-yennuwar
Background: The main objective of present research work is to formulate the Carbamazepine Fast Dissoving tablets. Carbamazepine, an
antiepileptic, belongs to BCS Class-II and used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy and Neuropathic Pain by
blocking use-dependent sodium channels. Methods: The Fast Dissoving tablets of Carbamazepine were prepared employing different
concentrations of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a Sperdisintegrants by Direct Compression technique
using 32
factorial design. The concentration of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1
and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t
50% ,t90%were selected as dependent variables. Results and Discussion:
Totally nine formulations were designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, Invitro
drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro
dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) &
regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of
developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1
, C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines the
formulation (F5
) containing combination of 9.375% Crospovidone and 9.375% Croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor
f
2
=82.675, dissimilarity factor f1
= 2.049 & No significant difference, t= 0.041) to marketed product (TEGRETOL-100). Conclusion: The
selected formulation (F5
) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion (n= 0.665).
KEYWORDS: Carbamazepine, 3
2Factorial Design, Crospovidone , croscarmellose Sodium, Wetting Time, Disintegration Time.
Research Article of Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablet of N...ijtsrd
Objective The aim of present study is to formulate fast dissolving tablet of Nitrendipine, the drug will be directly absorbed into systemic circulation through buccal mucosa and lead to produce immediate action. Methods Fast dissolving tablets of Nitrendipine were prepared by wet granulation method. Required quantity of drug and other excipients were weighed and sieved from sieve no.60 for finding homogenous mixer, then a damp mass of mixer was prepared by using distilled water as a solvent, Damp mass was passed through sieve no. 10 and dried the granules at 50 °C till moisture remaining less than 2 Results All the formulated tablets met the pharmacopoeias standard of uniformity of weight, percentage friability, thickness, and drug content. The in vitro disintegration and dispersion studies were also performed, which shows very good bioavailability and drug release profile. Accelerated stability studies were done for four weeks and found that no significant change in drug content and other parameters like hardness and in vitro dispersion time after four weeks even at 50 °C. It may be predicted that formulation will be stable for more than one year. Conclusion The present investigation successfully formulated mouth dissolving tablets of Nitrendipine with improved drug release profile. The formulation was chosen because it showed good results in terms of cumulative drug release, disintegration time, hardness and friability. The dissolution study of this formulation showed an increase in the cumulative drug release. Shrikant Suryawanshi | Sheetal Gondkar | Rishikesh Bachhav "Research Article of Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablet of Nitrendipine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49225.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/49225/research-article-of-formulation-and-evaluation-of-fast-dissolving-tablet-of-nitrendipine/shrikant-suryawanshi
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present research work was to enhance the solubility of
Carvedilol by solid dispersion method and to formulate a mouth
dissolving tablet. Drugs are more frequently taken by oral
administration. The solubility of Carvedilol enhanced with different
ratios of PVP by the solvent evaporation method .In-vitro release
profile of solid dispersion obtained in SGF without enzymes and Ph
6.8 phosphate buffer indicate that 100% drug release found within 20
min. These solid dispersion were directly compressed into tablets using
Crospovidone, sodium starch glycol ate, croscarmellose sodium and
polyacrylic potassium in different concentrations as a super
disintegrants. The prepared tablets containing the solid dispersion of
Carvedilol having sufficient strength of 2.5-4 kg/cm2. The
disintegrated in the oral cavity with in 21 sec. contain Crospovidone
(5%) as super disintegrant.
KEYWORDS: Carvedilol, PVP, Super Disintegrants, Mouth Dissolving Tablet.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Tablet Formulation Containing Ibupr...ijtsrd
The purpose of this study was to formulate and evaluate conventional tablets of Ibuprofen HCl with Castor oil. Castor oil helps to overcome the hepatotoxic effect of Ibuprofen HCl. Direct compression method was used to formulate tablets, which contained Castor oil in different proportion from batch F1 F4. Formulation of tablets was prepared by the powder blend of different ratios of Castor oil to get desirable drug release profile. All batches were evaluated for flow property Pre compression study . Evaluation parameters of formulated tablets were hardness, friability, thickness, drug content, weight variation, and the in vitro drug release rate pattern. Results indicated that the formulation F2 was the most promising formulation as the drug release from this formulation was high as compared to other formulations. In formulation F2, percentage drug release of Ibuprofen HCl is 97.01 at 60 min. Gayatri Burte | Vikram Veer | Ashok Bhosale "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Tablet Formulation Containing Ibuprofen HCL with Castor Oil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50389.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/50389/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-tablet-formulation-containing-ibuprofen-hcl-with-castor-oil/gayatri-burte
The document discusses the liquisolid technique for enhancing drug dissolution and delivery. Liquisolid systems convert liquid drugs or drug suspensions into dry, flowable powders by mixing the liquid with select carrier and coating materials. This improves drug release characteristics and oral bioavailability. The key steps are: (1) dissolving the drug in a non-volatile solvent, (2) mixing this liquid medication with carrier material to absorb the liquid internally and externally, (3) adding a coating material to produce a dry, free-flowing powder, and (4) compressing the powder into tablets or filling capsules. Evaluation studies showed the liquisolid tablets had higher drug release and bioavailability compared to commercial formulations.
Formulation Development and in Vitro Evaluation of Capecitabine Immediate Rel...ijtsrd
The aim of this study is to formulate and significantly improve the bioavailability and reduce the side effects of immediate release tablets Capecitabine. The precompression blends of Capecitabine were characterized with respect to angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio. The precompression blend of all the batches indicates good to fair flowability and compressibility. Immediate release tablets were prepared with various disintegrants like PEG 6000, Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium starch glycolate at different concentration ratios and were compressed into tablets. The formulated tablets were evaluated for various quality control parameters. The tablets were passed all tests. Among all the formulations F7 formulation containing, drug and Croscarmellose sodium showed good result that is 98.12 in 45 min. Hence from the dissolution data it was evident that F7 formulation is the better formulation. Dr. G. Jagadish | Dr. Vibhor Kumar Jain | Rama Shukla "Formulation Development and in Vitro Evaluation of Capecitabine Immediate Release Tablets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55058.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/55058/formulation-development-and-in-vitro-evaluation-of-capecitabine-immediate-release-tablets/dr-g-jagadish
Preparation and evaluation of deferasirox effervescent release tabletsSriramNagarajan19
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of effervescent release tablets containing the drug deferasirox. Six formulations of effervescent tablets were prepared using different concentrations of effervescent agents (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate). The formulations demonstrated acceptable pre-compression and post-compression properties. In vitro dissolution studies showed that formulation F6 had the best drug release profile, releasing over 94% of the drug within 60 minutes. Stability studies of the optimized F6 formulation were conducted according to ICH guidelines. Overall, the study demonstrated the successful preparation of effervescent release tablets containing deferasirox with a dissolution profile similar to the reference product.
The document describes the formulation and evaluation of ibuprofen suspension using natural and synthetic suspending agents. Four ibuprofen suspensions were prepared using different combinations of methylcellulose, fenugreek seed powder, and other excipients. The suspensions were evaluated for sedimentation volume, particle size, viscosity, pH, drug content, and in-vitro drug release. The F4 formulation containing both fenugreek seed powder and methylcellulose showed the best stability profile compared to the other formulations in the various evaluation tests.
This document describes a study that developed a novel drug delivery system of stavudine (D4T) by embedding stavudine-loaded Eudragit RSPO microspheres into gellan microbeads using ionotropic gelation. The microspheres embedded in microbeads (MEM) were characterized and showed improved drug encapsulation efficiency and controlled release characteristics compared to microbeads containing D4T only. SEM images clearly showed the microspheres embedded within the microbeads and different surface topographies between formulations. FTIR confirmed no drug-polymer interactions. In vitro drug release followed non-Fickian diffusion and the MEM had a slower, more controlled release than beads with D4
The oral route is the most favorable route for administration of drugs because of accurate dosage, low cost of therapy, self medication, non-invasive method, and ease of administration leading to a high level of patient compliance. Of the oral Dosage forms, solid dosage form is the preferred class of product as tablet represents a unit dosage form in which one dose of drug is placed accurately.
