The document presents a method for pre-emphasis on data for adaptive fingerprint image enhancement. It applies preprocessing using histogram equalization for contrast improvement. Global and local analysis is then performed to estimate the fundamental frequency and extract local spectral features, which are used to design matched directional filters for enhancement. The proposed adaptive approach automatically adjusts local filter parameters based on input fingerprint image characteristics.
Review of Use of Nonlocal Spectral – Spatial Structured Sparse Representation...IJERA Editor
Noise reduction may be a vigorous analysis area in image method due to its importance in up the quality of image for object detection and classification. Throughout this paper, we've got a bent to develop a skinny illustration based noise reduction methodology for the hyperspectral imaging , that depends on the thought that the non-noise part in associate discovered signal is sparsely rotten over a redundant lexicon whereas the noise part does not have this property. The foremost contribution of the paper is at intervals the introduction of nonlocal similarity and spectral-spatial structure of hyperspectral imaging into skinny illustration. Non-locality suggests that the self-similarity of image, by that a full image is partitioned into some groups containing similar patches. The similar patches in each cluster unit sparsely delineate with a shared set of atoms throughout a lexicon making true signal and noise extra merely separated. Sparse illustration with spectral-spatial structure can exploit spectral and spatial joint correlations of hyperspectral imaging by victimization 3D blocks rather than 2-D patches for skinny secret writing, which collectively makes true signal and noise extra distinguished. Moreover, hyperspectral imaging has every signal-independent and signal-dependent noises, thus a mixed Poisson and man of science noise model is used. In order to create skinny illustration be insensitive to various noise distribution in numerous blocks, a variance-fitting transformation (VFT) is used to create their variance comparable, the advantages of the projected ways unit valid on every artificial and real hyperspectral remote sensing data sets.
Noise Level Estimation for Digital Images Using Local Statistics and Its Appl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, an automatic estimation of additive white Gaussian noise technique is proposed. This technique is built according to the local statistics of Gaussian noise. In the field of digital signal processing, estimation of the noise is considered as pivotal process that many signal processing tasks relies on. The main aim of this paper is to design a patch-based estimation technique in order to estimate the noise level in natural images and use it in blind image removal technique. The estimation processes is utilized selected patches which is most contaminated sub-pixels in the tested images sing principal component analysis (PCA). The performance of the suggested noise level estimation technique is shown its superior to state of the art noise estimation and noise removal algorithms, the proposed algorithm produces the best performance in most cases compared with the investigated techniques in terms of PSNR, IQI and the visual perception.
Contour-based Pedestrian Detection with Foreground Distribution Trend Filteri...ITIIIndustries
In this work, we propose a real-time pedestrian detection method for crowded environments based on contour and motion information. Sparse contour templates of human shapes are first generated on the basis of a point distribution model (PDM), then a template matching step is applied to detect humans. To reduce the detecting time complexity and improve the detection accuracy, we propose to take the ratio and distribution trend of foreground pixels inside each detecting window into consideration. A tracking method is further applied to deal with the short-term occlusions and false alarms. The experimental results show that our method can efficiently detect pedestrians in videos of crowded scenes.
Towards better performance: phase congruency based face recognitionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Phase congruency is an edge detector and measurement of the significant feature in the image. It is a robust method against contrast and illumination variation. In this paper, two novel techniques are introduced for developing alow-cost human identification system based on face recognition. Firstly, the valuable phase congruency features, the gradient-edges and their associate dangles are utilized separately for classifying 130 subjects taken from three face databases with the motivation of eliminating the feature extraction phase. By doing this, the complexity can be significantly reduced. Secondly, the training process is modified when a new technique, called averaging-vectors is developed to accelerate the training process and minimizes the matching time to the lowest value. However, for more comparison and accurate evaluation,three competitive classifiers: Euclidean distance (ED),cosine distance (CD), and Manhattan distance (MD) are considered in this work. The system performance is very competitive and acceptable, where the experimental results show promising recognition rates with a reasonable matching time.
Inpainting refers to the art of restoring lost parts of image and reconstructing them based on the background information i.e Image inpainting is the process of reconstructing lost or deteriorated parts of images using information from surrounding areas. In fine art museums, inpainting of degraded paintings is traditionally carried out by professional artists and usually very time consuming.The purpose of inpainting is to reconstruct missing regions in a visually plausible manner so that it seems reasonable to the human eye. There have been several approaches proposed for the same.
This paper gives an overview of different Techniques of Image Inpainting.The proposed work includes the overview of PDE based inpainting algorithm and Texture synthesis based inpainting algorithm. This paper presents a brief survey on comparative study of these two techniques used for Image Inpainting.
Review of Use of Nonlocal Spectral – Spatial Structured Sparse Representation...IJERA Editor
Noise reduction may be a vigorous analysis area in image method due to its importance in up the quality of image for object detection and classification. Throughout this paper, we've got a bent to develop a skinny illustration based noise reduction methodology for the hyperspectral imaging , that depends on the thought that the non-noise part in associate discovered signal is sparsely rotten over a redundant lexicon whereas the noise part does not have this property. The foremost contribution of the paper is at intervals the introduction of nonlocal similarity and spectral-spatial structure of hyperspectral imaging into skinny illustration. Non-locality suggests that the self-similarity of image, by that a full image is partitioned into some groups containing similar patches. The similar patches in each cluster unit sparsely delineate with a shared set of atoms throughout a lexicon making true signal and noise extra merely separated. Sparse illustration with spectral-spatial structure can exploit spectral and spatial joint correlations of hyperspectral imaging by victimization 3D blocks rather than 2-D patches for skinny secret writing, which collectively makes true signal and noise extra distinguished. Moreover, hyperspectral imaging has every signal-independent and signal-dependent noises, thus a mixed Poisson and man of science noise model is used. In order to create skinny illustration be insensitive to various noise distribution in numerous blocks, a variance-fitting transformation (VFT) is used to create their variance comparable, the advantages of the projected ways unit valid on every artificial and real hyperspectral remote sensing data sets.
Noise Level Estimation for Digital Images Using Local Statistics and Its Appl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, an automatic estimation of additive white Gaussian noise technique is proposed. This technique is built according to the local statistics of Gaussian noise. In the field of digital signal processing, estimation of the noise is considered as pivotal process that many signal processing tasks relies on. The main aim of this paper is to design a patch-based estimation technique in order to estimate the noise level in natural images and use it in blind image removal technique. The estimation processes is utilized selected patches which is most contaminated sub-pixels in the tested images sing principal component analysis (PCA). The performance of the suggested noise level estimation technique is shown its superior to state of the art noise estimation and noise removal algorithms, the proposed algorithm produces the best performance in most cases compared with the investigated techniques in terms of PSNR, IQI and the visual perception.
