Pregnancy induced Hypertension- Pathogenesis and pathological changes
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Vasospasm, absence of remodeling of spiral arteries, increased anti-angiogenic factors, and sodium retention contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. This results in systemic endothelial dysfunction. Specifically, the absence of remodeling of spiral arteries leads to placental hypoperfusion and ischemia. Increased anti-angiogenic factors also disturb the pro-angiogenic factor balance. Sodium retention increases arterial wall sensitivity. Pathological changes can be seen in the liver, kidneys, placenta, and brain, including periportal necrosis, glomerular endotheliosis, decreased placental blood flow, and cerebral hemorrhages.
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Pregnancy Induced Hypertension- Pathophysiology
This document discusses the pathophysiology of pregnancy induced hypertension. It begins by noting that hypertension is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality, with an incidence of 5-10% that is increasing. It then describes the normal hemodynamic changes in pregnancy, including increased plasma volume and cardiac output. The document discusses etiologies such as poor placentation and immunological factors. It outlines the pathogenesis, including vasospasm, endothelial activation, and angiogenic/antiangiogenic factors. It details effects on organ systems like the brain, liver, kidneys and cardiovascular system. Finally, it provides classifications for HELLP syndrome and reviews its associated maternal morbidities.
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The document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which complicate 5-10% of pregnancies and are a major cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. It defines gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia and describes their signs and symptoms. Risk factors for preeclampsia include young maternal age, obesity, family history, prior preeclampsia, and medical conditions. The document also summarizes current theories on the pathophysiology of preeclampsia relating to poor placentation, placental ischemia, and maternal endothelial dysfunction.
0000 PBM hypertensivedisordersinpregnancy 100515015806-phpapp 0002223344
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in India. It is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. The disorder includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Symptoms include headaches, visual disturbances, and right upper quadrant pain. Management involves hospitalization, bed rest, blood pressure monitoring, magnesium sulfate administration to prevent seizures, and often early delivery. Untreated hypertensive disorders can lead to serious maternal complications like eclampsia and organ damage as well as fetal growth restriction and death.
Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy
This document summarizes hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It defines hypertension and proteinuria in pregnancy and classifies hypertensive disorders into four categories: gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, pre-existing chronic hypertension, and chronic hypertension superimposed by preeclampsia. It discusses the definition, risk factors, maternal and fetal effects, complications, and management including antihypertensive treatment, magnesium sulfate for seizures, induction or C-section for delivery, and postpartum care. The goal of management is to minimize risks to the mother and fetus until delivery is safest for the baby.
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This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, including gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Some key points:
- Gestational hypertension is defined as new hypertension after 20 weeks without proteinuria, resolving postpartum. It affects 5-10% of pregnancies and can progress to preeclampsia in 15-25% of cases.
- Preeclampsia is defined as new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks, resolving postpartum. It is associated with severe maternal complications and is a leading cause of preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction.
- Both conditions are thought to involve reduced placental implantation in early pregnancy followed by maternal symptoms in later pregnancy due to factors
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Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy complication defined by new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Eclampsia occurs when pre-eclampsia is complicated by seizures. It affects 6-8% of pregnancies in the US and can cause maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality if not properly managed. HELLP syndrome is a severe form of pre-eclampsia characterized by haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets that requires admission and delivery to resolve.
Eclampsia 4 Real
This document discusses a case study of a 19-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital for pregnancy induced hypertension and experienced two episodes of seizures after giving birth. It provides background information on eclampsia, details of the patient's symptoms, diagnostic tests performed, and treatment involving magnesium sulfate, anti-convulsants, and anti-hypertensive drugs. It also discusses the anatomy and physiology of relevant body systems including the reproductive, cardiovascular, and nervous systems as they relate to the condition.
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This document defines HELLP syndrome as preeclampsia associated with hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. It describes the HELLP triad of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Risk factors include age over 34, multiparity, and white race. HELLP syndrome ranges from severe to mild based on platelet count and liver enzyme levels. Conservative management focuses on blood pressure control, preventing seizures, corticosteroids, and fluid therapy, with termination of pregnancy for severe cases.
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This document discusses the pathophysiology of pregnancy induced hypertension. It begins by noting that hypertension is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality, with an incidence of 5-10% that is increasing. It then describes the normal hemodynamic changes in pregnancy, including increased plasma volume and cardiac output. The document discusses etiologies such as poor placentation and immunological factors. It outlines the pathogenesis, including vasospasm, endothelial activation, and angiogenic/antiangiogenic factors. It details effects on organ systems like the brain, liver, kidneys and cardiovascular system. Finally, it provides classifications for HELLP syndrome and reviews its associated maternal morbidities.
