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في اطار البيداغوجية ونظريات التعلم.pptx

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‫نظريات‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫وامتداداتها‬ ‫التدريس‬ ‫في‬ ‫رحال‬ ‫بن‬ ‫منير‬
‫العرض‬ ‫عناصر‬ • ‫التربوي؛‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫علم‬ ‫تعريف‬ • ‫التربوية؛‬ ‫النظريات‬ 1 ‫ـ‬ ‫السلوكية؛‬ ‫النظرية‬ 2 ‫ـ‬ ‫المعرفية؛‬ ‫النظريات‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫الجشطالتية؛‬ ‫البنائية؛‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫السوسيوبنائية؛‬ ‫ـ‬ – ‫ـت‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ .‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ث‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ (‫)النشيطة‬ ‫الفارقية؛‬ ‫البيداغوجيا‬ ‫اللعب؛‬ ‫بيداغوجية‬ ‫المشروع؛‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ‫المشكالت؛‬ ‫حل‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ‫اإلدماج؛‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ،‫الدعم‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ،‫التعاقد‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ،‫الخطأ‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ • ( ، ‫مناقشة‬ ‫اإلستفسارات‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫على‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ب‬‫اإلجا‬ ) . • ‫تقويم‬
 ‫المتوقع‬ ‫من‬ ‫العرض‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫في‬ : ‫أن‬ • ‫بالتدريس؛‬ ‫عالقته‬ ‫و‬ ‫التربوي‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫علم‬ ‫موضوع‬ ‫األستاذ‬ ‫يستوعب‬ • ) ( ‫يقف‬ ‫و‬ ‫؛‬ ‫المعرفية‬ ،‫السلوكية‬ ‫التربوية‬ ‫النظريات‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫يتعرف‬ ‫التدريس؛‬ ‫في‬ ‫ـاتها‬ ‫د‬‫امتدا‬ ‫و‬ ‫مفاهيمها‬ ‫و‬ ‫مبادئها‬ ‫على‬ • ‫تحديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫يتمكن‬ ‫و‬ ،‫النشيطة‬ ‫البيداغوجيات‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫يتعرف‬ ‫النظرية؛‬ ‫خلفياتها‬ • ‫الفصلية‬ ‫الممارسات‬ ‫و‬ ‫األنشطة‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫و‬ ‫فهم‬ ‫على‬ ‫قادرا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫التربوي؛‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫علم‬ ‫نظريات‬ ‫ضوء‬ ‫على‬
‫التربوي‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫علم‬
‫التربوي‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫علم‬ ‫التربوي‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫علم‬ :‫بدراسة‬ ‫يهتم‬ ‫علم‬ ‫هو‬ ‫خصوصا‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫و‬ ‫عموما‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫عقل‬ ‫اكتساب‬ ‫و‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫كيفية‬ ‫والتعلمات‬ ‫للمعارف‬ ‫المناهج‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫المربون‬ ‫ليستطيع‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫لمراحل‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الخصائص‬ .‫مرحلة‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫الدراسية‬ - ‫يستطيع‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫والشروط‬ ‫المبادئ‬ ‫بدراسة‬ ‫يعنى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫إكساب‬ ‫المربون‬ ‫متعلمين‬ ‫المنشودة‬ ‫الكفايات‬ . - ‫يهتم‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫علمية‬ ‫دراسات‬ ‫من‬ ‫انطالقا‬ ‫تربوية‬ ‫نظريات‬ ‫ببناء‬ ‫تعترضها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫للمشاكل‬ ‫حلول‬ ‫إجاد‬ ‫و‬ ‫التربية‬ ‫و‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫تطوير‬ . - ‫في‬ ‫وهو‬، ‫التعليمية‬ ‫المناهج‬ ‫أحسن‬ ‫لمعرفة‬ ‫التجارب‬ ‫ـراء‬ ‫ج‬‫بإ‬ ‫يعنى‬ ‫العقلية‬ ‫والقدرات‬ ‫للذكاء‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫المقاييس‬ ‫يستخدم‬ ‫ذلك‬ . ‫الدراسي‬ ‫والتحصيل‬
