The document provides information about the fundamentals of computers. It discusses the definition of a computer, its main components including the central processing unit, applications and features. It describes the different types of computers such as desktop, laptop, tablet, smartphone and mainframe. It also discusses the concept of technological convergence which refers to the merging of technologies such as computing, content and communications into a single system through digital, messaging and media convergence.
Overview of a computer system Introduction This Unit explores the basics of computer systems, their evolution, operation, classification, components etc
INTRODUCTION
Today, almost all of us in the world make use of computers in one way or the other. It finds applications in various fields of education, entertainment, agriculture, engineering, medicine, commercial, research and others.
Not only in these sophisticated areas, but also in our daily lives, computers have become indispensable.
They are present everywhere, in all the devices that we use daily like cars, games, washing machines, microwaves etc. and in day to day computations like banking, reservations, electronic mails, internet and many more.
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Overview of a computer system Introduction This Unit explores the basics of computer systems, their evolution, operation, classification, components etc
INTRODUCTION
Today, almost all of us in the world make use of computers in one way or the other. It finds applications in various fields of education, entertainment, agriculture, engineering, medicine, commercial, research and others.
Not only in these sophisticated areas, but also in our daily lives, computers have become indispensable.
They are present everywhere, in all the devices that we use daily like cars, games, washing machines, microwaves etc. and in day to day computations like banking, reservations, electronic mails, internet and many more.
Are you Insearchfor Best Computer Centre in Ambala? Now you search is end here. Batra Computer Centre is an ISO certified Centre. We provide you best training in Basic Computer, HTML, PHP, C & C++ languages and so many other courses are avaible here.
Introduction to computer_system (for MBM first semester, BBA first semester, ...RajThakuri
This slide is related to the course of MBM first semester, BBA first semester, BBS first semester, MBA first semester, MBS first semester...
Introduction to computer system.
Prepared by Raj Chand
Additional direct input devices include the mouse, input pen, touch screen, and microphone. Regardless of the type of device used, all are components for interpretation and communication between people and computer systems. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT The heart of any computer system is the central processing unit (CPU).
Basics of the Computer System.
Hi Everyone, here in this presentation you are about to get knowledge of 'What actually is a Computer System? Different types of computer, Computer Hardware, Software and a lot more with animated video..
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welcome to my slide share. An easy way to learn computer .
In this video I am going to tell you about basic of the computer system part -1 .
for more information please watch our SlideShare till end.....
Introduction to computer_system (for MBM first semester, BBA first semester, ...RajThakuri
This slide is related to the course of MBM first semester, BBA first semester, BBS first semester, MBA first semester, MBS first semester...
Introduction to computer system.
Prepared by Raj Chand
Additional direct input devices include the mouse, input pen, touch screen, and microphone. Regardless of the type of device used, all are components for interpretation and communication between people and computer systems. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT The heart of any computer system is the central processing unit (CPU).
Basics of the Computer System.
Hi Everyone, here in this presentation you are about to get knowledge of 'What actually is a Computer System? Different types of computer, Computer Hardware, Software and a lot more with animated video..
This Video URL:
https://youtu.be/X5x5SI0rTz4
YouTube Channel URL:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKVvceV1RGXLz0GeesbQnVg
Google+ Page URL:
https://plus.google.com/113458574960966683976/videos?_ga=1.91477722.157526647.1466331425
My Website Link:
http://appsdisaster.blogspot.com/
If you are interested in learning more about topics like this so Please don't forget to like, share, & Subscribe us.
Thanks
hi friends
welcome to my slide share. An easy way to learn computer .
In this video I am going to tell you about basic of the computer system part -1 .
for more information please watch our SlideShare till end.....
This is the PowerPoint presentation of ch-4 food security in India of economics book of class 9 NCERT.
Food Security is the ability to assure, on a long term basis, that the system provides the total population access to a timely, reliable and nutritionally adequate supply of food.
CBSE Class 9 Chapter 4 – Food Security in India of Economics talks about topics related to the importance of food security, people who are insecure, an initiative taken by the government to tackle food insecurity, etc. The ppt consists of all the essential topics, as mentioned in the chapter.
#class9, #economics, #foodsecurityinIndia, #NCERT
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. This Unit Covers:
Definition of a Computer
Functional Components of a Computer
Central Processing Unit
Applications of a Computer
Features of a Computer
Limitations of a Computer
Types of Computers
Convergence of Technologies
Learning Objectives
3. Computers have established themselves as an indispensable part in various
segments of human life, such as business, academics, defence strategy,
budgeting, research, engineering, medicine and space exploration.
We depend on computers for everything—from paying electricity bills to
withdrawing money from bank and so on.
Today, we can access information on any topic instantly from any place with
the help of computers.
Technological convergence has almost revolutionized our daily life by
changing the nature and the means we adopt to deal with communication,
work and entertainment.
Introduction
4. A computer is an electronic device which is used to perform a variety of
operations on the basis of a set of instructions called program.
A computer takes input from the user in the form of data or instructions.