Dissolution Enhancement of BCS Class 4 Dssrugs Using Quality by Design Approa...inventionjournals
Solid dispersion is one of the vastly accepted and practically economical processes in bioavailability enhancement study. The present investigation deals mostly with increase in solubility and dissolution rate of BCS class 4 drugs for enhancement of oral bioavailability. For the same solid dispersion were prepared and analyzed for appropriate concentration of drug polymer ratio by phase solubility analysis. The solvent evaporation study widely accepted due to its efficient solid dispersion in lesser efforts. The study designs were prepared with specific concentration of drug and polymer ratio with the help of high throughput model i.e. Central Composite Design (by Design Expert trial copy) by specific design of experiment with full factorial design (DOE). The fixed variables were concentration of polymers and dependant variables were dissolution and permeability across bio-membrane in in-vitro model. The prepared dispersion investigated for dissolution and permeability improvement using USP Type II apparatus and modified everted gut sac model which leads to improvement of quality of whole formulation with Quality by design efficiently.
Formulation and Evaluation of Risperidone Fast Dissolving TabletsSunil Vadithya
The document discusses the formulation and evaluation of risperidone fast dissolving tablets. Four formulations of risperidone FDTs were developed using different concentrations and combinations of crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium as superdisintegrants. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for characteristics like hardness, friability, thickness, drug content, wetting time, disintegration time and in-vitro drug release. Formulation F2 showed the most promising results with no drug-excipient interactions. Stability studies on F2 for one month also showed acceptable results, making it the optimized risperidone FDT formulation.
Formulation and Evaluation of Liquisolid Compacts of CarvedilolIOSR Journals
The purpose of this study is to develop a novel liquisolid technique to enhance the dissolution rate of
poorly water soluble drug Carvedilol, a BCS class II drug, which is a β-blocker, by using different excipients.
The main components of a liquisolid system are a non volatile solvent, carrier and coating materials and a
disintegrant. Liquisolid system refers to the formulations that are formed by conversion of liquid drugs, drug
suspensions or drug solution in non-volatile solvents into dry, non adherent, free flowing and compressible
powder mixture by blending with suitable carrier and coating materials. Hence the dissolution step, a prerequisite
for drug absorption, is by passed and better bioavailability of poorly soluble drug is achieved.
Liquisolid tablets of carvedilol are prepared by using PEG, PG, glycerine as non volatile liquid vehicles and
Avicel PH 101 and 102, Aerosil as carrier and coating materials respectively. Optimized formulation containing
20% drug in PEG 400, with Avicel 101 as carrier and Aerosil as coating material has shown 98.4% drug
release within 20 min which is better than marketed product (CARCA 12.5mg, Intas). The DSC and X-RD
studies are performed to investigate the physicochemical properties of formulation and drug excipient
interactions. The results are found to be satisfactory
Solubility enhancement technique of BCS Class II drug by Solvent EvaporatiomKaustav Dey
I am very happy to share with you my B.Pharm Final semester Presentation. The topic of the presentation was “SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE OF BCS CLASS II DRUG BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE – FORMULATION & EVALUATION" which i have done under the esteemed guidance of Dr. Goutam Kumar Jena. It was a great experience to deliver this topic infront of the expert jury. I would also like thank all my teammates especially Agniv Masanta for his efforts. I hope everyone of you will like presentation and the research and efforts behind it.Thank you for giving your precious time. #research #science #thankyou #experience #share
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM SUSTAINED RELEASE TABLETSRuqsar Fatima
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium sustained release tablets. It discusses diclofenac sodium, the need for sustained release formulations, and methods used. Several diclofenac sodium sustained release tablet formulations were prepared using wet granulation with varying polymers. Tablet properties were evaluated and in vitro drug release was studied over 12 hours. The optimized formulation followed Korsemeyer-Peppas kinetics. FTIR studies showed no drug-excipient incompatibility. The sustained release tablet can reduce dosing frequency and enhance patient compliance.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery...ijtsrd
The primary objective of the work was to develop a self nano emulsifying drug delivery system of dolutegravir HCL. Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system is a lipid based formulation which consists of isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants and co surfactants. It can conveniently develop the emulsion on gentle agitation and offers a considerable surface area for interaction between the SNEDDS formulation and the aqueous gastrointestinal fluid. This may lead to enhanced bioavailability of hydrophobic agents. The Liquid SNEDDS was prepared and after that solidified by aerosil 200. For 10 gm of liquid SNEDDS 5 gm of Aerosil 200 was used and after that product is dried by spray drying method. And 12 gm of product is remaining after the process. The drug excipients interaction studies were carried out using FTIR and DSC. The interaction studies were carried out to check physical and chemical stability of Dolutegravir with other excipients. FTIR spectra showed the characteristic peaks of drug i.e. for C H stretch, N C stretch appear in the spectra of physical mixtures at the same wave number indicating no modification or interaction between drug and the polymers. The liquid SNEDDS formulation C1 showed good thermodynamic stability without any precipitation and having globule size 536.6 nm and zeta potential 29.9. Based on thermodynamic stability, precipitation studies, self emulsification studies, globule size and zeta potential liquid SNEDDS of formulation batch C1 was selected as optimized formulation. Liquid SNEDDS and solid SNEDDS was prepared for Dolutegravir. SEM, IR, and DSC results confirmed that drug was present in an amorphous state in solid SNEDDS. In vitro drug release and drug content of optimized formulation was found to be 98.64 and 99.35 respectively. F3 batch of capsule formulation shows better drug release than marketed formulation. Suresh Mularam Choudhary | Prof S. A Waghmare | Hemant V. Kamble "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Dolutegravir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50569.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50569/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-self-nano-emulsifying-drug-delivery-system-of-dolutegravir/suresh-mularam-choudhary
Effervescent technique in development of floating tablets for antiviral drugsSriramNagarajan19
The purpose of this investigation was to prepare a regiospesific drug delivery system of Stavudine. Floating tablets of Stavudine were prepared by direct compression method employing different concentration of HPMC K15M by effervescent technique. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. The floating tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, drug content, swelling studies, in vitro buoyancy and dissolution studies. The effect of different concentration of HPMC K15M on drug release profile and floating properties was investigated. The prepared tablets exhibited satisfactory physico-chemical characteristics. All the prepared batches showed good in vitro buoyancy. The tablet swelled radially and axially during in vitro buoyancy studies. It was observed that the tablet remained buoyant for more than 12 hours. Increased in the HPMC K15M level, decreased the floating lag time but tablets floated for longer duration. The formulation with 1:1 drug: Polymer ratios were found to float for longer duration as compared with other formulations containing HPMC K15M. The drug release from the tablets was sufficiently sustained and non-Fickian transport of the drug from tablets was confirmed.
This document describes the formulation and in vitro evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets containing the drug mirtazapine using the sublimation method. Sodium starch glycolate and croscarmellose sodium were used as disintegrants. The results showed no chemical interaction between mirtazapine and the excipients used. Formulation F9, containing camphor at 30 mg, showed the fastest drug release of 99.13% within 20 minutes and was selected as the optimized formulation. The drug release from F9 followed first-order kinetics. Overall, an oral disintegrating tablet of mirtazapine was successfully developed using the sublimation method that showed rapid disintegration and drug release.
The document summarizes a study that formulated orodispersible tablets of amlodipine besilate using different superdisintegrants to improve patient compliance. Nine formulations of amlodipine orodispersible tablets were prepared using croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, or sodium starch glycolate by direct compression method. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content, wetting time, water absorption ratio, and in vitro dispersion time. Tablets containing higher concentrations of croscarmellose sodium had shorter wetting and dispersion times, while those with sodium starch glycolate took longer to wet and disperse. Tablets with 8% croscarmellose sodium dispersed within 28 seconds and released 98.
This document summarizes the formulation and in vitro evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets containing the drug mirtazapine using the sublimation method. Key points:
1) Orally disintegrating tablets were formulated using sodium starch glycolate as a disintegrant via the sublimation method to produce a tablet that disintegrates rapidly in the mouth.
2) Drug-excipient compatibility studies showed no chemical interactions between mirtazapine and the excipients used.