‫التعلم‬ ‫نظريات‬ ‫أقسام‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ظ‬ ‫ن‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫ع‬‫م‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ظ‬ ‫ن‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ك‬‫و‬‫ل‬‫س‬ ‫ل‬‫ا‬
‫النظرية‬ ‫السلوكية‬  ‫سـنة‬ ‫مـن‬ ‫بدايـة‬ ،‫السـلوكية‬ ‫النظريـة‬ ‫ظهرت‬ 1912 ‫مـن‬ ، ‫ـك‬ ‫ي‬‫وثورندا‬ ‫بافلوف‬ ‫ـا‬ ‫ه‬‫أنجز‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ت‬‫ال‬ ‫ـات‬ ‫س‬‫والدرا‬ ‫األبحاث‬ ‫خالل‬ ،‫وواطسون‬  " ،‫للسلوك‬ ‫الوظيفي‬ ‫التحليل‬ ‫األول‬ ‫هدفها‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫هي‬  ،‫األثـر‬ ‫و‬ ‫السـبب‬ ‫بيـن‬ ‫عالقات‬ ‫وضـع‬ ‫فـي‬ ‫السـلوكية‬ ‫تبحـث‬ ‫وحدث‬ ‫الســلوكات‬ ‫مــن‬ ‫أوســلسلة‬ ‫معيــن‬ ‫ســلوك‬ ‫بيــن‬ ( " : ‫المثيرات‬ ‫المحددة‬ ‫األحداث‬ ‫مــن‬ ‫أومجموعــة‬ ‫و‬ ‫روندال‬ ‫هوتيات‬ .) ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫سلوكات‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫السلوكية‬ ‫النظرية‬ ‫ترى‬ ‫في‬ ‫محددة‬ ‫لمثيرات‬ ‫استجابات‬ ‫بمثابة‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫متعلمة‬ ،‫بيضاء‬ ‫صفحة‬ ‫يولد‬ ‫رأيها‬ ‫في‬ ‫فاإلنسان‬ ،‫البيئة‬
‫التطبيقات‬ ‫التربوية‬ ‫للسلوكية‬ ‫التعليم‬ ‫المبرمج‬ ‫كل‬ ‫وضع‬ : ‫من‬ ‫المدرس‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫العالقة‬ ‫مت‬/‫مدرس‬ ‫علم‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫التربوية‬ ‫التطبيقات‬ ‫للسلوكية‬
‫االنتقادات‬ ... ‫ـ‬ ، ‫والشعور‬ ‫كالوعـي‬ ‫المتعلـم‬ ‫شخصـية‬ ‫مـن‬ ‫مهمـة‬ ‫جوانـب‬ ‫همشـت‬ ‫السلوك؛‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫على‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫وركزت‬ - ‫ـة‬ ‫ـ‬‫بالغ‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ـ‬‫أهمي‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ـ‬‫تكتس‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ـ‬‫والت‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ـ‬‫الذاتي‬ ‫ـان‬ ‫ـ‬‫اإلنس‬ ‫ـبرات‬ ‫ـ‬‫بخ‬ ‫تعترف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫له؛‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ - ‫بالسـلوكات‬ ‫فقـط‬ ‫اكتفـت‬ ‫و‬ ،‫للمتعلـم‬ ‫الذهنيـة‬ ‫بالتمثالت‬ ‫تهتـم‬ ‫لـم‬ ‫الخارجية؛‬ - ‫نتائـج‬ ‫يجعـل‬ ‫ممـا‬ ،‫الحيوان‬ ‫علـى‬ ‫تمـت‬ ‫التجريبيـة‬ ‫الوقائـع‬ ‫معظـم‬ ‫مؤكدة؛‬ ‫غير‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫على‬ ‫تطبيقها‬ - ‫ـي‬ ‫غ‬‫ينب‬ ‫ـا‬ ‫م‬‫و‬ ‫الفرد‬ ‫ـلوك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ـه‬ ‫ي‬‫توج‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ـم‬ ‫ي‬‫الق‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ي‬‫أهم‬ ‫ـلوكيون‬ ‫س‬‫ال‬ ‫ـل‬ ‫ه‬‫تجا‬ ‫اإلنسان؛‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬
‫للتأمل‬ ‫المشهد؟‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬ ‫الموجودة‬ ‫الوجه‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫بإمكانك‬ ‫هل‬