On receiving the instructions from the user, the computer processes the data
and generates some output and displays it to the user.
When the computer processes data, it becomes information.
The following figure shows a computer:
Session 1: Defining a Computer
5. The description of data, information, hardware and software are as follows:
Understanding Data
Data denotes unprocessed raw facts and figures, such as a name or a number. A
computer can accept data in various formats, such as text, numbers, audio, video and
images.
Understanding Information
When a computer processes data and converts it into a form that is useful and
meaningful to the user, it becomes information.
Understanding Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer. Physical parts refer to
those parts or devices that you can touch, such as keyboard, mouse and monitor.
Understanding Software
Software can be defined as a set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a
specified job. In simple words, software refers to the set of instructions that tell a
computer how to perform a given task.
Data, Information, Hardware and Software
6. A computer consists of various components, such as system unit, monitor,
mouse and keyboard.
The structure of a computer with its components is shown in the following
figure:
Session 2: Exploring Functional Components of a Computer
7. The main components of a computer are explained as follows:
System Unit: Consists of various smaller components, such as Motherboard, Hard disk,
Random Access Memory (RAM), Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Sound card.
Monitor: Displays the output of a computer. It is a television-like equipment which can
be Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and Light Emitting Diode (LED).
Mouse: Refers to a pointing device that perfectly fits in your palm and allows you to
perform certain activities on screen, such as clicking a button and placing the cursor at
a specific location.
Keyboard: Refers to a device that contains keys to feed information into a computer.
Session 2: Exploring Functional Components of a Computer
8. Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a physical device that controls computer
operations.
It is known as the brain of a computer system as it controls all the operations
of a computer on the basis of the instructions specified by a user.
It looks like a small chip and is placed on the motherboard.
The following figure illustrates the basic functionality of a CPU:
Session 3: Introducing Central Processing Unit
9. The speed of CPU is measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).
The following figure shows a CPU:
Two typical components of the CPU are:
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It performs arithmetic and logical operations.
The Control Unit: It extracts instructions from the computer memory, decodes and
executes instructions and takes help of ALU if required.
Session 3: Introducing Central Processing Unit
10. The ALU is a digital circuit that is used to execute arithmetic and logical
operations in a computer system.
The arithmetic operations include addition (+), subtraction (−), multiplication
(*) and division (/).
The logical operations include greater than (>), less than (<), greater than
equal to (≥), less than equal to (≤), equal to (=) and not equal to (≠).
Therefore, whenever a computer performs arithmetic operations or makes a
comparison, CPU activates the ALU.
The result of any arithmetic and logical operation is stored in the computer
memory.
Arithmetic Logic Unit
11. The control unit of the CPU supervises and monitors the functions performed
by the entire computer system.
A special program called supervisor is responsible for controlling the system
operations.
The instructions in each program are transferred, one at a time, to the
control unit.
The circuitry of the control unit, in turn, interprets and executes the
instructions.
When you provide any input, the control unit determines the type of the
instruction and according to the nature of instruction, the control unit guides
the ALU or input/output devices.
Control Unit
12. The flowchart in the following figure depicts the functioning of the Control
Unit:
Control Unit
13. A computer follows the input-process-
output model.
Input refers to the process of feeding
data or instructions in a computer.
Process refers to the work done by the
computer with the help of hardware and
software.
Output refers to the result that is
obtained when the computer processes
the input.
The figure shows the basic functioning of
a computer.
Session 4: Working of a Computer
14. Session 4: Working of a Computer
Following figure shows a comparison between a mixer and a computer.
15. Applications of computers in various fields are shown in given figure:
Session 5: Applications of a Computer
16. Some features of a computer are as follows:
Speed: Computers perform their functions at a greater speed and have the capability of
processing even the most complex computations in a matter of seconds.
Accuracy: Computers have the ability to provide accurate results as they perform
computations with utmost accuracy.
Storage capacity: The storage capacity of a computer defines how much information
can be stored in it.
Reliability: The electronic components in modern computers make them more reliable
as they rarely break or fail.
Consistency: A computer generates consistent results if provided with the same input
and processes.
Versatility: Computers are able to perform different tasks in a variety of domains, such
as education, entertainment, health care, accounting and hospitality.
Session 6: Features and Limitations of a Computer
17. Some limitations of a computer are as follows:
No Power to Make Decisions: Computers are unable to take decisions on their own;
instead, they depend upon the input being provided by humans.
No IQ: Computers are machines that do not have self-intelligence; instead, they need to
be informed from time to time regarding the tasks to be performed.
No Heuristics: Computers are not able to learn from their past experiences. It implies
that when a computer commits an error once, it would commit the same error again in
a similar fashion.
Limitations of a Computer
18. Session 7: Types of Computers
Types
of
Computers
Desktop Computer
Personal Digital Assistant
Laptop
Tablet
Smartphone
Mainframe Computer
Supercomputer
Self-destructing Computer
Workstation
Embedded Computer
19. Depending upon their accessibility, portability
and user-friendliness, computing devices can be
classified into many categories.