Contour-based Pedestrian Detection with Foreground Distribution Trend Filteri...ITIIIndustries
In this work, we propose a real-time pedestrian detection method for crowded environments based on contour and motion information. Sparse contour templates of human shapes are first generated on the basis of a point distribution model (PDM), then a template matching step is applied to detect humans. To reduce the detecting time complexity and improve the detection accuracy, we propose to take the ratio and distribution trend of foreground pixels inside each detecting window into consideration. A tracking method is further applied to deal with the short-term occlusions and false alarms. The experimental results show that our method can efficiently detect pedestrians in videos of crowded scenes.
Towards better performance: phase congruency based face recognitionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Phase congruency is an edge detector and measurement of the significant feature in the image. It is a robust method against contrast and illumination variation. In this paper, two novel techniques are introduced for developing alow-cost human identification system based on face recognition. Firstly, the valuable phase congruency features, the gradient-edges and their associate dangles are utilized separately for classifying 130 subjects taken from three face databases with the motivation of eliminating the feature extraction phase. By doing this, the complexity can be significantly reduced. Secondly, the training process is modified when a new technique, called averaging-vectors is developed to accelerate the training process and minimizes the matching time to the lowest value. However, for more comparison and accurate evaluation,three competitive classifiers: Euclidean distance (ED),cosine distance (CD), and Manhattan distance (MD) are considered in this work. The system performance is very competitive and acceptable, where the experimental results show promising recognition rates with a reasonable matching time.
Inpainting refers to the art of restoring lost parts of image and reconstructing them based on the background information i.e Image inpainting is the process of reconstructing lost or deteriorated parts of images using information from surrounding areas. In fine art museums, inpainting of degraded paintings is traditionally carried out by professional artists and usually very time consuming.The purpose of inpainting is to reconstruct missing regions in a visually plausible manner so that it seems reasonable to the human eye. There have been several approaches proposed for the same.
This paper gives an overview of different Techniques of Image Inpainting.The proposed work includes the overview of PDE based inpainting algorithm and Texture synthesis based inpainting algorithm. This paper presents a brief survey on comparative study of these two techniques used for Image Inpainting.
Is Industrialism A Blessing? A Study of Anjali Deshpande’s Impeachment.IJERA Editor
Ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment.Just as feminist criticism examines lanquage and literature prom a gender- conscious perspective,and Marxist criticism brings an awareness of modes of production and economic class to its reading of texts,ecocriticism takes an earth centered approach to literary studies. The interest on this Topic‘Ecocriticism‘ aims at more about the relationship between‘ Nature and Literature‘More over to quench the thirst through research for the basic reason of different culture.Is it because the influence of nature?or what are the things play the predominant role here?Now a days some changes are happening in the nature. So the curiosity is here to know about the consequences on the society:that is literature. Bhopal gas tragedy occurred on the night of 2-3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited(UCIL)pesticide plant in Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh.Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals.The toxic substance made its way in and around the shantytowns located near the plant.The government of Madhya Pradesh confirmed a total of 3,787deaths related to the gas release.
Efficient Method of Removing the Noise using High Dynamic Range Imagerahulmonikasharma
Various tone mapping methods have been proposed to make the image better concurrent to human visual observation. In general, tone mapping can also be carried in nearby and/or world features. In this work, a progressive tone mapping framework such as wavelet filter and spongy thresholding is proposed to diminish the noise this 4% quicker than may shrink process. It's one of a kind curve centered universal tone mapping methods that increase the bright and darkish regions. Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR) value is calculated to know the enrichment value. Simulation outcome shows that the proposed schemes achieve high contrast improvement.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Compressive Sensing in Speech from LPC using Gradient Projection for Sparse R...IJERA Editor
This paper presents compressive sensing technique used for speech reconstruction using linear predictive coding because the
speech is more sparse in LPC. DCT of a speech is taken and the DCT points of sparse speech are thrown away arbitrarily.
This is achieved by making some point in DCT domain to be zero by multiplying with mask functions. From the incomplete
points in DCT domain, the original speech is reconstructed using compressive sensing and the tool used is Gradient
Projection for Sparse Reconstruction. The performance of the result is compared with direct IDCT subjectively. The
experiment is done and it is observed that the performance is better for compressive sensing than the DCT.
improving differently illuminant images with fuzzy membership based saturatio...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Illumination estimation is basic to white balancing digital color images and to color constancy. The key to automatic white balancing of digital images is to estimate precisely the color of the overall scene illumination. Many methods for estimating the illumination’s color has proposed. Though not the most exact, one of the simplest and quite extensively used methods are the gray world algorithm, white patch, max-RGB, Gray edge using first order derivative and gray edge using second order derivative, saturation weighting. The first-three methods have neglected the multiple light sources illuminate. In this work, we investigate how illuminate estimation techniques can be improved using fuzzy membership. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate performance of Fuzzy Enhancement based saturation weighting technique for different light sources (single, multiple, indoor scene and outdoor scene) under different conditions. The experiment has clearly shown the effectiveness of the proposed technique over the available methods.
Reduced Ordering Based Approach to Impulsive Noise Suppression in Color ImagesIDES Editor
In this paper a novel filtering design intended for
the impulsive noise removal in color images is presented.
The described scheme utilizes the rank weighted cumulated
distances between the pixels belonging to the local filtering
window. The impulse detection scheme is based on the
difference between the aggregated weighted distances assigned
to the central pixel of the window and the minimum value,
which corresponds to the rank weighted vector median. If the
difference exceeds an adaptively determined threshold value,
then the processed pixel is replaced by the mean of the
neighboring pixels, which were found to be not corrupted,
otherwise it is retained. The important feature of the described
filtering framework is its ability to effectively suppress
impulsive noise, while preserving fine image details. The
comparison with the state-of-the-art denoising schemes
revealed that the proposed filter yields better restoration
results in terms of objective restoration quality measures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Accelerated Joint Image Despeckling Algorithm in the Wavelet and Spatial DomainsCSCJournals
Noise is one of the most widespread problems present in nearly all imaging applications. In spite of the sophistication of the recently proposed methods, most denoising algorithms have not yet attained a desirable level of applicability. This paper proposes a two-stage algorithm for speckle noise reduction jointly in the wavelet and spatial domains. At the first stage, the optimal parameter value of the spatial speckle reduction filter is estimated, based on edge pixel statistics and noise variance. Then the optimized filter is used at the second stage to additionally smooth the approximation image of the wavelet sub-band. A complexity reduction algorithm for wavelet decomposition is also proposed. The obtained results are highly encouraging in terms of image quality which paves the way towards the reinforcement of the proposed algorithm for the performance enhancement of the Block Matching and 3D Filtering algorithm tackling multiplicative speckle noise.