• ‫الحقيقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫لها‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حددتها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الوجوه‬ ‫كذلك؟‬ ‫أليس‬, ‫المشهد‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬ • ‫خانك‬ ‫أم‬ ‫؟‬ ‫بالهلوسة‬ ‫أصبت‬ ‫هل‬ ، ‫إذا‬ ‫بالك‬ ‫فما‬ ‫ضبابيا؟‬ ‫كان‬ ‫المشهد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أم‬ ‫النظر؟‬ • ‫ما‬ ‫تحدد‬ ‫و‬ ‫؛‬ ‫الوجه‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫على‬ ‫تركز‬ ‫أن‬ ‫حاول‬ ‫الشكل‬ ‫لهذا‬ ‫عقلك‬ ‫أضافها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األجزاء‬ ‫هي‬ ‫وجه‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫ليوهمك‬
‫الجشطلت‬ ‫نظرية‬ ( Max wertheimer ) ( Kurt koffka ( ) Wolfgang Köhler
‫الجشطلت‬ ‫نظرية‬ ( Max wertheimer ) ( Kurt koffka ( ) Wolfgang Köhler . ‫الجشطالت‬ : ‫النظرية‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫المفهوم‬ ‫هو‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫صورة‬ ‫تعني‬ ‫ألمانية‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫الجشطالتية‬ ‫سمي‬ ‫لهذا‬ ‫وتبعا‬ ،‫منظما‬ ‫كليا‬ ‫شكال‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫بنية‬ " " ، ‫الشكليين‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫زعماؤها‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ينظر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ينبغي‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫الجشطالت‬ ‫ويرى‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫تجزيء‬ ‫دون‬ ‫من‬ ،‫كليتها‬ ‫في‬ ‫الظواهر‬ ‫أية‬ ‫له‬ ‫ليست‬ ‫البنية‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫عنصر‬ ‫كل‬ ‫ألن‬ ،‫الكل‬ . ‫في‬ ‫المتحكم‬ ‫المبدأ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يعتبرون‬ ‫وهم‬ ‫تذكر‬ ‫قيمة‬ " ‫هو‬ ‫اإلدراك‬ ‫قوانين‬ ،‫ـ‬ ‫ء‬‫األجزا‬ ‫من‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫المجموعة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تجعلها‬ ‫ومميزات‬ ‫خصائص‬ ‫تمتلك‬ ‫المجموعة‬ ‫وأن‬
‫المفا‬ ‫هيم‬ ‫االستبص‬ ‫ار‬ ‫الفهم‬ ‫والمعنى‬ ‫التنظيم‬ ‫وإعادة‬ ‫التنظيم‬ ‫االنتقال‬ ‫الدافعية‬ ‫األصيلة‬ ‫الجشطل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفاهيمي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫للجشطلت‬
‫المفاهيمي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫للجشطلت‬ :)‫التركيب‬ ‫(أو‬ ‫البنية‬. ‫في‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫كل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ذلك‬ ،‫ووظيفيا‬ ‫ديناميا‬ ‫تحكمها‬ ،‫داخلية‬ ‫بقوانين‬ ‫المرتبطة‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫من‬ ‫تتشكل‬ ‫وهي‬ .‫ككل‬ ‫البنية‬ ‫على‬ ‫التأثير‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫حتما‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫فإنه‬ ،‫العناصر‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫من‬ ‫عنصر‬ :‫االستبصار‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫تنطوي‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ ‫ى‬‫عل‬ ‫لتعرف‬ ‫تعملها‬‫يس‬ ‫ة‬‫ذهني‬ ‫ة‬‫الي‬ ‫و‬‫وه‬ ،‫م‬‫التعل‬ ‫ة‬‫عملي‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫م‬‫للمتعل‬ ‫ي‬‫الذهن‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫ى‬‫عل‬ ‫يدل‬ ‫وعناصر‬ ،‫وعالقات‬ ‫خصائص‬ ‫من‬ ،‫الموضوع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الوضعية‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫اإلدراك‬. ‫ـ‬ perception : • ‫أن‬ ‫يعني‬ ‫وهذا‬ ،‫ت‬‫الجشطال‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫البنية‬ ‫في‬ ‫لما‬ ‫استنتاج‬ ‫هو‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫الحواس‬ ‫ترصده‬ ‫لما‬ ‫عقليا‬ ‫تأويال‬ ‫ي‬‫يعن‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫على‬ ‫معتمدا‬ ،‫واع‬ ‫استنتاج‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫محسوس‬ ‫هو‬ ‫مما‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫ينتقل‬ ‫ذهنية‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫يعتبر‬ ‫اإلدراك‬ .‫الذهنية‬
‫المفاهيمي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫للجشطلت‬ . ‫ـ‬ ‫اإلنتقال‬ : ‫إلى‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫الحصول‬ ‫تم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االستبصار‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫إمكانية‬ ‫هو‬ ‫للفهم‬ ‫الحقيقي‬ ‫االختيار‬ ‫إن‬ ‫في‬ ‫إال‬ ‫عنه‬ ‫تختلف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ولكنها‬ ‫األول‬ ‫للموقف‬ ‫البنية‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫من‬ ‫مشابهة‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫مواقف‬ .‫السطحية‬ ‫التفاصيل‬ :‫األصيلة‬ ‫الدافعية‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫نابعا‬ ‫أي‬ ،‫داخليا‬ ‫دافعا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ينبغي‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫تعزيز‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الجشتطالتية‬ ‫المدرسة‬ ‫ترى‬ .‫الذات‬ ‫من‬ :‫والمعنى‬ ‫الفهم‬. ‫إلى‬ ‫لها‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫األشياء‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫موقف‬ ‫من‬ ‫االنتقال‬ ‫يقتضي‬ ‫التعلمي‬ ‫السياق‬ ‫قابلة‬ ‫أي‬ ،‫شيئا‬ ‫وتعني‬ ‫مفهومة‬ ‫األجزاء‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العالقات‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫له‬ ‫موقف‬ . ‫للفهم‬
 ‫الحقيقي‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫االستبصار‬  ‫بالنتائج‬ ‫يقترن‬ ‫التعلم‬  ( ‫معنى‬ ‫اعطاء‬ ‫الحقيقي‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫االنتقال‬ )‫للتعلمات‬  ‫سلبي‬ ‫تعلم‬ ‫للمعارف‬ ‫اآللي‬ ‫والتطبيق‬ ‫الحفظ‬  ‫والتعزيز‬ ،‫قوي‬ ‫داخلي‬ ‫حافز‬ ‫االستبصار‬ ‫سلبي‬ ‫عامل‬ ‫الخارجي‬  ‫التعلم‬ ‫موضوع‬ ‫مع‬ ‫إيجابي‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫االستبصار‬ ‫في‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫مبادئ‬ ‫الجشطلت‬
1 . :‫التماثل‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫من‬ ‫انطالقا‬ ‫تتقابل‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األشكال‬ ‫أو‬ ‫األشياء‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ويفيد‬ .‫وواحدة‬ ‫تامة‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫على‬ ‫ندركها‬ ،‫موحد‬ ‫محور‬ ) ( ‫حين‬ ‫في‬ ،‫موحد‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫وكأنه‬ ‫يظهر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫فالشكل‬ .) ( ‫ب‬ ‫للشكل‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫يتعذر‬ (‫)أ‬ (‫)ب‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