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0000 PBM hypertensivedisordersinpregnancy 100515015806-phpapp 0002223344
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in India. It is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. The disorder includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Symptoms include headaches, visual disturbances, and right upper quadrant pain. Management involves hospitalization, bed rest, blood pressure monitoring, magnesium sulfate administration to prevent seizures, and often early delivery. Untreated hypertensive disorders can lead to serious maternal complications like eclampsia and organ damage as well as fetal growth restriction and death.
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This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, including gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Some key points:
- Gestational hypertension is defined as new hypertension after 20 weeks without proteinuria, resolving postpartum. It affects 5-10% of pregnancies and can progress to preeclampsia in 15-25% of cases.
- Preeclampsia is defined as new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks, resolving postpartum. It is associated with severe maternal complications and is a leading cause of preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction.
- Both conditions are thought to involve reduced placental implantation in early pregnancy followed by maternal symptoms in later pregnancy due to factors
Pre eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy complication defined by new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Eclampsia occurs when pre-eclampsia is complicated by seizures. It affects 6-8% of pregnancies in the US and can cause maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality if not properly managed. HELLP syndrome is a severe form of pre-eclampsia characterized by haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets that requires admission and delivery to resolve.
Eclampsia 4 Real
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HELLP Syndrome
This document defines HELLP syndrome as preeclampsia associated with hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. It describes the HELLP triad of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Risk factors include age over 34, multiparity, and white race. HELLP syndrome ranges from severe to mild based on platelet count and liver enzyme levels. Conservative management focuses on blood pressure control, preventing seizures, corticosteroids, and fluid therapy, with termination of pregnancy for severe cases.
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2. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It can range from mild to severe based on blood pressure and protein levels. Eclampsia involves preeclampsia with seizures.
3. The pathophysiology of preeclampsia involves placental ischemia leading to endothelial dysfunction and clinical manifestations across multiple organ systems like the brain, kidneys, liver and blood. This puts both mother and fetus at risk.
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This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It begins by noting that hypertensive disorders complicate about 10% of pregnancies and are a major cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. The document then defines various types of hypertensive disorders like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension. It discusses risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, maternal and fetal effects, diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of these conditions. The multi-organ pathophysiology and maternal syndrome are explained through placental hypoxia and endothelial dysfunction.
Pih
The document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension. Some key points:
- Preeclampsia complicates 7-10% of pregnancies in the US and is a leading cause of maternal death. It is defined as new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks.
- Eclampsia occurs in 1 in 10,000-150,000 pregnancies and is characterized by seizures that cannot be attributed to other causes in women with preeclampsia.
- Magnesium sulfate is the drug of choice for preventing and treating seizures from eclampsia, as it reduces the risk of recurrent seizures by over 50%. However,
prevention and management of pre-eclampsia.
This document discusses the prevention and management of preeclampsia. It recommends low-dose aspirin and supplements for women at risk of preeclampsia. For mild cases, expectant management can be done until term delivery. Severe uncontrolled hypertension, worsening symptoms, or fetal distress require hospitalization and closer monitoring. Antihypertensives are given to control blood pressure, and magnesium sulfate is the most effective drug for preventing and treating seizures. Prompt delivery is needed to cure preeclampsia.
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A 35-year old woman with a history of hypertension for 5 years wants to become pregnant. Her blood pressure is well controlled on lisinopril 10mg daily and she does not have any other medical issues. For women with chronic hypertension planning pregnancy, treatment is generally not needed unless blood pressure is consistently over 150/100 mmHg to prevent harm to the mother or fetus. Low-dose aspirin and calcium supplementation can help prevent preeclampsia. Her blood pressure medication would likely need to be adjusted during pregnancy under an OB's guidance.
Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy
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H:\Gestational Hypertension Capp Moms Mess 2[1]
Gestational hypertension complicates 6-10% of pregnancies in the US and can lead to serious maternal and fetal complications if not properly managed. It is characterized by new onset high blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy with or without proteinuria. Preeclampsia is a more severe form with high blood pressure and proteinuria, and can progress to eclampsia with seizures. Treatment involves careful monitoring, controlling blood pressure, delivering the baby, and preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate.