An Inclusive Analysis on Various Image Enhancement TechniquesIJMER
Digital Image enhancement is the process of adjusting digital images so that the results are
more suitable for display or further image analysis. It provides a multitude of choices for improving the
visual quality of images or to provide a “better transform representation for future automated image
processing. The enhancement technique differs from one field to another field. The existing techniques
of image enhancement can be classified into two categories: Spatial Domain and Frequency domain
enhancement. Many images like satellite images, medical images, aerial images and even real life
photographs suffer from poor contrast and noise. It improves the quality (clarity) of images for human
viewing by eradicating blurs, noise, increasing contrast, and revealing image details.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In this project we have implemented a tool to inpaint selected regions from an image. Inpainting refers to the art of restoring lost parts of image and reconstructing them based on the background information. The tool provides a user interface wherein the user can open an image for inpainting, select the parts
of the image that he wants to reconstruct. The tool would then automatically inpaint the selected area according to the background information. The image can
then be saved. The inpainting in based on the exemplar based approach. The basic aim of this approach is to find examples (i.e. patches) from the image and
replace the lost data with it. Applications of this technique include the restoration of old photographs and damaged film; removal of superimposed text like
dates, subtitles etc.; and the removal of entire objects from the image like microphones or wires in special effects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of grid adaptive interpolation over depth imagescsandit
A suitable interpolation method is essential to keep the noise level minimum along with the timedelay.
In recent years, many different interpolation filters have been developed for instance
H.264-6 tap filter, and AVS- 4 tap filter. This work demonstrates the effects of a four-tap lowpass
tap filter (Grid-adaptive filter) on a hole-filled depth image. This paper provides (i) a
general form of uniform interpolations for both integer and sub-pixel locations in terms of the
sampling interval and filter length, and (ii) compares the effect of different finite impulse
response filters on a depth-image. Furthermore, the author proposed and investigated an
integrated Grid-adaptive filter, that implement hole-filling and interpolation concurrently,
causes reduction in time-delay noticeably along with high PSNR .
Fingerprint image enhancement is the key process in IAFIS systems. In order to reduce false identification ratio and to supply good fingerprint images to IAFIS systems for exact identification, fingerprint images are generally enhanced. A filtering process tries to filter out the noise from the input image, and emphasize on low, high and directional spatial frequency components of an image. This paper presents an experimental summary of enhancing fingerprint images using Gabor filters. Frequency, width and window domain filter ranges are fixed. The orientation angle alone is modified by 0 radians, π/2, π/4 and 3π/4 radians. The experimental results show that Gabor filter enhances the fingerprint image in a better way than other filtering methods and extracts features.
Is Industrialism A Blessing? A Study of Anjali Deshpande’s Impeachment.IJERA Editor
Ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment.Just as feminist criticism examines lanquage and literature prom a gender- conscious perspective,and Marxist criticism brings an awareness of modes of production and economic class to its reading of texts,ecocriticism takes an earth centered approach to literary studies. The interest on this Topic‘Ecocriticism‘ aims at more about the relationship between‘ Nature and Literature‘More over to quench the thirst through research for the basic reason of different culture.Is it because the influence of nature?or what are the things play the predominant role here?Now a days some changes are happening in the nature. So the curiosity is here to know about the consequences on the society:that is literature. Bhopal gas tragedy occurred on the night of 2-3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited(UCIL)pesticide plant in Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh.Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals.The toxic substance made its way in and around the shantytowns located near the plant.The government of Madhya Pradesh confirmed a total of 3,787deaths related to the gas release.
Efficient Method of Removing the Noise using High Dynamic Range Imagerahulmonikasharma
Various tone mapping methods have been proposed to make the image better concurrent to human visual observation. In general, tone mapping can also be carried in nearby and/or world features. In this work, a progressive tone mapping framework such as wavelet filter and spongy thresholding is proposed to diminish the noise this 4% quicker than may shrink process. It's one of a kind curve centered universal tone mapping methods that increase the bright and darkish regions. Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR) value is calculated to know the enrichment value. Simulation outcome shows that the proposed schemes achieve high contrast improvement.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Compressive Sensing in Speech from LPC using Gradient Projection for Sparse R...IJERA Editor
This paper presents compressive sensing technique used for speech reconstruction using linear predictive coding because the
speech is more sparse in LPC. DCT of a speech is taken and the DCT points of sparse speech are thrown away arbitrarily.
This is achieved by making some point in DCT domain to be zero by multiplying with mask functions. From the incomplete
points in DCT domain, the original speech is reconstructed using compressive sensing and the tool used is Gradient
Projection for Sparse Reconstruction. The performance of the result is compared with direct IDCT subjectively. The
experiment is done and it is observed that the performance is better for compressive sensing than the DCT.
improving differently illuminant images with fuzzy membership based saturatio...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Illumination estimation is basic to white balancing digital color images and to color constancy. The key to automatic white balancing of digital images is to estimate precisely the color of the overall scene illumination. Many methods for estimating the illumination’s color has proposed. Though not the most exact, one of the simplest and quite extensively used methods are the gray world algorithm, white patch, max-RGB, Gray edge using first order derivative and gray edge using second order derivative, saturation weighting. The first-three methods have neglected the multiple light sources illuminate. In this work, we investigate how illuminate estimation techniques can be improved using fuzzy membership. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate performance of Fuzzy Enhancement based saturation weighting technique for different light sources (single, multiple, indoor scene and outdoor scene) under different conditions. The experiment has clearly shown the effectiveness of the proposed technique over the available methods.
Reduced Ordering Based Approach to Impulsive Noise Suppression in Color ImagesIDES Editor
In this paper a novel filtering design intended for
the impulsive noise removal in color images is presented.