3) Tablets were evaluated for properties like hardness, friability, drug content and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation showed 99% drug release within 20 minutes and followed first-order release kinetics.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
More Related Content
Similar to Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Solid Dispersion of Carvedilol A Research
Background: The main objective of present research work is to formulate the Carbamazepine Fast Dissoving tablets. Carbamazepine, an
antiepileptic, belongs to BCS Class-II and used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy and Neuropathic Pain by
blocking use-dependent sodium channels. Methods: The Fast Dissoving tablets of Carbamazepine were prepared employing different
concentrations of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a Sperdisintegrants by Direct Compression technique
using 32
factorial design. The concentration of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1
and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t
50% ,t90%were selected as dependent variables. Results and Discussion:
Totally nine formulations were designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, Invitro
drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro
dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) &
regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of
developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1
, C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines the
formulation (F5
) containing combination of 9.375% Crospovidone and 9.375% Croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor
f
2
=82.675, dissimilarity factor f1
= 2.049 & No significant difference, t= 0.041) to marketed product (TEGRETOL-100). Conclusion: The
selected formulation (F5
) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion (n= 0.665).
KEYWORDS: Carbamazepine, 3
2Factorial Design, Crospovidone , croscarmellose Sodium, Wetting Time, Disintegration Time.
Research Article of Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablet of N...ijtsrd
Objective The aim of present study is to formulate fast dissolving tablet of Nitrendipine, the drug will be directly absorbed into systemic circulation through buccal mucosa and lead to produce immediate action. Methods Fast dissolving tablets of Nitrendipine were prepared by wet granulation method. Required quantity of drug and other excipients were weighed and sieved from sieve no.60 for finding homogenous mixer, then a damp mass of mixer was prepared by using distilled water as a solvent, Damp mass was passed through sieve no. 10 and dried the granules at 50 °C till moisture remaining less than 2 Results All the formulated tablets met the pharmacopoeias standard of uniformity of weight, percentage friability, thickness, and drug content. The in vitro disintegration and dispersion studies were also performed, which shows very good bioavailability and drug release profile. Accelerated stability studies were done for four weeks and found that no significant change in drug content and other parameters like hardness and in vitro dispersion time after four weeks even at 50 °C. It may be predicted that formulation will be stable for more than one year. Conclusion The present investigation successfully formulated mouth dissolving tablets of Nitrendipine with improved drug release profile. The formulation was chosen because it showed good results in terms of cumulative drug release, disintegration time, hardness and friability. The dissolution study of this formulation showed an increase in the cumulative drug release. Shrikant Suryawanshi | Sheetal Gondkar | Rishikesh Bachhav "Research Article of Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablet of Nitrendipine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49225.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/49225/research-article-of-formulation-and-evaluation-of-fast-dissolving-tablet-of-nitrendipine/shrikant-suryawanshi
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present research work was to enhance the solubility of
Carvedilol by solid dispersion method and to formulate a mouth
dissolving tablet. Drugs are more frequently taken by oral
administration. The solubility of Carvedilol enhanced with different
ratios of PVP by the solvent evaporation method .In-vitro release
profile of solid dispersion obtained in SGF without enzymes and Ph
6.8 phosphate buffer indicate that 100% drug release found within 20
min. These solid dispersion were directly compressed into tablets using
Crospovidone, sodium starch glycol ate, croscarmellose sodium and
polyacrylic potassium in different concentrations as a super
disintegrants. The prepared tablets containing the solid dispersion of
Carvedilol having sufficient strength of 2.5-4 kg/cm2. The
disintegrated in the oral cavity with in 21 sec. contain Crospovidone
(5%) as super disintegrant.
KEYWORDS: Carvedilol, PVP, Super Disintegrants, Mouth Dissolving Tablet.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Tablet Formulation Containing Ibupr...ijtsrd
The purpose of this study was to formulate and evaluate conventional tablets of Ibuprofen HCl with Castor oil. Castor oil helps to overcome the hepatotoxic effect of Ibuprofen HCl. Direct compression method was used to formulate tablets, which contained Castor oil in different proportion from batch F1 F4. Formulation of tablets was prepared by the powder blend of different ratios of Castor oil to get desirable drug release profile. All batches were evaluated for flow property Pre compression study . Evaluation parameters of formulated tablets were hardness, friability, thickness, drug content, weight variation, and the in vitro drug release rate pattern. Results indicated that the formulation F2 was the most promising formulation as the drug release from this formulation was high as compared to other formulations. In formulation F2, percentage drug release of Ibuprofen HCl is 97.01 at 60 min. Gayatri Burte | Vikram Veer | Ashok Bhosale "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Tablet Formulation Containing Ibuprofen HCL with Castor Oil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50389.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/50389/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-tablet-formulation-containing-ibuprofen-hcl-with-castor-oil/gayatri-burte
The document discusses the liquisolid technique for enhancing drug dissolution and delivery. Liquisolid systems convert liquid drugs or drug suspensions into dry, flowable powders by mixing the liquid with select carrier and coating materials. This improves drug release characteristics and oral bioavailability. The key steps are: (1) dissolving the drug in a non-volatile solvent, (2) mixing this liquid medication with carrier material to absorb the liquid internally and externally, (3) adding a coating material to produce a dry, free-flowing powder, and (4) compressing the powder into tablets or filling capsules. Evaluation studies showed the liquisolid tablets had higher drug release and bioavailability compared to commercial formulations.
Formulation Development and in Vitro Evaluation of Capecitabine Immediate Rel...ijtsrd
The aim of this study is to formulate and significantly improve the bioavailability and reduce the side effects of immediate release tablets Capecitabine. The precompression blends of Capecitabine were characterized with respect to angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio. The precompression blend of all the batches indicates good to fair flowability and compressibility. Immediate release tablets were prepared with various disintegrants like PEG 6000, Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium starch glycolate at different concentration ratios and were compressed into tablets. The formulated tablets were evaluated for various quality control parameters. The tablets were passed all tests. Among all the formulations F7 formulation containing, drug and Croscarmellose sodium showed good result that is 98.12 in 45 min. Hence from the dissolution data it was evident that F7 formulation is the better formulation. Dr. G. Jagadish | Dr. Vibhor Kumar Jain | Rama Shukla "Formulation Development and in Vitro Evaluation of Capecitabine Immediate Release Tablets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55058.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/55058/formulation-development-and-in-vitro-evaluation-of-capecitabine-immediate-release-tablets/dr-g-jagadish
Preparation and evaluation of deferasirox effervescent release tabletsSriramNagarajan19
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of effervescent release tablets containing the drug deferasirox. Six formulations of effervescent tablets were prepared using different concentrations of effervescent agents (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate). The formulations demonstrated acceptable pre-compression and post-compression properties. In vitro dissolution studies showed that formulation F6 had the best drug release profile, releasing over 94% of the drug within 60 minutes. Stability studies of the optimized F6 formulation were conducted according to ICH guidelines. Overall, the study demonstrated the successful preparation of effervescent release tablets containing deferasirox with a dissolution profile similar to the reference product.
The document describes the formulation and evaluation of ibuprofen suspension using natural and synthetic suspending agents. Four ibuprofen suspensions were prepared using different combinations of methylcellulose, fenugreek seed powder, and other excipients. The suspensions were evaluated for sedimentation volume, particle size, viscosity, pH, drug content, and in-vitro drug release. The F4 formulation containing both fenugreek seed powder and methylcellulose showed the best stability profile compared to the other formulations in the various evaluation tests.
This document describes a study that developed a novel drug delivery system of stavudine (D4T) by embedding stavudine-loaded Eudragit RSPO microspheres into gellan microbeads using ionotropic gelation. The microspheres embedded in microbeads (MEM) were characterized and showed improved drug encapsulation efficiency and controlled release characteristics compared to microbeads containing D4T only. SEM images clearly showed the microspheres embedded within the microbeads and different surface topographies between formulations. FTIR confirmed no drug-polymer interactions. In vitro drug release followed non-Fickian diffusion and the MEM had a slower, more controlled release than beads with D4
The oral route is the most favorable route for administration of drugs because of accurate dosage, low cost of therapy, self medication, non-invasive method, and ease of administration leading to a high level of patient compliance. Of the oral Dosage forms, solid dosage form is the preferred class of product as tablet represents a unit dosage form in which one dose of drug is placed accurately.