PIH-New_edited-13-09-10.ppt
This document discusses hypertension that can arise during pregnancy, including preeclampsia. It defines preeclampsia as high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Preeclampsia can cause serious complications for both mother and baby if not treated through delivery of the baby. The cause is not fully known but involves intense vasoconstriction affecting blood vessels. Complications for the mother include eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and others.
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This document provides an overview of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), including its definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, complications, and treatment. Some key points:
- PIH complicates 5-10% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.
- It is defined as new onset hypertension (blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg) and proteinuria developing after 20 weeks of gestation.
- The pathophysiology involves vasoconstriction due to an imbalance in vasodilators and vasoconstrictors, which can lead to complications like IUGR, preterm birth, and eclampsia.
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Pih ppt
This document discusses pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), also known as preeclampsia. It begins by providing background information on PIH, including classification and pathophysiology. It then discusses screening tests and measurements for diagnosing PIH, including blood pressure measurement techniques. The document further summarizes the classification of PIH, risk factors, pathogenesis involving placental and endothelial dysfunction, and theories on the immunological and genetic factors involved in preeclampsia.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It classifies hypertension into pre-existing (chronic) hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), and superimposed pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. PIH includes transient hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia. The document explores various theories of causation and provides details on pathological changes, diagnosis, screening tests, types of pre-eclampsia, complications, and treatment including prophylactic low-dose aspirin.
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Hypertensive disorder in pregnancy
Hypertensive disorders are a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation and can progress to eclampsia with seizures. It is diagnosed when blood pressure is ≥140/90 mmHg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart accompanied by ≥300mg protein in 24 hour urine or a urine protein creatinine ratio of >0.3. Treatment involves blood pressure control with medications like labetalol, nifedipine and magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. Delivery is usually required to resolve preeclampsia though timing depends on gestational age and maternal/fetal stability. Close monitoring of mother and
Hypertension in pregnancy by Dr syed sadat ali
1. Hypertensive diseases in pregnancy are common and can cause morbidity and mortality in both mother and fetus. The most common type is pregnancy-induced hypertension, which includes preeclampsia and eclampsia.
2. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It can range from mild to severe based on blood pressure and protein levels. Eclampsia involves preeclampsia with seizures.
3. The pathophysiology of preeclampsia involves placental ischemia leading to endothelial dysfunction and clinical manifestations across multiple organ systems like the brain, kidneys, liver and blood. This puts both mother and fetus at risk.
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This document discusses the use of Doppler ultrasound to monitor fetuses affected by pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). It explains that PIH results from placental dysfunction causing endothelial damage and vasoconstriction. Doppler can detect how the fetus centralizes blood flow to compensate for hypoxemia, initially increasing cerebral blood flow then decreasing renal flow as compensation fails. When the pressure difference between the ductus venosus and inferior vena cava decreases due to increased afterload, deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix drastically, leading to fetal demise. Doppler thus tracks the fetus's progression from compensated to decompensated hypoxia.
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HELLP syndrome is a life-threatening variant of preeclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. It occurs in 1-2% of pregnancies and 10-20% of preeclampsia cases. Symptoms include headaches, abdominal pain, and changes in vision. Treatment involves delivering the baby as soon as possible to prevent complications in both mother and baby like liver rupture or stroke. Outcomes are good if diagnosed early through regular prenatal visits and seeking care for any concerning symptoms.
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This document discusses the diagnosis and management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It defines various types of hypertension including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. It covers the signs and symptoms, potential complications, risk factors, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches including antihypertensive medications and magnesium sulfate administration. Treatment involves controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures, administering steroids to promote fetal lung maturity, and carefully monitoring fluid balance, with the goal of optimizing outcomes for both the mother and baby.
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This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It begins by noting that hypertensive disorders complicate about 10% of pregnancies and are a major cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. The document then defines various types of hypertensive disorders like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension. It discusses risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, maternal and fetal effects, diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of these conditions. The multi-organ pathophysiology and maternal syndrome are explained through placental hypoxia and endothelial dysfunction.
Pih
The document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension. Some key points:
- Preeclampsia complicates 7-10% of pregnancies in the US and is a leading cause of maternal death. It is defined as new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks.
- Eclampsia occurs in 1 in 10,000-150,000 pregnancies and is characterized by seizures that cannot be attributed to other causes in women with preeclampsia.