The described scheme utilizes the rank weighted cumulated
distances between the pixels belonging to the local filtering
window. The impulse detection scheme is based on the
difference between the aggregated weighted distances assigned
to the central pixel of the window and the minimum value,
which corresponds to the rank weighted vector median. If the
difference exceeds an adaptively determined threshold value,
then the processed pixel is replaced by the mean of the
neighboring pixels, which were found to be not corrupted,
otherwise it is retained. The important feature of the described
filtering framework is its ability to effectively suppress
impulsive noise, while preserving fine image details. The
comparison with the state-of-the-art denoising schemes
revealed that the proposed filter yields better restoration
results in terms of objective restoration quality measures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Accelerated Joint Image Despeckling Algorithm in the Wavelet and Spatial DomainsCSCJournals
Noise is one of the most widespread problems present in nearly all imaging applications. In spite of the sophistication of the recently proposed methods, most denoising algorithms have not yet attained a desirable level of applicability. This paper proposes a two-stage algorithm for speckle noise reduction jointly in the wavelet and spatial domains. At the first stage, the optimal parameter value of the spatial speckle reduction filter is estimated, based on edge pixel statistics and noise variance. Then the optimized filter is used at the second stage to additionally smooth the approximation image of the wavelet sub-band. A complexity reduction algorithm for wavelet decomposition is also proposed. The obtained results are highly encouraging in terms of image quality which paves the way towards the reinforcement of the proposed algorithm for the performance enhancement of the Block Matching and 3D Filtering algorithm tackling multiplicative speckle noise.
An Inclusive Analysis on Various Image Enhancement TechniquesIJMER
Digital Image enhancement is the process of adjusting digital images so that the results are
more suitable for display or further image analysis. It provides a multitude of choices for improving the
visual quality of images or to provide a “better transform representation for future automated image
processing. The enhancement technique differs from one field to another field. The existing techniques
of image enhancement can be classified into two categories: Spatial Domain and Frequency domain
enhancement. Many images like satellite images, medical images, aerial images and even real life
photographs suffer from poor contrast and noise. It improves the quality (clarity) of images for human
viewing by eradicating blurs, noise, increasing contrast, and revealing image details.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In this project we have implemented a tool to inpaint selected regions from an image. Inpainting refers to the art of restoring lost parts of image and reconstructing them based on the background information. The tool provides a user interface wherein the user can open an image for inpainting, select the parts
of the image that he wants to reconstruct. The tool would then automatically inpaint the selected area according to the background information. The image can
then be saved. The inpainting in based on the exemplar based approach. The basic aim of this approach is to find examples (i.e. patches) from the image and
replace the lost data with it. Applications of this technique include the restoration of old photographs and damaged film; removal of superimposed text like
dates, subtitles etc.; and the removal of entire objects from the image like microphones or wires in special effects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of grid adaptive interpolation over depth imagescsandit
A suitable interpolation method is essential to keep the noise level minimum along with the timedelay.
In recent years, many different interpolation filters have been developed for instance
H.264-6 tap filter, and AVS- 4 tap filter. This work demonstrates the effects of a four-tap lowpass
tap filter (Grid-adaptive filter) on a hole-filled depth image. This paper provides (i) a
general form of uniform interpolations for both integer and sub-pixel locations in terms of the
sampling interval and filter length, and (ii) compares the effect of different finite impulse
response filters on a depth-image. Furthermore, the author proposed and investigated an
integrated Grid-adaptive filter, that implement hole-filling and interpolation concurrently,
causes reduction in time-delay noticeably along with high PSNR .
Fingerprint image enhancement is the key process in IAFIS systems. In order to reduce false identification ratio and to supply good fingerprint images to IAFIS systems for exact identification, fingerprint images are generally enhanced. A filtering process tries to filter out the noise from the input image, and emphasize on low, high and directional spatial frequency components of an image. This paper presents an experimental summary of enhancing fingerprint images using Gabor filters. Frequency, width and window domain filter ranges are fixed. The orientation angle alone is modified by 0 radians, π/2, π/4 and 3π/4 radians. The experimental results show that Gabor filter enhances the fingerprint image in a better way than other filtering methods and extracts features.
Smqt Based Fingerprint Enhancement And Encryption For Border Crossing Securit...theijes
Biometric passport (e-passport) is to prevent the illegitimate entry of traveler into a particular country and border the use of counterfeit documents by more accurate identification of an individual. The electronic passport, as it is sometimes called, represents a bold proposal in the procedure of two new technologies: cryptography authentication protocols and biometrics (face, fingerprints, palm prints and iris).The goal of the adoption of the electronic passport is not only to accelerate processing at border crossings, but also to increase safety measures. Adaptive fingerprint enhancement method is used to enhance the fingerprint image. The term adaptive implies that parameters of the method are automatically adjusted based on the input fingerprint image. The adaptive fingerprint enhancement method comprises five processing blocks. 1) Pre-processing; 2) global analysis; 3) local analysis; and 4) matched filtering; 4) Image segmentation. In the pre-processing and local analysis blocks, a nonlinear dynamic range adjustment method, SMQT is used. These processing blocks yield an improved and new adaptive fingerprint image processing method. . For assuring security cryptography can be used with enhancement technique for encrypting the enhanced image so as to provide additional protection against fake. For this an image encryption approach using stream ciphers based on non linear filter generator along with AES encryption is used here. In this work a novel image encryption scheme using stream cipher algorithm based on nonlinear filter generator is considered. In this work a novel image encryption scheme is proposed based on stream cipher algorithm using pseudorandom generator with filtering function. This algorithm makes it possible to cipher and decipher images by guaranteeing a maximum security. The proposed cryptosystem is based on the use the linear feedback shift register (LFSR) with large secret key filtered by resilient function whose resiliency order, algebraic degree and nonlinearity attain Siegenthaler’s and Sarkar, al.’s bounds. This scheme is simple and highly efficient.
PDE BASED FEATURES FOR TEXTURE ANALYSIS USING WAVELET TRANSFORMIJCI JOURNAL
In the present paper, a novel method of partial differential equation (PDE) based features for texture
analysis using wavelet transform is proposed. The aim of the proposed method is to investigate texture
descriptors that perform better with low computational cost. Wavelet transform is applied to obtain
directional information from the image. Anisotropic diffusion is used to find texture approximation from
directional information. Further, texture approximation is used to compute various statistical features.
LDA is employed to enhance the class separability. The k-NN classifier with tenfold experimentation is
used for classification. The proposed method is evaluated on Brodatz dataset. The experimental results
demonstrate the effectiveness of the method as compared to the other methods in the literature.