Dissolution Enhancement of BCS Class 4 Dssrugs Using Quality by Design Approa...inventionjournals
Solid dispersion is one of the vastly accepted and practically economical processes in bioavailability enhancement study. The present investigation deals mostly with increase in solubility and dissolution rate of BCS class 4 drugs for enhancement of oral bioavailability. For the same solid dispersion were prepared and analyzed for appropriate concentration of drug polymer ratio by phase solubility analysis. The solvent evaporation study widely accepted due to its efficient solid dispersion in lesser efforts. The study designs were prepared with specific concentration of drug and polymer ratio with the help of high throughput model i.e. Central Composite Design (by Design Expert trial copy) by specific design of experiment with full factorial design (DOE). The fixed variables were concentration of polymers and dependant variables were dissolution and permeability across bio-membrane in in-vitro model. The prepared dispersion investigated for dissolution and permeability improvement using USP Type II apparatus and modified everted gut sac model which leads to improvement of quality of whole formulation with Quality by design efficiently.
Formulation and Evaluation of Risperidone Fast Dissolving TabletsSunil Vadithya
The document discusses the formulation and evaluation of risperidone fast dissolving tablets. Four formulations of risperidone FDTs were developed using different concentrations and combinations of crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium as superdisintegrants. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for characteristics like hardness, friability, thickness, drug content, wetting time, disintegration time and in-vitro drug release. Formulation F2 showed the most promising results with no drug-excipient interactions. Stability studies on F2 for one month also showed acceptable results, making it the optimized risperidone FDT formulation.
Formulation and Evaluation of Liquisolid Compacts of CarvedilolIOSR Journals
The purpose of this study is to develop a novel liquisolid technique to enhance the dissolution rate of
poorly water soluble drug Carvedilol, a BCS class II drug, which is a β-blocker, by using different excipients.
The main components of a liquisolid system are a non volatile solvent, carrier and coating materials and a
disintegrant. Liquisolid system refers to the formulations that are formed by conversion of liquid drugs, drug
suspensions or drug solution in non-volatile solvents into dry, non adherent, free flowing and compressible
powder mixture by blending with suitable carrier and coating materials. Hence the dissolution step, a prerequisite
for drug absorption, is by passed and better bioavailability of poorly soluble drug is achieved.
Liquisolid tablets of carvedilol are prepared by using PEG, PG, glycerine as non volatile liquid vehicles and
Avicel PH 101 and 102, Aerosil as carrier and coating materials respectively. Optimized formulation containing
20% drug in PEG 400, with Avicel 101 as carrier and Aerosil as coating material has shown 98.4% drug
release within 20 min which is better than marketed product (CARCA 12.5mg, Intas). The DSC and X-RD
studies are performed to investigate the physicochemical properties of formulation and drug excipient
interactions. The results are found to be satisfactory
Solubility enhancement technique of BCS Class II drug by Solvent EvaporatiomKaustav Dey
I am very happy to share with you my B.Pharm Final semester Presentation. The topic of the presentation was “SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE OF BCS CLASS II DRUG BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE – FORMULATION & EVALUATION" which i have done under the esteemed guidance of Dr. Goutam Kumar Jena. It was a great experience to deliver this topic infront of the expert jury. I would also like thank all my teammates especially Agniv Masanta for his efforts. I hope everyone of you will like presentation and the research and efforts behind it.Thank you for giving your precious time. #research #science #thankyou #experience #share
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM SUSTAINED RELEASE TABLETSRuqsar Fatima
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium sustained release tablets. It discusses diclofenac sodium, the need for sustained release formulations, and methods used. Several diclofenac sodium sustained release tablet formulations were prepared using wet granulation with varying polymers. Tablet properties were evaluated and in vitro drug release was studied over 12 hours. The optimized formulation followed Korsemeyer-Peppas kinetics. FTIR studies showed no drug-excipient incompatibility. The sustained release tablet can reduce dosing frequency and enhance patient compliance.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery...ijtsrd
The primary objective of the work was to develop a self nano emulsifying drug delivery system of dolutegravir HCL. Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system is a lipid based formulation which consists of isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants and co surfactants. It can conveniently develop the emulsion on gentle agitation and offers a considerable surface area for interaction between the SNEDDS formulation and the aqueous gastrointestinal fluid. This may lead to enhanced bioavailability of hydrophobic agents. The Liquid SNEDDS was prepared and after that solidified by aerosil 200. For 10 gm of liquid SNEDDS 5 gm of Aerosil 200 was used and after that product is dried by spray drying method. And 12 gm of product is remaining after the process. The drug excipients interaction studies were carried out using FTIR and DSC. The interaction studies were carried out to check physical and chemical stability of Dolutegravir with other excipients. FTIR spectra showed the characteristic peaks of drug i.e. for C H stretch, N C stretch appear in the spectra of physical mixtures at the same wave number indicating no modification or interaction between drug and the polymers. The liquid SNEDDS formulation C1 showed good thermodynamic stability without any precipitation and having globule size 536.6 nm and zeta potential 29.9. Based on thermodynamic stability, precipitation studies, self emulsification studies, globule size and zeta potential liquid SNEDDS of formulation batch C1 was selected as optimized formulation. Liquid SNEDDS and solid SNEDDS was prepared for Dolutegravir. SEM, IR, and DSC results confirmed that drug was present in an amorphous state in solid SNEDDS. In vitro drug release and drug content of optimized formulation was found to be 98.64 and 99.35 respectively. F3 batch of capsule formulation shows better drug release than marketed formulation. Suresh Mularam Choudhary | Prof S. A Waghmare | Hemant V. Kamble "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Dolutegravir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50569.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50569/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-self-nano-emulsifying-drug-delivery-system-of-dolutegravir/suresh-mularam-choudhary
Effervescent technique in development of floating tablets for antiviral drugsSriramNagarajan19
The purpose of this investigation was to prepare a regiospesific drug delivery system of Stavudine. Floating tablets of Stavudine were prepared by direct compression method employing different concentration of HPMC K15M by effervescent technique. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. The floating tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, drug content, swelling studies, in vitro buoyancy and dissolution studies. The effect of different concentration of HPMC K15M on drug release profile and floating properties was investigated. The prepared tablets exhibited satisfactory physico-chemical characteristics. All the prepared batches showed good in vitro buoyancy. The tablet swelled radially and axially during in vitro buoyancy studies. It was observed that the tablet remained buoyant for more than 12 hours. Increased in the HPMC K15M level, decreased the floating lag time but tablets floated for longer duration. The formulation with 1:1 drug: Polymer ratios were found to float for longer duration as compared with other formulations containing HPMC K15M. The drug release from the tablets was sufficiently sustained and non-Fickian transport of the drug from tablets was confirmed.
This document describes the formulation and in vitro evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets containing the drug mirtazapine using the sublimation method. Sodium starch glycolate and croscarmellose sodium were used as disintegrants. The results showed no chemical interaction between mirtazapine and the excipients used. Formulation F9, containing camphor at 30 mg, showed the fastest drug release of 99.13% within 20 minutes and was selected as the optimized formulation. The drug release from F9 followed first-order kinetics. Overall, an oral disintegrating tablet of mirtazapine was successfully developed using the sublimation method that showed rapid disintegration and drug release.
The document summarizes a study that formulated orodispersible tablets of amlodipine besilate using different superdisintegrants to improve patient compliance. Nine formulations of amlodipine orodispersible tablets were prepared using croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, or sodium starch glycolate by direct compression method. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content, wetting time, water absorption ratio, and in vitro dispersion time. Tablets containing higher concentrations of croscarmellose sodium had shorter wetting and dispersion times, while those with sodium starch glycolate took longer to wet and disperse. Tablets with 8% croscarmellose sodium dispersed within 28 seconds and released 98.
This document summarizes the formulation and in vitro evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets containing the drug mirtazapine using the sublimation method. Key points:
1) Orally disintegrating tablets were formulated using sodium starch glycolate as a disintegrant via the sublimation method to produce a tablet that disintegrates rapidly in the mouth.
2) Drug-excipient compatibility studies showed no chemical interactions between mirtazapine and the excipients used.
3) Tablets were evaluated for properties like hardness, friability, drug content and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation showed 99% drug release within 20 minutes and followed first-order release kinetics.
Similar to Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Solid Dispersion of Carvedilol A Research (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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like tablets. fast disintegrating tablet that dissolve or
disintegrate rapidly in oral cavity result in solution, is
an ultimate remedy for this problem. In addition they
give pleasing mouth feeling. FDT has advantages
such as patient compliance, quick onset of action,
improved bioavailability, etc. Therefore, fast
disintegrating tablets are attractive alternative to
liquid and conventional tablet dosage forms. In recent
past, several manufacturing technologies such as
sublimation technique, spray drying technique... etc.
are employed to overcome the limitations of
conventional tablet dosage forms. Once the fast
disintegrating tablets are prepared they are required to
be evaluated for various parameters so as to have long
term stability and better therapeutic efficacy.