- Magnesium sulfate is the drug of choice for preventing and treating seizures from eclampsia, as it reduces the risk of recurrent seizures by over 50%. However,
prevention and management of pre-eclampsia.
This document discusses the prevention and management of preeclampsia. It recommends low-dose aspirin and supplements for women at risk of preeclampsia. For mild cases, expectant management can be done until term delivery. Severe uncontrolled hypertension, worsening symptoms, or fetal distress require hospitalization and closer monitoring. Antihypertensives are given to control blood pressure, and magnesium sulfate is the most effective drug for preventing and treating seizures. Prompt delivery is needed to cure preeclampsia.
Chronic hypertension in pregrancy
A 35-year old woman with a history of hypertension for 5 years wants to become pregnant. Her blood pressure is well controlled on lisinopril 10mg daily and she does not have any other medical issues. For women with chronic hypertension planning pregnancy, treatment is generally not needed unless blood pressure is consistently over 150/100 mmHg to prevent harm to the mother or fetus. Low-dose aspirin and calcium supplementation can help prevent preeclampsia. Her blood pressure medication would likely need to be adjusted during pregnancy under an OB's guidance.
Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy
This document provides an overview of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It begins with an introduction stating that hypertensive disorders are a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. It then covers the classification, diagnosis, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of the main types of hypertensive disorders - gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is described as a pregnancy-specific syndrome caused by reduced organ perfusion from vasospasm and endothelial dysfunction. The management of hypertensive disorders focuses on delivering the baby to resolve the condition, while controlling blood pressure and preventing seizures in severe preeclampsia
H:\Gestational Hypertension Capp Moms Mess 2[1]
Gestational hypertension complicates 6-10% of pregnancies in the US and can lead to serious maternal and fetal complications if not properly managed. It is characterized by new onset high blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy with or without proteinuria. Preeclampsia is a more severe form with high blood pressure and proteinuria, and can progress to eclampsia with seizures. Treatment involves careful monitoring, controlling blood pressure, delivering the baby, and preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate.
PIH-New_edited-13-09-10.ppt
This document discusses hypertension that can arise during pregnancy, including preeclampsia. It defines preeclampsia as high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Preeclampsia can cause serious complications for both mother and baby if not treated through delivery of the baby. The cause is not fully known but involves intense vasoconstriction affecting blood vessels. Complications for the mother include eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and others.
Acute kidney injury in pregnancy
AKI in pregnancy can occur early, late, or post-pregnancy due to various causes. The most common cause is preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome, a severe form of preeclampsia, can cause AKI in 3-15% of cases. TTP and HUS may also precipitate AKI. Late pregnancy complications like AFLP, abruptio placenta, and amniotic fluid embolism can result in cortical necrosis and AKI. Prompt delivery is usually indicated for severe preeclampsia and AFLP. Management involves supportive care, dialysis, and addressing the underlying etiology. Outcomes depend on the severity and etiology of AKI, with cortical necrosis carrying the
Pregnancy induced hypertension
This document provides an overview of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), including its definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, complications, and treatment. Some key points:
- PIH complicates 5-10% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.
- It is defined as new onset hypertension (blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg) and proteinuria developing after 20 weeks of gestation.
- The pathophysiology involves vasoconstriction due to an imbalance in vasodilators and vasoconstrictors, which can lead to complications like IUGR, preterm birth, and eclampsia.
Step by step management of hypertension during pregnancy
A 30-year-old woman who is pregnant with her first child was referred for high blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg, 5 days after giving birth to her third daughter. She has been taking nifedipine and methyl dopa to control her blood pressure. The next steps in her management should include considering increasing her medications, adding another antihypertensive such as labetalol, and avoiding ACE inhibitors due to breastfeeding. Her symptoms of sleep disturbance and palpitations also warrant consideration of an anxiolytic to help control her symptoms. The primary goal is controlling her blood pressure while minimizing risks to her ability to breastfeed her newborn.
Pih ppt
This document discusses pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), also known as preeclampsia. It begins by providing background information on PIH, including classification and pathophysiology. It then discusses screening tests and measurements for diagnosing PIH, including blood pressure measurement techniques. The document further summarizes the classification of PIH, risk factors, pathogenesis involving placental and endothelial dysfunction, and theories on the immunological and genetic factors involved in preeclampsia.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It classifies hypertension into pre-existing (chronic) hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), and superimposed pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. PIH includes transient hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia. The document explores various theories of causation and provides details on pathological changes, diagnosis, screening tests, types of pre-eclampsia, complications, and treatment including prophylactic low-dose aspirin.