Hybrid fingerprint matching algorithm for high accuracy and reliabilityeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Touchless Palmprint Verification using Shock Filter, SIFT, I-RANSAC, and LPD iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A SURVEY ON VARIOUS APPROACHES TO FINGERPRINT MATCHING FOR PERSONAL VERIFICAT...IJCSES Journal
Automatic Fingerprint authentication for personal identification and verification has received considerable
attention over the past decades among various biometric techniques because of the distinctiveness and
persistence properties of fingerprints. Now fingerprints are set to explode in popularity as they are being
used to secure smart phones and to authorize payments in online stores. The main objective of this paper is
to review the extensive research work that has been done over the past decade and discuss the various
approaches proposed for fingerprint matching. The proposed methods were based on 2D correlation in the
spatial and frequency domains, Artificial Neural Networks, Hough transform, Fourier transform, graphs,
local texture, ridge geometry etc. All these different techniques have their pros and cons. This paper also
provides the performance comparison of several existing methods proposed by researchers in fing
Feature selection is the fundamental step in image
registration. Various tasks such as feature extraction, detection
are based on feature based approach. In the current paper we are
going to discuss about our technique that is hybrid of Local affine
and thin plate spline. An automatic edge detection method to
achieve the correct edge map is put forward to dealing with
image registration with affine transformation for the better
image registration. Registration algorithms compute
transformations to set correspondence between the two images.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive
comparison of the existing literature available on Image
registration methods with proposed technique
This paper introduces the implementation of fingerprint matching Minutiae Algorithm for Fingerprint
Matching. These algorithm increases the reliability accuracy of the fingerprint matching. The proposed method was
evaluated by means of experiment conducted on the FVC2002, FVC2004 database. Experimental results confirm
that the taking time of the fingerprint image matching is very less than the other methods. This algorithm is very
effective algorithm for the identification of fingerprint image.
We propose an image-based method using Contourlet transform [5] to detect liveness in fingerprint biometric systems. We observe that real and spoof fingerprint images exhibit
different textural characteristics. Wavelet transform although widely used for liveness detection is not the ideal one. Wavelets are not very effective in representing images containing lines and contours [5]. Recent Contourlet transform allows representing contours in a more efficient way than the wavelets [5]. Fingerprint is made of only contours of ridges; hence Contourlet transform is more suitable for fingerprint processing than the wavelets. Therefore, we use Contourlet energy and co-occurrence signatures to capture textural intricacies of images. After downsizing features with Plus l – take away r method, we test them on various classifiers: logistic regression, support vector machine and AdTree using our databases consisting of 185real, 90 Fun-Doh (Play-Doh) and 150 Gummy fingerprint images. We then select the best classifier and use at as a base classifier to form an ensemble classifier obtained by fusing a
stack of “K” base classifiers using the “Majority Voting Rule” (i.e. bagging). Experimentalresults indicate that, the new liveness detection approach is very promising as it needs only one
fingerprint and no extra hardware to detect vitality
We propose an image-based method using Contourlet transform [5] to detect liveness in
fingerprint biometric systems. We observe that real and spoof fingerprint images exhibit
different textural characteristics. Wavelet transform although widely used for liveness detection
is not the ideal one. Wavelets are not very effective in representing images containing lines and
contours [5]. Recent Contourlet transform allows representing contours in a more efficient way
than the wavelets [5]. Fingerprint is made of only contours of ridges; hence Contourlet
transform is more suitable for fingerprint processing than the wavelets. Therefore, we use
Contourlet energy and co-occurrence signatures to capture textural intricacies of images. After
downsizing features with Plus l – take away r method, we test them on various classifiers:
logistic regression, support vector machine and AdTree using our databases consisting of 185
real, 90 Fun-Doh (Play-Doh) and 150 Gummy fingerprint images. We then select the best
classifier and use at as a base classifier to form an ensemble classifier obtained by fusing a
stack of “K” base classifiers using the “Majority Voting Rule” (i.e. bagging). Experimental
results indicate that, the new liveness detection approach is very promising as it needs only one
fingerprint and no extra hardware to detect vitality
Survey Paper on Image Denoising Using Spatial Statistic son PixelIJERA Editor
The classical non-local means image denoising approach, the value of a pixel is determined based on the weighted average of other pixels, where the weights are determined based on a fixed isotropic ally weighted similarity function between the local neighbourhoods. It is demonstrate that noticeably improved perceptual quality can be achieved through the use of adaptive anisotropic ally weighted similarity functions between local neighbourhoods. This is accomplished by adapting the similarity weighing function in an anisotropic manner based on the perceptual characteristics of the underlying image content derived efficiently based on the Mexican Hat wavelet. Experimental results show that the it can be used to provide improved perceptual quality in the denoised image both quantitatively and qualitatively when compared to existing methods.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
2. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management (ICETEM14)
30 – 31, December 2014, Ernakulam, India
193
Method described above keep various parameters constant, such as local area size. In a real application the
strategy to keep parameters constant may fail where fingerprint image or sensor characteristics vary, thus yielding
varying image quality. In addition, due to the variable nature of fingerprints spatially, it is crucial to have a sufficient
amount of data in each local image area so that the local structure of the fingerprint is enclosed. Hence, the local area size
should adapt to the data. Different fingerprint sensor resolutions provide different spatial frequencies of the same
fingerprint and this also requires adaptive parameters. Depending on, e.g., gender and age of the user, fingerprints
captured with the same sensor may also vary.
These paper mainly consist of four steps ie a) preprocessing b) global analysis c) local adaptive analysis and
d) matched filtering. In preprocessing a nonlinear dynamic range adjustment method is used. Successive Mean
Quantization Transform (SMQT) is one of such methods in which many levels of quantization is used and number of
levels is equal to the number of bits used to represent the SMQT processed image. The SMQT can be viewed as a binary
tree build of a simple Mean Quantization Units (MQU) where each level performs an automated break down of the
information. Hence, with increasing number of levels the more detailed underlying information in the image is revealed.
SMQT uses eight level of quantization. Since it is recursive process, it takes much time to compute.
Hence in this method histogram equalization is been used in the pre-processing stage hence quality is increased.
Fig 1: Fingerprint sensor images of the (a) little finger of a 30-year-old man, and the (b) little finger of a 5-year-old boy,
illustrate the varying fingerprint image quality
II. PROPOSED METHOD
It is based on the basic principle that when a spatial sinusoidal signal and its corresponding magnitude spectrum
is taken together with a local fingerprint image patch then following were observed:
1) Local fingerprint image patches are spectrally and spatially similar to a sinusoidal signal, where the dominant
peaks in magnitude spectrums of the two signals are co-located.
2) The dominant peak in the magnitude spectrum of a local image area carries information about the local
orientation and frequency of the fingerprint pattern.
3) The quality of the fingerprint is determined from the magnitude of the dominant spectral peak acts as of that
particular local area.
These observations are necessary to design matched directional filters. A segmentation are then performed in the
spatial domain based on the extracted local features.