The Basic approaches to develop dispersible tablet
include maximizing the porous structure of the tablet
matrix, incorporating the appropriate disintegrating
agent and using highly water soluble excipients in the
formulation, dispersible tablet can be achieved by
various direct technical compression.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Following drug, excipients were used for the
formulation and evaluation studies. Carvedilol was
gift sample by Lupin Pharma, Sikkim. PEG 6000,
PVP K30 were provided by Research-lab fine chem.
Industries, Mumbai. Crosspovidone , Croscarmellose
sodium, Microcrystalline cellulose, Mannitol,
Magnesium Stearate,Talc were provided by Research
lab fine chem. Industries, Mumbai.
PREFORMULATION STUDIES OF
CARVEDILOL
The various physicochemical properties of drug and
excipients were checked.
Identification and Characterization of Carvedilol
1. Organoleptic Evaluation
The drug sample was evaluated for its color, odour
and appearance. The results are shown in Table 10.1
2. Melting Point:
Melting point of drug sample was determined by
capillary method by using melting point apparatus.
3. Solubility Profile
The solubility of Carvedilol was determined by
adding excess amount of drug in the solvent and
equilibrium solubility was determined by taking
supernatant and analyzed by using spectrophotometer
at 242 λmax.
UV SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF
CARVEDILOL
UV-Spectroscopic Analysis of Drug
A. Determination of Absorption Maxima
UV scanning was done in Shimandzu double beam
UV spectrophotometer using 10 µg/ml drug solutions
in the wave length range of (200-400 nm). 0.1 N HCl
solution used as a blank
B. Preparation of Calibration Curve
1. Preparation of 0.1 N HCl
Dissolve 8.5 ml of concentrated HCl in 1000 ml of
distilled water
2. Preparation of standard drug solution Stock
solutiom:
10 mg of Carvedilol was dissolved in 10 ml of 0.1 N
HCl, to get a solution of 1000 µg/ml concentration.
Standard solution:
1 ml of stock solution was made upto 10 ml with 0.1
N HCl thus giving a concentration of 100 µg/ml. The
standard drug solution ranging from 0.2ml, 0.4 ml,
0.6 ml, 0.8ml and 1 ml were transferred into 10 ml
volumetric flask and were diluted up to the mark with
0.1 N HCl. Thus the final concentration ranges from
2-10 µg/ml. Absorbance of each solution was
measured at 242 nm against 0.1 N HCl as a blank. A
plot of concentrations of drug versus absorbance was
plotted.
Drug- Excipient Compatibility Studies
1. FT-IR Spectroscopy of Carvedilol
Infrared spectra matching approach was used for the
detection of any possible chemical reaction between
the drug and the excipients. A drug and polymer was
prepared and mixed with suitable quantity of
Potassium bromide. About 100 mg of this sample was
compressed to form a transparent pellet using a
hydraulic press at 10 tons pressure. It was scanned
from 4000 to 600 cm-1
FTIR Spectrophotometer. The
interaction between drug-excipients was observed
from IR spectral studies by observing any shift in
peaks of drug in the spectrum of physical mixture of
drug.
PREPARATION OF SOLID DISPERSION
1. Preparation of Solid Dispersions by Kneading
Method
Carvedilol+PEG6000 and Carvedilol+PVP K30 in
(1:1,1:2,1:3) ratio were prepared by kneading method.
Polymer was mixed in glass mortar along with
solvent to obtain homogenous paste. The drug was
then slowly added to the paste and the mixture was
triturated for 30 min. During this process adjusted to
maintain the consistency of paste. The paste dried in
oven. Dried powder was passed through sieve.
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Table 1.3: Formulation of Drug and Polymer
using by Kneading Method
Formulations Composition Ratio
F1 Carvedilol + PEG 6000 1:1
F2 Carvedilol + PEG 6000 1:2
F3 Carvedilol + PEG 6000 1:3
F4 Carvedilol + PVP K30 1:1
F5 Carvedilol + PVP K30 1:2
F6 Carvedilol + PVP K30 1:3
EVALUATION OF SOLID DISPERSION
The solid dispersion of Carvedilol were prepared and
then subjected to evaluation parameter such as
solubility study, percentage yield, drug content,
dissolution study.
Physical Appearance
It include the visual inspection of solid dispersion. All
the batches of drug and polymer solid dispersions
were evaluated for color and appearance.
Solubility Study
Solubility of pure drug and all solid dispersions
prepared by Kneading method has been studied. The
amount of solid dispersion powder containing 2.5 mg
equivalent Carvedilol weighed accurately in
volumetric flask and was dissolved by sonication in 5
ml distilled water for 15 min. Filtered through a
whatman filter paper no.1. Filtered solution was
diluted properly with distilled water. The diluted
solution was analysed spetrophotometry at 242 nm.
The measurement of solubility shown in Table 2.8
Percentage Yield
Yield was calculated with respect to dry product.
Based on the practical yield (P.Y) obtained and the
calculated theoretical yield (T.Y), % yield was
calculated by using the following formula:
PY(%)=[Practical weight/Theoretical weight
(Drug +Carrier)]x100 ......Eqn
9.1
Where,
a = Practical weight of solid dispersion preparation.
b = Theoretical weight of solid dispersion obtained.
It was calculated to know about % practical yield or
efficiency of any method which will halp in selection
of appropriate method. The % practical yield for each
formulation is shown in Table 2.9
Drug Content
An accurately weighed 100 mg of formulations was
taken into a 50 ml volumetric flask and dissolved in
40 ml of methanol. The solution was made up to the
volume with methanol. The solution was then suitably
diluted with 0.1N HCl and assayed for drug content
using the UV spectrophotometric method at 242 nm.
The Actual Drug Content was calculated using the
following equation
In-Vitro Drug Release Study Pure Drug and Solid
Dispersion Prepared By Kneading Method
All the formulations of solid dispersions of Carvedilol
prepared by Kneading Method were subjected to in
vitro release study. In vitro drug release studies were
carried out using using the USP Type II Dissolution
test apparatus (Electrolab Model TDT-08L) set with a
paddle speed of 50 rpm. Dissolution was performed
in 900 ml of 0.1N HCl maintained at 370
± 0.50
C. The
drug 10mg of Carvedilol was taken in a muslin cloth
and tied to the rotating paddle kept in vessel of
dissolution apparatus, the paddle was rotated at 50
rpm. The 5 ml sample was withdrawn at
predetermined time interval and an equivalent amount
of fresh dissolution fluid equilibrated at the same
temperature was replaced. The solution was filtered
through Whatman filter paper. The filtrate was
analyzed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Three
trials for each batch were performed and average
percentage drug release was determined. The results
are shown in Table 3.3 and accordingly the graph was
plotted to calculated % drug release of pure drug in
0.1 N HCl and shown in Figure 2.8
FT-IR Study of Solid Dispersion
Procedure of FTIR study mentioned in above
experimental work
FORMULATION OF FAST DISINTEGRATING
TABLET OF SOLID DISPERSION OF
CARVEDILOL
After evaluation of solid dispersion of Carvedilol
prepared by Kneading Method. The fast
disintegrating tablets were prepared by using solid
dispersion of F3 formulation. Formulation of fast
disintegrating tablet given in Table 9.2
Table 1.4: Formulation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Solid Dispersion of Carvedilol
Formulations FD1 FD2 FD3 FD4 FD5 FD6
Ingredient Unit Formula (mg per tablet)
Solid Dispersion complex (Equivalent to 12.5mg) 50 50 50 50 50 50
Crosscarmellose sodium (Superdisintegrant) 10 15 20 - - -
Crospovidone (Superdisintegrant) - - - 10 15 20
Microcrystalline cellulose(Diluent) 136 131 126 136 131 126
Magnesium Stearate(Lubricant) 2 2 2 2 2 2
Talc(Glidant) 2 2 2 2 2 2
Total 200 200 200 200 200 200
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EVALUATION OF BLEND OF FAST DISINTEGRATING TABLET OF SOLID DISPERSION OF
CARVEDILOL
The powder blend was evaluated for its flow properties; the parameter like angle of repose, bulk density, Tapped
density, Compressibility Index and Hausner ratio was calculated and was shown in Table 1.4
Bulk Density
Apparent bulk density (ρ b) was determined by pouring blend into a graduated cylinder. The bulk volume (Vb)
and weight of the powder (M) was determined. The bulk density was calculated using the formula.