2 . :‫التشابه‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫أـو‬ ،‫أشياء‬ ‫أـو‬ ،‫خصـائص‬ ‫أـو‬،‫موضوعات‬ ‫فـي‬ ‫التشابـه‬ ‫أـن‬ ‫لنـا‬ ‫ويوضـح‬ ‫ـم‬ ‫ت‬‫وي‬ ،‫ـة‬‫ل‬‫متكام‬ ‫وحدة‬ ‫ـي‬‫ف‬ ‫ـا‬‫ه‬‫إدراك‬ ‫ـى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ـاعدنا‬‫س‬‫ي‬ ،‫بنيات‬ ‫ـو‬‫أ‬،‫أشكال‬ . ‫الشكـل‬ ‫ففـي‬ ‫اللمسـ‬ ‫أـو‬ ‫السـمع‬ ‫أـو‬ ‫البصـر‬ ‫بواسـطة‬ ‫اإلدراك‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫النقط‬ ‫من‬ ‫صفوفا‬ ‫نجد‬ ‫السوداء‬ ‫من‬ ‫وصفوفا‬ .‫البيضاء‬ ‫النقط‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
3 . :‫التقارب‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫أـــو‬ ‫األشياء‬ ‫تقارب‬ ‫أـــن‬ ‫ويفيـــد‬ ‫علــى‬ ‫المســاعدة‬ ‫العوامــل‬ ‫مــن‬ ‫يعتــبر‬ ‫ـات‬ ‫و‬‫األصــ‬ ‫النقــط‬ ‫مــن‬ ‫مجموعــة‬ ‫مثال‬ ‫رســمنا‬ ‫فإذا‬ ،‫إدراكهــا‬ ‫ـن‬ ‫ي‬‫تكو‬ ‫ـى‬ ‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫ـل‬ ‫ي‬‫تم‬ ‫ـا‬ ‫ه‬‫فإن‬ ،‫ـة‬ ‫ن‬‫معي‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ق‬‫ور‬ ‫ـى‬ ‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ب‬‫المتقار‬ ‫ففـــي‬ ،‫غيرهـــا‬ ‫عـــن‬ ‫مســـتقلة‬ ،‫خاصـــة‬ ‫مجموعات‬ ‫علـى‬ ‫الرأسـية‬ ‫النقـط‬ ‫إدراك‬ ‫يرجـع‬ ،‫الموالـي‬ ‫الشكـل‬ :‫غيرها‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ومستقلة‬ ‫متكاملة‬ ‫وحدات‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫من‬ ‫الرأسية‬ ‫النقط‬ ‫قرب‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫يرجع‬ .‫بعضها‬ ‫عن‬ ‫األفقية‬ ‫النقط‬ ‫وتباعد‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
4 . :‫اإلغالق‬ ‫قانون‬ clôture ‫حينما‬ ‫الفرد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫ويالحظ‬ ‫معانيها‬ ‫في‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أشكالها‬ ‫في‬ ‫كاملة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫أشياء‬ ‫أمام‬ ‫يكون‬ ،‫لها‬ ‫إدراكه‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫تتميمها‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫غالبا‬ ‫يميل‬ ‫فإنه‬ . ‫فمثال‬ ‫ناقصة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫تامة‬ ‫صورة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحصول‬ ‫قصد‬ :‫تامة‬ ‫وحدة‬ ‫لتشكل‬ ‫تتميمها‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫سنميل‬ ‫التالية‬ ‫األشكال‬ ‫لنا‬ ‫يفسر‬ ‫ما‬ ‫وهذا‬ ،‫الناقص‬ ‫إكمال‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫يميل‬ ‫إذن‬ ‫إكمال‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫إكمال‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الدائمة‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫رغبة‬ .‫معنى‬ ‫يعطي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫النقص‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫أن‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫الفراغ‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
5 . :‫النسبي‬ ‫الحجم‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫الصيغ‬ ‫إدراك‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫خالله‬ ‫من‬ ‫نميل‬ ‫إذ‬ ‫ندرك‬ ‫التالي‬ ‫المثال‬ ‫ففي‬ .‫كأرضية‬ ‫والكبيرة‬ ،‫كأشكال‬ ‫الصغيرة‬ :‫أرضية‬ ‫األبيض‬ ‫ندرك‬ ‫بينما‬ ‫شكال‬ ‫الملون‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
6 . :‫تمرارية‬‫االس‬ ‫قانون‬ continuité ‫ل‬‫نمي‬ ‫القانون‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫على‬ ‫معين‬ ‫اتجاه‬ ‫نحو‬ ‫المتجهة‬ ‫األشياء‬ ‫أو‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫إدراك‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫مستمرا‬ ‫ندركه‬ ‫التالي‬ ‫فالشكل‬ .‫النهائي‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫ستستمر‬ ‫أنها‬ :‫عليه‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ما‬ ‫على‬ ‫االتجاهين‬ ‫في‬ ><><><><><><><><><>< ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