A. PREPROCESSING
Histogram equalization is used in preprocessing stage as its fast and gives out a good contrast of the image.It is a
powerful point processing enhancement technique that seeks to optimize the contrast of an image at all points.As the
name suggests, histogram equalization seeks to improve image contrast by equalizing or flattening, the histogram of an
image. The input image is transformed T(.) such that the gray values in the output is uniformly distributed in [0, 1]. Let
us assume that the input image to be enhanced has continuous gray values, with r = 0 representing black and r = 1
representing white.
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Fig 2: Initial blocks of enhancement
Hence a gray value transformation is designed s = T(r), based on the histogram of the input image, which will
enhance the image.
As before, we assume that:
(1) T(r) is a increasing function monotonically for 0 < r < 1 (preserves order from black to white).
(2) T(r) maps [0,1] into [0,1] (preserves the range of allowed Gray values).
Let denote the inverse transformation by r = T -1
(s) by assuming that the inverse transformation also satisfies the
above two conditions.
The gray values in the input image and output image are considered as the random variables in the interval
[0, 1]. Let pin(r) and pout(s) denote the probability density of the Gray values in the input and output images.
If T(r) and pin(r) are known, and r = T -1
(s) satisfies condition 1, then
(1)
Hence, one way to enhance the image is to design a transformation T(.) and that the gray values in the output is
distributed uniformly in [0, 1], i.e. pout (s) = 1, pout (s) = 1, 0 < s <1 .In terms the output image will have all gray
values in “equal proportion” .This technique is called histogram equalization.
Histogram equalization defines a mapping of levels p into levels q such that the distribution of gray level q is
uniform. This mapping expands the range of gray levels (stretches contrast) for gray levels near to histogram maxima.
When this contrast is expanded for most of the image pixels, thus it improves the detect ability of many image features.
The PDF of a pixel intensity level rk is given by:
Pr(rk) = nk/n (2)
Fig 3: O/P grayvalue vs I/P grayvalue
)(1
)()(
sTr
inout
ds
dr
rpsp
−
=
=
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Where k=0,1….255, n is the total number of pixels and nk is the number of pixels at intensity level rk . The
histogram is derived by plotting pr (rk) against rk.
Hence, new intensity sk is defined as:
sk = / n (3)
I have apply the histogram equalization locally by using a local windows of 11x11 pixels. This results in
expanding the contrast locally, and changing the intensity of each pixel according to its local neighborhood presents the
improvement in the image contrast obtained by applying the local histogram equalization.
Fig 4: original image (left) and after histogram equalization (right)
B. GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Global analysis is performed inorder to findout the fundamental frequency of the input equalized image.
The magnitude spectrum of a fingerprint image typically contains a circular structure around the origin. The
circular structure stems from the fact that a fingerprint has nearly the same spatial frequency throughout the image but
varying local orientation. The circular structure in the magnitude spectrum has been used for estimating fingerprint
quality. In a recent study, the circular spectral structure was exploited to detect the presence of a fingerprint pattern in the
image. This paper employs that the radially dominant component in the circular structure corresponds to the fundamental
frequency of the fingerprint image. This fundamental frequency is inversely proportional to a fundamental window size
which is used as a base window size in our method.
Fig 5: Fingerprint image and (b) corresponding magnitude spectrum
The circular structure around the origin in the fingerprint magnitude spectrum stems from the characteristics of
the periodic fingerprint pattern.
The fundamental fingerprint frequency is estimated according to the following steps:
1) A median filter is used in the new processing stage that suppresses data outliers.
2) From the median filtered image a radial frequency histogram is computed.
3) The fundamental frequency is assumed located at the point where the radial frequency histogram attains its maximal
value. The smoothing of radial frequency histogram is herein proposed to reduce the impact of spurious noise.
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Fig 6: Processing blocks of the global analysis
1) Step 1 - Data-Outlier Suppression: A 3×3 median filter is applied to the histogram equalized image in order to
suppress data outliers. The median filtered fingerprint image is denoted as Z(n1, n2) = Median3×3 {X(n1, n2)}.
2) Step 2 - Radial Frequency Histogram: Let the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the pre-processed image is
denoted as F (ω1, ω2) = F {Z(n1, n2)} and median filtered input image Z(n1, n2), where, ω1 ∈[−π, π) and ω2 ∈[−π, π)
denote normalized frequency. Fourier domain filtering and pre-filtered images used permits us to convolve the
fingerprint image with filters of full image size, since the two-dimensional FFT algorithm can be used to calculate
convolutions efficiently. In this way our directional filtering is performed using information from the entire image rather
than from a small neighbourhood, and this leads to more effective noise reduction in the filtered image. Two-
dimensional FFTs are computationally efficient and are standard on all modern image processing systems.
The enhancement consists of a filtering stage and then a thresholding stage. This filtering stage produces a
directionally smoothed version of the image from which most of the unwanted information (‘noise’) has been removed,
but which still contains the desired information (i.e. the ridge structure and minutiae). Next the thresholding stage
produces the binary, enhanced image. For clarity in the presentation the spectral image is represented in polar form, i.e.,
F (ω1,ω2) ≡ F (ω, θ), related through the following change of variables ω1 = ω · cos θ and ω2 = ω · sin θ, where ω is
the normalized radial frequency and θ denotes the polar angle. By integrating the magnitude spectrum |F (ω, θ)| along the
polar angle θ, a radial frequency histogram A(ω) can be obtained according to
A(ω) =
(4)
where, due to the complex conjugate symmetry of F (ω, θ), it is sufficient to integrate only over one half-plane in
Fig 7: Fingerprint magnitude spectrum with an overlayed circle whose radius corresponds to the
(a) estimated fundamental frequency ω f and the corresponding radial-frequency histogram As(ω) whose peak value is
located at (b) the fundamental frequency
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3) Step3 - Fundamental Frequency Estimation: Due to noisy input signals the radial frequency histogram may contain
impulsive noise. This paper therefore proposes a smoothing filter (smoothing along the ω-variable in A(ω)) to suppress
the impulsive noise, where AS(ω) is the smoothed radial frequency histogram . The radial frequency at the point where
the radial frequency histogram attains its largest value corresponds to the fundamental frequency ω f of the fingerprint
image
ωf = arg maxAs(ω)
ω € [ ωmin,π ] (6)
The lower boundary ωmin is also introduced in order to avoid erroneous peak values related to low frequency
noise. Hence, the lower search boundary is computed as
(7)
The radial frequency is made discrete in the implementation for practical reasons, and a five point FIR filter
with the Z-transform H(z) = 15(1 + z−1
+ z−2
+ z−3
+ z−4
) is used to smooth the radial frequency histogram. An example of
a fingerprint magnitude spectrum together with a corresponding radial frequency histogram is illustrated in Fig. 7.