BD = Weight of the powder/Volume of the powder. …………Eqn
9.3
Tapped Density
The minimum volume (Vt) occupied in the cylinder and the weight (m) of the blend was measured. The tapped
density (ρ t) was calculated using the following formula.
TBD=Weight of the powder/Tapped volume of the powder ………Eqn
9.4
Hausner’s Ratio
Hausner’s ratio is an indirect index of ease of powder flow. It is calculated by the following formula;
Hausner’s ratio= ρ t/ρ b ………….Eqn
9.5
Where,
ρ t is tapped density
ρ b is bulk density
Table 1.6: Standards for Hausner’s Ratio
Compressibility Index
The simplest way for measurement of free flow of powder is compressibility, a indication of the case with which
a material can be induced to how is given by compressibility index (I) which is calculated as follows
Carr’s compressibility index (%) = [(TBD-BD)/ TBD x100 ………….Eqn
9.6
Table 1.7: Standards for Compressibility Index
Angle of Repose
The flow characteristics are measured by angle repose. Angle of repose is defined as the maximum angle
possible between the surface of a pile of the powder and the horizontal plane
Ɵ=tan-1
(h/r) ………..Eqn
9.7
Table 1.8: Standards for Angle of Repose
Hausner’s ratio Flow
1.2-1.3 Excellent
1.3-1.4 Good
1.4-1.5 Fair
1.5-1.6 Poor
Carr’s Index Properties
5-15 Excellent
12-16 Good
18-21 Fair to Passable
23-35 Poor
35-38 Very Poor
>40 Very Very Poor
Angle of Repose Flowability
25-30 Excellent
30-35 Good
35-40 passable
>40 Very Poor
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PREPARATION OF FAST DISINTEGRATING TABLET OF CARVEDILOL CONTAINING SOLID
DISPERSION BY DIRECT COMPRESSION METHOD
Accurately weighed 200mg of powder blend was homogeneously mixed and was fed manually and compressed
with constant compression force and hardness on 10 stations tablet compression machine with 8 mm,
breakthrough, and flat faced punches on RIMEK MINIPRESS-IIMT. Total nine formulations were prepared.
The results are shown in Table 1.4
EVALUATION OF FAST DISINTEGRATING TABLET
Appearance
The tablets were visually observed for capping, chipping and lamination.
Thickness
Three tablets were selected randomly from each batch and thickness was measured by using Vernier Caliper.
Hardness
Hardness or tablet crushing strength (Fo
) the force required to break a tablet in a diametric compression was
measured using Pfizer Hardness Tester. For each formulation, the hardness of 6 tablets was determined using the
Pfizer hardness tester. The tablet was held along its oblong axis in between the two jaws of the tester. At this
point, reading should be zero kg/cm2
. Then constant force was applied by rotating the knob until the tablet
fractured. The value at this point was noted in kg/cm2
.
Friability
Friability of the tablets was determined using Roche Friabilator. This device subjects the tablets to the combined
effect of abrasions and shock in a plastic chamber revolving at 25 rpm and roping the tablets height of 6 inches
in each revolution.
preweighed sample of tablets was placed in the friabilator and were subjected to 25 revolutions. Tablets were
dedusted using a soft muslin cloth and reweighed, the friability (F) is given by the formula.
% F = (Initial wt. - Final wt. / Initial wt.) x 100. ………..Eqn
9.8
Content Uniformity
The Carvedilol content was estimated as follows.
Method
20 tablets were finely powdered and weight equivalent to 10 mg of Carvedilol was dissolved in 100 ml of 0.1N
HCl and assayed for drug content using UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 242 nm
Weight Variation Method
Twenty tablets were randomly selected from each batch and individually weighed. The average weight and
standard deviation of 20 tablets was calculated. The batch passes the test for weight variation test if not more
than two of the individual tablet weight deviate from the average weight.
Table 1.9: Specifications of % weight variation allowed in tablets
Disintegration Time
The disintegration time of tablet was determined by using Disintegration test apparatus. Tablets were placed in
disintegration test assembly and disc was placed was placed on tablets in each glass tube of assembly. The
assembly was dipped in a vessel containing 900ml 0.1N HCl at 370
C.The time for disappearance of tablet
residue above mesh was noted as disintegration time.
In-vitro Dissolution Studies
In vitro drug release studies were carried out using the USP Type II Dissolution test apparatus (Electrolab Model
TDT-08L) set with a paddle speed of 50 rpm. Dissolution was performed in 900 ml of 0.1N HCl maintained at
370
± 0.50
C. The tablet of Carvedilol was taken in vessel of dissolution apparatus, the paddle was rotated at 50
rpm. The 5 ml sample was withdrawn at predetermined time interval and an equivalent amount of fresh
dissolution fluid equilibrated at the same temperature was replaced and the sample was diluted suitably with
dissolution medium. The solution was filtered through Whatmann filter paper. The filtrate was analyzed by UV-
Average Weight of Tablet % Deviation Allowed
80 mg or less 10
More than 80 mg but less that 250 mg 7.5
250 mg or more 5
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Visible spectrophotometer. Three trials for each batch were performed and average percentage drug release was
determined and shown in figure 2.1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Preformulation Studies
The results of physiochemical evaluation are as follows.
Identification and Characterization of Carvedilol
1. Organoleptic Properties
The Carvedilol was studied for physicochemical parameters such as colour, taste, odour and appearance. Sample
of Carvedilol was found to be similar as in I.P. On the basis of physicochemical evaluation, it is concluded that
the sample of Carvedilol complies with I.P.
Table 2.1: Organoleptic Properties of Carvedilol
Test Specification/ Limit Observation
Appearance Fine Powder Complies as per I.P
Color White Complies as per I.P
Odour Odourless Complies as per I.P
Organoleptic evaluation reveals that the sample of Carvedilol obtained was complied with I.P standards.
2. Melting point of Drug
Test Specification/ Limit Observation
Melting point 1140
c 112 - 1150
c
3. Solubility Study of Drug
Carvedilol was found to be insoluble in water (1.34 µg/ml)
UV Spectroscopic Analysis of Carvedilol
1. Determination of Absorption Maxima
The UV spectrum of Carvedilol was obtained in 0.1N HCl which shows absorbance maximum (λ max) at 242
nm as presented in Figure 10.1
Figure 1.1: UV Spectra of Carvedilol in 0.1N HCl
2. Determination of Standard Calibration Curve of Carvedilol
Standard Calibration Curve of Carvedilol was determined by plotting Absorbance Vs Concentration at 242 nm
using 0.1N HCl. It was found that the dilutions of Carvedilol in 0.1N HCl show linearity (R2
= 0.9964) and
obeys Beer-Lambert law.
Table 2.2: Standard Calibration Curve of Carvedilol
Sr.no. Concentration (µg/ml) Absorbance
1. 0 0
2. 2 0.247
3. 4 0.448
4. 6 0.603
5. 8 0.827
6. 10 0.982
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Figure 1.2: Standard Calibration Curve of Carvedilol
FT – IR Spectrum of Drug:
Major functional groups present in Carvedilol show characteristic peaks in IR spectrum. Table shows peaks
observed at different wave numbers and the functional group associated with these peaks. The major peaks are
identical to functional group of Carvedilol. Hence, the sample was confirmed as Carvedilol.
Carvedilol
Figure 1.3: FTIR Studies of Carvedilol
Table 2.3: Interpretation of FTIR Spectrum of Carvedilol
Sr.no.
Reference Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Observed Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Functional Group
1 3300 – 3350 3345.54 N-H stretching
2 3050 – 3000 3042.06 C-H Stretching
3 3000 – 2500 2924.18 O -H Stretching
4 1600 –1450 1589.40 C=C Stretching
5 1350 –1260 1255 C –O Stretching
The IR spectrum of Carvedilol in figure 2.3 is characterized by Principal absorption peak at 3345.54 cm-1
(N-H
Stretching), 3042.06 cm-1
(C-H Stretching), 2915 cm-1
(O-H Stretching), 1589.40 (C=C Stretching) and 1255 (C-
O Stretching).