Some of the commonly used computing devices
are as follows:
Desktop Computer: A desktop computer is primarily
used in an office or home. It can be used
independently of any other computer; therefore, this
computer is also called Personal Computer (PC).
Hand-held Computer or Personal Digital Assistant: A
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a lightweight, hand-
held computer designed to be used as a personal
organizer. A typical PDA does not contain a
conventional keyboard; instead, it relies on
recognition of handwritten input through the use of
Stylus (a special type of pen used to write text and
select options on the LCD screen).
Session 7: Types of Computers
Desktop Computer
Personal Digital Assistant
20. Laptop: A laptop is a portable computer that is
integrated with a display screen, keyboard,
trackball, processor and memory. The entire
machinery of a laptop runs on a rechargeable
battery.
Tablet: A tablet is a kind of microcomputer
which offers a host of new features to the IT-
savvy world.
Smartphone: A smartphone is basically a mobile
phone that provides additional features to
perform day-to-day tasks.
Mainframe Computer: Mainframes are
designed for multitasking and can be used by
many users simultaneously. Mainframes can
approximately provide up to 12 parallel 650
MHz processors, 32 GB primary memory and
several terabytes of disk storage. The processing
speed of a mainframe computer is around 80 to
550 Mips.
Session 7: Types of Computers
Mainframe Computer
Tablet
Smartphone
Laptop
21. Supercomputer: A supercomputer consists of a large number of processors and
occupies a huge amount of space. Supercomputers can process trillions of operations
per second (teraflops). A supercomputer has a large number of CPUs and provides very
fast and high level of computing. For example, Tianhe-2 supercomputer of China
consists of 16000 computer nodes and can process 33.86 petaflops. The following
figure shows a supercomputer:
Self-Destructing Computer: In an effort to limit the amount of data that computer
thieves can retrieve from stolen computers, a device is being developed that can locate
and, if necessary, destroy a computer’s hard drive. Cyber Group Network (CGN) Corp.
developed the first self-destructing computer. The name of the device is C-4 chip.
Session 7: Types of Computers
22. Workstation: The processing of workstations is similar to that of personal computers;
however, workstations have greater memory and more extensive mathematical
abilities. Workstations can be connected to other workstations or personal computers
to exchange data. Generally, these types of computers are used where a high level of
computational abilities is required, such as in scientific, industrial and business
environments. A workstation shows in the following figure:
Embedded Computer: You must have noticed the circuits of various appliances, such as
televisions and washing machines. In these appliances, there is an inbuilt
preprogrammed computer that performs some specific tasks. Consider the example of
an automated washing machine in which the process of washing clothes starts
automatically and continues for a specified time period.
Session 7: Types of Computers
23. Technological convergence denotes merging of two or more existing
technologies to invent a completely new technology with multiple benefits.
The term technological convergence gained popularity in the 20th century
with the emergence of computers, Internet and mobile phones.
Let’s try to understand this concept with the help of an example.
A smartphone combines formerly-separated technologies, such as voice, data and video
and make them operate on a single platform.
In a smartphone, these technologies work as a shared resource and interrelate with
each other.
This eliminates the need of using multiple devices; thus, instead of carrying separate
devices, such as a mobile phone, camera, pager and digital organizer, you can now use a
smartphone that assembles all these technologies.
Session 8: Convergence of Technologies
24. The merger of computing, content and communications into a single system
is referred to as the 3Cs of technological convergence.
The 3Cs of technological convergence are explained as follows:
Computing: It refers to the design and construction of computers to perform various
types of tasks. An example of computing technology is the development of a software
program that allows people to work at home on the tasks assigned to them from their
job locations.
The 3Cs of Technological Convergence
Content: It refers to any type of meaningful data or
information that is expressed through some
medium, such as speech, writing or images.
Content can be transmitted and shared through
diverse media, such as the Internet, television,
books, magazines and CDs.
Communications: It refers to the interaction of
multiple computers over a network to share data,
information and other resources. Some examples
of communication technology include mobile
communication and Internet-based
communication technologies.
25. Depending on the technologies involved, convergence can be of the
following types:
Digital Convergence: It refers to the merger of the Internet, telecommunication and
leisure industries. Digital convergence enables you to convert various types of content,
such as text, voice, video, graphics, pictures, etc. into digital form, view multimedia
content and share it through different types of devices. The following figure shows a
digital convergence:
Types of Technological Convergence
26. Messaging Convergence: It refers to the integration of text and voice messages. For
example, text SMS, voice SMS, Interactive Voice Response (IVR), Multimedia Messaging
Service (MMS), etc. Following figure shows a messaging convergence:
Types of Technological Convergence
Media Convergence: Media convergence has
greatly impacted our daily life and even
transformed the way we perform our routine
activities. For example, earlier, we used a video
player to play videos, a tape recorder to play music
and an FM tuner to play radio.
Content Convergence: It refers to the integration
of content from various sources on the Internet.
For example, various content media such as
advertising billboards, magazines, newspapers,
radio stations and television provide content on
specific Internet websites.