The fundamental frequency ωf, computed is inversely proportional to a fundamental area size L f , according to
(8)
The major advantage of the method proposed in this paper is that it is adaptive towards sensor and fingerprint
variability. The adaptive behaviour is due to that the estimated fundamental area size acts as a base window size in all
stages of the method. Hence, no parameter tuning is required to use the proposed method for different sensors or
applications.
C. LOCAL ADAPTIVE ANALYSIS
Adaptively estimating local spectral features corresponding to fingerprint ridge frequency and orientation is the
purpose of the local analysis. Most parts of a fingerprint image on a local scale have similarities to a sinusoidal signal in
noise. Hence, they have a magnitude spectrum oriented in alignment with the spatial signal and with two distinct spectral
peaks located at the signal’s dominant spatial frequency.
Fig 8: Processing blocks of the local adaptive analysis
In addition, the magnitude of the dominant spectral peak in relation to surrounding spectral peaks indicates the
strength of the dominant signal. These features are utilized in the local analysis.
The fundamental area size L f computed in Eq. 8 is used as a fundament in the local analysis, . The size of the
local area in the local analysis is M × M, where M is an odd-valued integer computed as
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(9)
number of fundamental periods enclosed by each local area is controlled by parameter k, which is a design parameter.
Two additional local area sizes are introduced due to the local variability of a fingerprint, in regions around
cores, deltas and minutiae where the fingerprint ridges are curved or when the local ridge frequency deviates from the
estimated fundamental frequency ω f .A larger local area size, denoted as M+×M+, where M+ = (1 + η) ·M, and a smaller
local area size, denoted as M−×M−, where M− = (1 − η)·M, are considered here. Note that both M+ and M− are forced to
be odd-valued integers. The design parameter η ∈[0, 1] defines the change, i.e., growth and shrinkage, of the larger and
smaller area sizes in relation to the nominal local area size.
Fig 9: Example of local area size M × M, and corresponding sizes after growth M+ × M+ and shrinkage M− × M−.
It is stressed that all parameters used herein are functions of the automatically estimated fundamental area size L
f . Hence, the size of the local area, including the larger and smaller area sizes, automatically adapt to fingerprint and
sensor variability. The approach to use three different sizes of the local area. Similar methods that incorporate multi-size
windows or fingerprint image scaling are proposed . However, these methods adapt on a global scale, and this stands in
contrast to the proposed method that adapts to each fingerprint on a local scale and thereby matches local variability
better.
Each local area is centered around the point (n1, n2) in the pre-processed image X(n1, n2) according to
Jn1,n2 (m1,m2) = X(n1 + m1, n2 + m2)
Where m1 = (- M -1)/2…..(M -1)/2 and m1 = (- M -1)/2…..(M -1)/2 coordinates in the local area. To clarify the
presentation in the sequel, the notation of a local area, a local variable, or a local parameter is done without the local area
sub-index n1, n2 i.e. Jn1,n2(m1,m2) ≡ J (m1,m2).
In the local analysis the following steps are carried out for each local area:
1) A local dynamic range adjustment is proposed to be applied to each local area
2) A data-driven transformation is conducted in order to improve local spectral features estimation. The data for each
local area were windowed and zero padded to the next larger power of two .
3) Local magnitude spectrum is computed and the dominant spectral peak is located from which the orientation local
features frequency, and magnitude are estimated.
4) A test is done if the local area needs to be reexamined, using a larger and a smaller size of the local area, is conducted.
Repeating steps 1–3 of the local analysis using these alternative area sizes if a reexamination is required.
1) Step 1 -Dynamic Range Adjustment:
Low quality fingerprint images consist of regions with a poor contrast between signal (i.e., fingerprint pattern),
and background usually. Even after global contrast enhancement this poor contrast
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may remain in some local areas .Local image areas having this poor contrast yield very unsatisfactory local features
extraction due to low signal to noise ratio. The SMQT dynamic range adjustment method is applied as the local contrast
enhancement on each local image area according to H(m1,m2) = SMQT2 {J (m1,m2)}. Thus it is noted that, the local
analysis is based on local areas J (m1,m2) of the globally SMQT-processed X(n1, n2) image.
Through empirical analysis, it has been found that the SMQT used for local dynamic range adjustment only
requires a two-bit representation, i.e., B = 2, without degrading the local spectral features estimation.
2) Step 2 - Data Transformation, Windowing, Zero Padding:
A spatial window is been used in the local analysis to suppress spectral side-lobes. When a fingerprint valley if
appear in the centre of the local area the use of this window may yield feature estimation errors since the window
suppresses adjacent ridges. Hence, the dominant peak will be suppressed in the frequency spectrum as well.
A simple test triggers data-transformation that circumvents this problem. Arithmetic mean, denoted as .H ,is
estimated for values of data in and around the centre of each local area according to
(10)
Where the parameter K = [(M − 1)/4] controls the number of center points included in the estimate. The test and
the following data transformation
(11)
where 2B − 1 denotes the maximal signal value for an image having B bits of dynamic range, where B = 2 due
to the two-bit SMQT representation. The proposed test and transformation imply that, the sample values in the local area
are inverted if the mean value is above half of the maximal dynamic range, which corresponds to having a fingerprint
valley in the centre of the local image area.
To improve local features extraction, the frequency spectrum has to have an adequate resolution. Therefore,
every transformed local area is zero padded to next higher power of two since an FFT is used to frequency-transform the
image. A two dimensional Hamming window is applied to the local area inorder to reduce the magnitude of spectral side-
lobes, thus smoothing the transition between data and the zero-padding.
These steps are thus carried out for each local area, but where the local area indices n1 and n2 are omitted for
clarity in the presentation.
3) Step 3 - Spectral Features Estimation:
A local magnitude spectrum G(ω1,ω2) = |F {H(m1,m2)}| is obtained by computing the modulus of the two-
dimensional Fourier transform of the transformed, zero-padded and windowed local area H(m1,m2)Spectral features
include the magnitude PD and frequencies ωD,1, ωD,2 of the dominant spectral peak and the magnitude of the second
largest spectral peak PD2 .