DRUG-EXCIPIENTS COMPATIBILITY STUDIES:
Carvedilol + PEG 6000
Figure 2.4: FTIR Studies of Carvedilol + PEG 6000
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Table 2.4: Interpretation of FTIR Spectrum of Carvedilol + PEG 6000
Sr.no.
Reference Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Observed Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Functional Group
1 3300 – 3350 3348.54 N-H Streching
2 3000 – 2500 2847.03 C-H Streching
3 1310 – 1250 1103.32 C-O Stretching
4 1250 -1000 1249.91 O-H Stretching
5 1600 –1450 1589.40 C=C Stretching
Carvedilol + PVP K30
Figure 2.5: FTIR Studies of Carvedilol + PVP K30
Table 2.5: Interpretation of FTIR Spectrum of Carvedilol + PVP K30
Sr.no.
Reference Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Observed Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Functional Group
1 3500 -3350 3348.54 N-H Stretching
2 3000 – 2500 3070 C-H Stretching
3 1350 – 1140 1103.33 C-O Stretching
4 1600 – 1450 1504.53 N-H Bending
5 1350 – 1260 1257.63 O-H Stretching
Carvedilol + Crosspovidone
Figure 2.6: FTIR Studies of Carvedilol + Crosspovidone
Table 2.6: Interpretation of FTIR Spectrum of Carvedilol + Crospovidone
Sr.no.
Reference Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Observed Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Functional Group
1 3300-3350 3340 N-H stretching
2 3500 – 3000 3063.06 O –H Stretching
3 3000-2500 2924.18 C –H Streching
4 1600 – 1450 1504.53 C -N Stretching
5 1500 -1000 1103.39 C = O Stretching
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Carvedilol + Croscarmellose Sodium
Figure 2.7: FTIR Studies of Carvedilol + Croscarmellose Sodium
Table 2.7: Interpretation of FTIR Spectrum of Carvedilol + Crosscarmellose sodium
Sr.no.
Reference Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Observed Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Functional Group
1 3300-3350 3309 N-H stretching
2 3500 – 3000 3070.78 O –H Stretching
3 3000 – 2500 2916.47 C –H Stretching
4 1600 – 1450 1504.53 C = O Stretching
5 1500 -1000 1257.63 C-N stretching of tertiary amine
6 1340 – 1530 1450.52 C=C Stretching
The FTIR spectrum of Drug and Excipients physical mixture showed in figure 2.4 – 2.7. In IR spectra did not
show any significant difference from those obtained for their physical mixture. The obtained results indicate that
there was no positive evidence for interaction between Carvedilol and Excipients. These results clearly indicate
that the above excipients can be used without any interaction for preparation of Solid dispersion and Fast
Disintegrating tablet Carvedilol.
PREPARATION SOLID DISPERSION OF CARVEDILOL
The solid dispersion of Carvedilol were prepared by using different polymer ratios. Six formulations of
Kneading Method (F1-F6) were prepared and the composition is given in experimental work.
EVALUATION OF SOLID DISPERSION
The solid dispersion of Carvedilol prepared by Kneading Method.These prepared formulations were evaluated
for parameters like physical appearance,% practical yield, solubility study, drug content, in-vitro dissolution
study, compatibility study.
Physical Appearance
All formulations of Carvedilol solid dispersion were evaluated for color and appearance. The physical
appearance of each formulation is shown in Table 2.8
Table 2.8: Physical Appearance of Formulations Drug and Polymer
Formulations
Physical Appearance
Color Appearance
F1 White Powder
F2 White Powder
F3 White Powder
F4 White Powder
F5 White Powder
F6 White Powder
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Solubility Study of Solid Dispersion
Solubility study of various formulations of solid dispersion of Carvedilol prepared by Kneading method was
performed and shown in table 2.9
Table 2.9: Solubility Study of Solid Dispersion
Formulations Drug: Carrier Solubility(µg/ml)
Pure drug Pure drug 1.34
F1 Carvedilol +PEG 6000(1:1) 11.81
F2 Carvedilol +PEG 6000(1:2) 14.58
F3 Carvedilol+PEG6000 (1:3) 19.87
F4 Carvedilol +PVP K30 (1:1) 9.46
F5 Carvedilol +PVP K30 (1:2) 12.21
F6 Carvedilol +PVP K30 (1:3) 17.39
Solubility study of various solid dispersion trial batches was performed. Solid dispersion prepared showed
improved solubility of Carvedilol as compared to pure drug and solid dispersions prepared by Kneading method.
The solid dispersion from batch F3 was more soluble than pure drug and other formulation batches.
Percentage Practical Yield Study of Solid Dispersion
Percentage practical yield was calculated to know about % yield or efficiency of any method which will help in
selection of appropriate method. The practical yield for each batch is reported in Table 2.10
Table 2.10: Percentage Practical Yield Study of Solid Dispersion
Formulation Ratio Theoretical Weight Practical Weight % Practical Yield
F1 1:1 0.325 0.273 84.00
F2 1:2 0.458 0.415 88.79
F3 1:3 0.578 0.569 98.26
F4 1:1 0.325 0.269 82.76
F5 1:2 0.318 0.276 86.79
F6 1:3 0.458 0.437 95.41
Different trial batches of solid dispersions showed % practical yield from range 84.00 to 98.26%.The batch F3
Showed 98.26 % practical yield.
Drug Content of Solid Dispersion
The drug content of solid dispersion of Carvedilol of optimized formulation F3 Carvedilol+PEG6000 (1:3) was
found to be 98.23%, indicating good content in solid dispersion.
Table 3.1: Drug Content Study of Solid Dispersion
Formulation Drug Content %
F1 88.39
F2 92.53
F3 98.23
F4 86.78
F5 90.45
F6 94.69
The drug content of solid dispersion of Carvedilol was found to be 86.78 to 98.23%, it indicating good content in
Solid Dispersion.
In vitro Drug Release Study
The dissolution study of pure drug and all formulations were carried out to calculate the % drug release.
1. Dissolution Study of Pure Drug
Dissolution study of pure drug in 0.1 N HCl was carried out and absorbance was taken in UV spectrophotometer
which is reported Table 3.2
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Table 3.2: Dissolution Study of Pure Drug
Time (min.) Cumulative % drug release
0 0.00
5 10.25±0.64
10 11.12±0.44
15 13.07±0.91
20 15.20±0.75
25 16.59±0.14
30 18.37±0.42
40 21.35±0.34
Results are the mean of three determinations
The % drug release of pure drug after 40 min was 21.35% each reading is taken was triplicate and then mean
values were calculated.
2. Dissolution Profile of Solid Dispersions Prepared by Kneading Method
The formulations of solid dispersions prepared by Kneading method(F1-F6) were subjected to dissolution study.
The percentage drug release of formulations is showed in Table 10.12 and accordingly the graph was plotted to
calculate the percentage drug release of formulations in 0.1N HCl and it is shown in Figure 2.8.
Table 3.3: Dissolution Profile of Solid Dispersions Prepared by Kneading Method
Time(min)
Cumulative % Drug Release
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
0 00 00 00 00 00 00
5 31.54±0.21 33.27±0.25 36.43±0.22 30.31±0.57 32.04±0.35 33.45±0.20
10 44.28±0.25 47.13±0.14 48.53±0.32 43.00±0.42 45.13±0.54 48.32±0.23
15 55.02±0.13 59.04±0.46 61.08±0.71 68.06±.0.35 59.10±0.26 59.25±0.45
20 68.18±0.18 70.76±0.51 72.17±0.64 75.80±0.18 69.76±0.46 71.86±0.64
25 77.96±0.94 80.17±0.15 82.50±0.24 82.50±0.78 76.03±0.37 80.39±0.32
30 85.70±0.34 87.93±0.42 90.36±0.82 85.05±0.46 84.63±0.48 88.24±0.24
40 90.93±0.21 92.92±0.81 96.61±0.37 89.02±0.63 91.85±0.78 94.61±0.37
Results are the mean of three determinations
Out of Six formulations F3 showed maximum drug release i.e. 96.61 %. Solid dispersion (F3) of Carvedilol with
PEG 6000 prepared by Kneading method showed significant improvement in solubility and dissolution rate.
Increased wetting and solubilizing effect of PEG 6000 as well as the molecular dispersion of drug in solid
dispersion and alteration of surface properties of drug particle may be responsible for the enhanced dissolution
rate of Carvedilol from solid dispersion compared to pure Carvedilol.