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Hypertension in pregnancy can cause significant risks to both mother and baby. It includes conditions like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. For high-risk women, taking low-dose aspirin starting at 12 weeks can lower the risk of developing preeclampsia by 10-15%. Severe preeclampsia is treated with blood pressure medication and magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. Delivery is usually recommended if preeclampsia develops before 37 weeks or the condition worsens, balancing maternal and fetal risks. Careful monitoring of mother and baby is important both during and after pregnancy for those with a history of hypertension.
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Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is defined as new hypertension developing after 20 weeks of gestation. It affects 5-8% of pregnancies and can range from mild to severe, including pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. The exact cause is unknown but may involve immunological and endothelial dysfunction factors. Treatment aims to prevent complications and involves bed rest, magnesium sulfate, antihypertensive drugs, and delivery if gestation reaches term or the mother/baby's condition deteriorates.
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Pregnancy induced Hypertension- Pathogenesis and pathological changes
- 2. PATHOGENESIS OF PRE-ECLAMPSIA/ ECLAMPSIAChanges that occur during pregnancy contribute to the development of preeclampsia: ➤ Vasospasm ➤ Absence of remodelling of spiral arteries ➤ Increased production of anti-angiogenic factors ➤ Retention of sodium
- 3. VASOSPASM ➤ resistance to blood flow ➤ development of arterial hypertension ➤ also exerts damaging effects on vessels
- 4. ABSENCE OF REMODELLING OF SPIRAL ARTERIESIn preeclampsia, ➤ cytotrophoblast cells infiltrate the decidual portion of the spiral arteries, but fail to penetrate the myometrial segment ➤ spiral arteries fail to develop into large, tortuous vascular channels- resulting in placental hypoperfusion (hypoperfused, ischemic placenta releases several factors into maternal bloodstream causing maternall endothelial dysfunction
- 5. Absence of remodelling of spiral arteries
- 6. INCREASED PRODUCTION OF ANTI-ANGIOGENIC FACTORS• A number of pro-angiogenic factors are elaborated by placenta, like: ➤ VEGF- Vascular endothelial growth factor ➤ P1GF- Placental growth factor ➤ sEng- Soluble endoglins • Balance among the above factors play a vital role for normal placental development. • Increased production antiangiogenic factors- disturbs the balance-systemic endothelial dysfunction.
- 7. RETENTION OF SODIUM • In normal pregnancy, there is marked increase in- plasma volume, GFR & renal blood flow. • Whereas in preeclampsia, it is characterised by- ➤ Reduced plasma volume ➤ Reduced GFR ➤ Reduced renal blood flow ➤ Hence, there is sodium retention and shift of sodium into the arterial walls- increased sensitivity to press or agents in preeclampsia.
- 9. Impact of preeclampsia/eclampsia can be seen in most of the vital structures, such as: ➤ Liver ➤ Kidneys ➤ Placenta ➤ Brain
- 10. LIVER • Smooth surface with mottled appearance- numerous scattered areas of subcapsular hemorrhage. • Microscopically, ➤ Fibrin thrombi in the portal capillaries (periphery of the lobules) ➤ Surrounding peripheral thrombi- areas of haemorrhage and necrosis (periportal hemorrhagic necrosis)
- 11. KIDNEYS • In PID, there is an association with renal lesion. • Enlarged glomeruli invading into the neck of the tubules (Renal biopsy & electron microscopy) • Microscopically, ➤ Endothelial cells are swollen, possibly blocking the lumen of the capillaries. ➤ Cytoplasm shows vacuolation, droplet formation & deposition. ➤ These causes glomerular endotheliosis
- 12. 👎🏼 GFR Proteinuri a 👎🏼 Renal blood flow • Renal tubular necrosis is common in women with eclampsia. • Tubular necrosis can lead to Acute renal failure.
- 13. PLACENTA • Vasospasm--->decreased uteroplacental blood flow--> Anoxia--->liberation of thromboplastic substances---> intravascular coagulation
- 14. BRAIN • Gross haemorrhages due to ruptured arteries caused by severe hypertension can be seen. • Other findings that can be found include: ➤ Cerebral edema ➤ Hyperaemia ➤ Focal anemia ➤ Thrombosis
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