A quality measure is computed based on the extracted features. The measure PD/ Pmax quantifies the significance of
the largest peak in relation to Pmax, the maximum magnitude possible including the bias of the window. The measure
PD2/PD assesses the relationship between the two largest spectral peaks, PD and PD2, found in the magnitude spectrum
of each local area. If the local area contains a dominant narrowband signal, such as a fingerprint pattern, PD/Pmax will
be close to unity and PD2/PD will be close to zero. Hence, the measure
Q= PD/Pmax+ (1- PD2/PD) (12)
reflects the overall quality of the local area by combining these two measures. The measure Q is thus referred to as a
quality map where Q = 2 implies best quality and Q = 0 worst quality.
It is noted that each local area comprises a set of features, hence, the entire fingerprint image is represented,
after the local analysis, by the feature maps PD(n1, n2) ,ωD,1(n1, n2) , ωD,2(n1, n2) ,PD2 (n1, n2), and Q(n1, n2).
4) Step 4 - Local Area Re-examination Test:
Some local areas need to be analyzed using a different local area size than the fundamental area size due to the
variability in some regions of a fingerprint. Regions where the fingerprint ridges are curved, such as near cores, deltas
and minutiae points, or where the local ridge frequency deviate from the estimated fundamental frequency ω f , may
yield inaccurate spectral features estimates. These regions are re-examined using two additional sizes of the local area. A
re-examination of the local area is conducted if Q ≤ QT , where QT is a system design threshold. This means that steps 1-3
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of the local adaptive analysis are repeated using the larger and smaller area sizes M+ and M−, respectively. After the re-
examination using the two new local area sizes is completed, similar quality scores Q+ and Q− are calculated from the
features from each respective stage. The final spectral features are chosen based on which of the measures Q, Q+ and Q−
have the best quality (i.e., highest value).
III. MATCHED FILTERING
A local area that contains a fingerprint image pattern renders a strong dominant peak since it is highly
periodic in nture. The estimated local features ωD,1 and ωD,2 represent, respectively the vertical and horizontal spatial
frequencies of the local dominant spectral peak.
These estimated frequencies ωD,1, ωD,2 are highly varying, e.g., where local curvature or irregularities
such as cores, deltas and minutiae points in the fingerprint are
located. A smoothing of these frequencies is thus performed to reduce the impact of this noise. This smoothing is
conducted on the polar coordinates ωD ≡ ωD (n1, n2) and θD ≡ θD(n1, n2) instead of the Cartesian coordinates ωD,1 and
ωD,2 related as
( 13)
θD =arctan(ωD,2/ωD,1)
The smoothing is performed by filtering ωD and θD using order statistical filters, so called α trimmed mean filter
, along the n1, n2-dimensions. The α-trimmed mean filter uses an observation window, of size 2L+1×2L+1 where L = [γ
·L f ] and γ is a design parameter. The sample values within the observation window are sorted and arranged into a
column-vector containing (2L+1)2
values. The output value of the filter is the mean of the (1−α) · (2L +1)2
central sample
values in the sorted vector, i.e., α · (2L + 1)2
extreme values at the beginning and at the rear of the sorted vector are
excluded from the mean. The parameter α is a design parameter. All parameters used herein are functions of the
automatically estimated fundamental area size L f . Hence, the size and shape of the order statistical filter, automatically
adapt to fingerprint and sensor variability. The polar angle map, θD is phase-wrapped around the values 0 and π before
smoothing by the order statistical filter to avoid irregular results, and the phase is reconstructed after the filtering. The
smoothed polar coordinates are denoted as ῶD and ˜θD, respectively, and the corresponding smoothed Cartesian
frequencies are thus ῶD,1 = ῶD ·cos ˜θD and ῶD,2 =ῶD · sin ˜θD.
The smoothed spatial frequencies are used to construct a filter f (m1,m2),where (m1,m2)∈[−N, N], matched to
the local area at hand. The size of the filter is selected as 2N + 1 × 2N + 1, where
(14)
i.e., rounded to the nearest integer value.
The filter comprises a basis function φ(m1,m2) tapered with a spatially orthogonal tapering function τ(m1,m2),
according to
f (m1,m2),= φ(m1,m2)· τ(m1,m2), (13)
The basis function is a cosine function aligned to the frequency and orientation of the dominant peak, i.e.,
Φ(m1,m2) = cos(ῶD,1.m1 + ῶD,2.m2) (16)
and the tapering function is orthogonal thereto
τ(m1,m2) = cos(c.(ῶD,1.m1 + ῶD,2.m2)) (17)
C is a scalar variable used to stretch the tapering function so that it has the value 0.25 where the basis function
intersects the filter boundary, C . The enhanced output image value at the point (n1, n2) is the local area weighted by the
corresponding matched filter.
(18)
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IV. IMAGE SEGMENTATION
Image segmentation is the process of subdividing an image into its constituent part or objects in an image.. A
captured fingerprint image usually consists of two components that are called the foreground and the background. Here,
background is the noisy area at the borders of the image . The component that originated from the contact of a fingertip
with the sensor is called as foreground . Some algorithms of segmentation also define some part of the foreground as low
quality area. The segmentation algorithm is described in [13], the task of the fingerprint segmentation algorithm is to
decide which part of the image belongs to the background, which part to the foreground, and which part is a low quality
area.
This renders that fingerprint patterns obtained by a fingerprint scanner with a large sensor area only occupy a
part of the image, as opposed to a scanner with a small sensor area. To suppress non-relevant parts of a fingerprint image,
where there is no fingerprint data,this process of segmentation of image is performed. In this paper, the segmentation of
the fingerprint image is performed by applying a binary mask to the fingerprint image and is identical to where the
estimated spectral features from the local analysis are used to construct the binary mask. An additional post processing
step is used to remove falsely segmented structured background from the binary mask. The output image is the element-
wise product of the binary mask and the matched filter output signal, i.e., Y (n1, n2).
Fig 9: Original image (left)and segmented image(right)
Table 1: values of the design parameters chosen in this paper
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents an adaptive fingerprint enhancement method that is fast and efficient .Processing of data is
done on both global and local level. A pre-processing using histogram equalization adjustment method is used to
enhance the global contrast of the fingerprint image prior to further processing. Estimation of the fundamental frequency
of the fingerprint image is improved in the global analysis by utilizing a median filter leading to a robust estimation of
the local area size.
An implementation of median filter is done to suppress the noise and data outliers .A low-order SMQT dynamic
range adjustment is conducted locally in order to achieve reliable features extraction used in the matched filter design
and in the image segmentation. The matched filter block is improved by applying order statistical filtering to the
extracted features, thus reducing spurious outliers in the feature data..The ability of the proposed method to adapt to
various fingerprint image ranges from 5 to 73 years
Parameter Value
K 3
Η 0.3
Α 0.6
Γ 0.5
QT 1
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