Figure 2.8: Dissolution Profile of Solid Dispersions Prepared by Kneading Method
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FT-IR Study of Solid Dispersion
1. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Interpretation Solid Dispersion (F3) Prepared by
Kneading method
Figure 2.9: FTIR Studies of Solid Dispersion
Table 3.4: Interpretation of FTIR Spectrum of Kneading Method
Sr.no.
Reference Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Observed Peak
Wavenumber(cm-1
)
Functional Group
1 3300-3350 3340 N-H stretching
2 3500 – 3000 3232.80 O –H Stretching
3 3000-2500 2885.60 O –H Bending
4 1600 – 1450 1589.40 C = C Stretching
5 1500 -1000 1103.39 C = O Stretching
In IR spectrum of solid dispersion of Kneading method showed in figure 3.9. In above IR spectra the peak of
drug and polymer are showed in Table 3.4. All principal peaks have appeared in formulation its indicating no
chemical interaction between Carvedilol and polymer.
FORMULATION OF FAST DISINTEGRATING TABLET OF CARVEDILOL
According to comparative dissolution study showed in figure 2.8 it is concluded that the solid dispersion
prepared by Kneading method containing Carvedilol+ PEG 6000 (1:3) was shown maximum percent drug
release as compared to other solid dispersion. Hence the solid dispersion F3 Formulation was selected for
preparation of fast disintegrating tablets.
EVALUATION OF TABLET BLEND FOR FAST DISINTEGRATING TABLETS
The tablet blend was evaluated for various precompression parameter like are angle of repose, bulk density,
tapped density, hausner’s ratio and compressibility index. Results are as follows.
Table 3.5: Evaluation of Tablet Blend For Fast Disintegrating Tablets
Formulations
Angle of
repose (Ɵ)
Bulk Density
(gm/ml)
Tapped Density
(gm/ml)
Hausner’s
Ratio (HR)
Carr’s Compressibility
index (%)
FD1 24.44±1.88 0.44±0.12 0.48±0.023 1.09±0.47 8.33±0.86
FD2 22.52±0.95 0.48±0.16 0.55±0.059 1.14±0.32 12.72±0.50
FD3 24.42±1.78 0.47±0.04 0.50±0.026 1.06±0.38 6±0.30
FD4 23.40±1.27 0.42±0.10 0.47±0.012 1.11±0.20 10.63±0.88
FD5 25.46±1.45 0.43±0.09 0.49±0.021 1.13±0.16 12.24±0.36
FD6 22.43±1.18 0.45±0.12 0.50±0.021 1.11±0.22 10±0.16
Results are the mean of three determinations
Angle of Repose
Table 3.5. indicates the results obtained for angle of repose of all the formulations. The values were found to be
in the range of 23.44 θ˚ to 25.46 θ˚ all formulations showed the angle of repose within 30˚. It indicates that all
formulations showed good flow properties.
Bulk Density
Bulk density is reported in Table 3.5. The bulk density of mixed blend varies between 0.48 to 0.42 gm/ml,
indicating good packaging capacity of tablets.
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Tapped Density
The tapped density results are reported in table 3.5. The tapped density of mixed blend was found in the range of
0.47 to 0.55 gm/ml, indicating good packing capacity of tablets.
Compressibility Index
The percent compressibility of powder mixture was determined. Table 3.5. indicates result obtained for
percentage compressibility. The percent compressibility for all the six formulations lies within the range of 8.33
– 12.72 %. all the formulations showing good compressibility
Hausner’s Ratio
Hauser’s ratio of the powder was determined from bulk density and tapped density. Hauser’s ratio of all the
formulation lies within the acceptable range. The Hauser’s ratio of all the formulations in the range of 1.09 –
1.13. All the formulations showed good flow property.
From the results of precompression studies of the blend from formulations FD1-FD6 it is concluded that all the
formulations blend possesses good flow property and compressibility.
EVALUATION OF FAST DISINTEGRATING TABLETS
All the formulations were subjected to postcompression evaluation in which various parameters like weight
variation, thickness, hardness, friability, drug content, in vitro disintegration time,and in vitro dissolution studies
were evaluated. The results obtained are as follows.
Table 3.6: Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablets
Formulations
Thickness
(mm)
Hardness
(Kg/cm2
)
Friability
(%)
Drug
Content (%)
Weight
variation (mg)
Disintegration
time (sec)
FD1 2.50±0.10 3.26±0.45 0.69±0.15 92.64±0.11 199± 0.93 49±3.28
FD2 2.53±0.17 3.36± 0.11 0.75±0.15 94.39±0.01 201±0.32 53±1.41
FD3 2.55±0.25 3.22± 0.15 0.79±0.18 96.92±0.15 199±0.51 48±1.41
FD4 2.56±0.10 3.34± 0.15 0.76±0.13 91.73±0.13 203±0.47 50±1.89
FD5 2.52±0.17 3.40± 0.25 0.80±0.07 95.76±0.06 201± 0.85 49±1.41
FD6 2.51±0.10 3.32± 0.10 0.83±0.09 98.10±0.23 200±0.56 48±1.91
Results are mean of three determinations
Appearance
The tablets were visually observed for capping, chipping and lamination.
Thickness
The measured Thickness of tablets of each batch ranged between 2.50–2.56mm. This ensures good handling and
transportation of all tablets.
Weight Variations
All the formulated (FD1 to FD6) tablets passed weight variation test as the % Weight variation was within the
pharmacopeial limit of ±7.5 of the weight. The weight of all the tablets were found to be uniform with low
standard deviation values.
Hardness
The measured hardness of tablets of each batch ranged between 3.2 to 3.4 Kg/cm2
. This ensures good handling
and transportation of all tablets.
Friability
The % Friability was less than 1% in all formulations ensuring that the tablets were mechanically strong.
Drug Content of FDT
The percentage of Drug content for FD1 to FD6 was found to be between 91.73 - 98.10% of Carvedilol, it
complies with official specifications.
Disintegration Time
The measured disintegration time of tablets of each batch ranged between 47 to 53 seconds This ensures as
concentration of superdisintigrants increased, decreased in disintegration time. The formulation batch FD6
containing crosspovidone showed less disintegration time i.e. 48 seconds. So formulation batch FD6 was
optimized batch.
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In vitro Drug Release of Drug from Tablet
All the nine formulations were subjected for the in vitro dissolution studies using tablet dissolution apparatus
(USP). The 0.1N HCl was used as dissolution medium. The sample were withdrawn at different time intervals,
Filtered, diluted and analyzed at 242 nm. Cumulative % drug release was calculated on the basis of mean
amount of tablet present in respective table. The results obtained in the in vitro drug release for all formulations
FD1 to FD6 are as follows.
Table 3.7: In vitro Cumulative Drug Release from Tablets
Time(min) Cumulative % Drug Release
FD1 FD2 FD3 FD4 FD5 FD6
0 00 00 00 00 00 00
5 30.07±0.46 30.31±0.92 32.20±0.88 31.01±0.16 33.27±0.11 35.11±0.23
10 42.88±0.65 44.93±0.54 48.15±0.17 43.17±0.89 46.32±0.94 48.53±0.89
15 54.34±0.49 56.55±0.98 69.83±0.97 56.53±0.35 59.20±0.56 62.14±0.35
20 67.59±0.33 67.61±0.17 72.00±0.05 69.05±0.78 71.18±0.35 73.45±0.51
25 75.70.±0.34 79.05±0.43 82.17±0.07 78.68±0.20 84.84±0.34 86.29±0.76
30 83.84±0.53 85.05±0.78 87.30±0.93 87.37±0.88 89.33±0.17 90.39±1.27
40 89.54±0.22 91.06±0.12 92.14±0.33 91.24±0.17 92.08±0.89 94.87±0.82
Results are the mean of three determinations.
The rapid dissolution was observed in formulation FD6 which was 94.87% at the end of 40 minutes.
Formulations FD1, FD2 and FD3 had shown releases 89.54%, 91.06% and 92.14% of drug respectively at the
end of 40 min were as formulations FD4, FD5 and FD6 had shown releases 91.24%, 92.08% and 94.87% of
drug respectively at the end of 40 min.
Figure 2.1: Cumulative % Drug Release of FD1-FD6 Formulations
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