‫الحقل‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجشطلتية‬ ‫التربوي‬
• :‫للتربية‬ ‫الدولي‬ ‫المعجم‬ ‫تعريف‬ , ‫الطفل‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫و‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫في‬ ‫رؤية‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫أنماط‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫في‬ ‫نشيطا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫قوامها‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الفطرية‬ ‫قدراته‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫لديه‬ ‫التفكير‬ .‫التعلمية‬ ‫الوضعيات‬ • ‫سفيلد‬ ‫كالسر‬ ‫تعريف‬ Glaser Sfeld : • ‫المتعلم‬ ‫دور‬ ‫على‬ ‫تركز‬ ‫معرفية‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫البنائية‬ , ‫التعريف‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫و‬ ‫للمعرفة‬ ‫الشخصي‬ ‫البناء‬ ‫في‬ ‫النظرية‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫تعتمد‬ ‫التي‬ ‫االفتراضات‬ ‫يعكس‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫النظرية‬
2 - ‫النظرية‬ ‫في‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫الــتــكــيــف‬ L’ adaptation ‫االستيعاب‬ ASSIMILATION • ‫في‬ ‫الوسط‬ ‫معطيات‬ ‫ادماج‬ ‫البنيات‬ ‫للمتعلم‬ ‫السابقة‬ •‫الوسط‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫المالءمة‬ ACCOMMODATION •‫الوسط‬ ‫معطيات‬ ‫بداللة‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫بنيات‬ ‫تعديل‬ •‫المتعلم‬ ‫الوسط‬ Équilibration‫التوازن‬ ‫الــتــكــيــف‬ L’ adaptation
:‫المعرفية‬ ‫للبنية‬ ‫الذاتي‬ ‫التنظيم‬ réorganisation de la structure ‫الجانب‬ ‫و‬ ‫الديناميكي‬ ‫للبنية‬ ‫الحركي‬ ‫المعرفية‬ ‫اإلستيعاب‬ ‫المالءمة‬
 ‫النمائي‬ ‫التطور‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ينفصل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫والموضوع؛‬ ‫الذات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫للعالقة‬  ‫على‬ ‫الذات‬ ‫باشتغال‬ ‫يقترن‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫الموضوع؛‬  ‫المفهوم‬ ‫لبناء‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫االستدالل‬ ( ‫اعتباطي‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫يبنى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫المفهوم‬ ) ‫؛‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫وتراكم‬  ( ‫سلسلة‬ ‫ممارسة‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الوضعية‬ ‫الكتشاف‬ ‫االختبارات‬ ‫من‬ ) ‫؛‬ ‫األفضل‬ ‫اإلجابة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الحل‬  ( ،‫األخطاء‬ ‫فهم‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫الفهم‬ ‫واإلبعاد‬ ،‫األسئلة‬ ‫واختيار‬ ‫وبناء‬ ‫و‬ ‫الغموض‬ ‫لحاالت‬ ‫التدريجي‬ ) ‫؛‬ ‫التشويش‬ ( ‫بياجي‬ ‫عند‬ ‫واالكتساب‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫مبادئ‬ Piaget : ) ‫يلي‬ ‫ما‬ ‫على‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ئ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬
 ‫المتعلم‬ ‫فعالية‬ ‫يقتضي‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫تعلماته‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫في‬ ‫وايجابيته‬  ‫صياغة‬ ‫يقتضي‬ ‫الناجع‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫يحتل‬ ‫إستراتيجيات‬ ‫بحيث‬ ،‫والفعال‬ ‫األساس‬ ‫الدور‬ ‫أفعاله‬ ‫لممارسة‬ ‫المجال‬ ‫له‬ ‫يفسح‬ ‫وأنشطته‬ ‫الحركية‬ ‫بغية‬ ‫والذهنية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫توصله‬ .‫التعلم‬ ‫بموضوع‬ ‫تتعلق‬  ‫وسائل‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫يقتضي‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫والتدبير‬ ‫والتنظيم‬ ‫والتنقيب‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫والتواصل‬ ‫اآلخرين‬ ‫مع‬ ‫والتفاعل‬ ،‫معهم‬ ‫سبق‬ ‫ما‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫يمكننا‬ :‫أن‬ ‫استنتاج‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ئ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬
‫توازن‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفرد‬ / ‫وضعية‬ / ‫تحد‬ ‫مشكل‬ ‫توظيف‬ ‫النسق‬ ‫المشكل‬ ‫حل‬ ‫تحد‬ / ‫الحل‬ ‫في‬ ‫صعوبة‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫تفسير‬
‫التوازن‬ ‫اختالل‬ ‫الموقف‬ ‫استيعاب‬ ‫متطلباته‬ ‫مع‬ ‫التكيف‬ ( ) ( ‫فعل‬ ‫المحيط‬ ‫على‬ ‫الذات‬ ‫فعل‬ )‫الذات‬ ‫على‬ ‫المحيط‬ = ‫التوازن‬ ‫استعادة‬ ‫التوافق‬
‫النظرية‬ ‫التطبيقات‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫إن‬ ‫القول‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫وهكذا‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫في‬ ‫أساسا‬ ‫يتجلى‬ ‫المدرس‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫وجه‬ ‫في‬ ‫صعوبات‬ ‫تطرح‬ ‫أن‬ ‫شأنها‬ ‫من‬ ‫تعلمية‬ ‫تعليمية‬ ‫وضعيات‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫األخير‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫وعلى‬ ، ‫لعمله‬ ‫ويخطط‬ ‫جهوده‬ ‫ينسق‬ ‫المالئمة‬ ‫الحلول‬ ‫إيجاد‬ ‫بغية‬ ، ‫المتعلم‬ ‫ألنشطة‬ ‫المدرس‬ ‫فتوجيه‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫إكساب‬ ‫على‬ ‫يعمل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫شأنه‬ ‫من‬ ‫تفريط‬ ‫أو‬ ‫إفراط‬ ‫دون‬ ‫عن‬ ‫دائما‬ ‫بالبحث‬ ‫له‬ ‫تسمح‬ ‫التي‬ ‫والتقنيات‬ ‫اآلليات‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ .‫الذاتي‬ ‫الضبط‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫التوازن‬ ‫تحقيق‬
‫المسؤولة‬ ‫العوامل‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫المركزية‬ Lev Vygotsky ‫السوسيوبنائية‬ ‫النظرية‬
‫ـي‬ ‫ك‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ك‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ئ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫علم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تنتمي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫النظرية‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ترى‬ ‫ى‬ ‫تبن‬ ‫الكفايات‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫االجتماع‬ ‫س‬ ‫النف‬ ‫الفرد‬ ‫ن‬ ‫بي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫والتفاع‬ ‫ح‬ ‫التالق‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫بكيفي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يبنيه‬ ‫الفرد‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬ ،‫ط‬ ‫والمحي‬ ‫قائم‬ ‫سياق‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫ومتدرجة‬ ‫نشيطة‬ ‫األقران‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫والتفاع‬ ‫التفاوض‬ ‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫لتل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫معن‬ ‫إعطاء‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ط‬ ‫والمحي‬ .‫التعلمات‬ ( ‫فيكوتسكي‬ ‫يقدم‬ ‫كما‬ vygotsky ) ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ " ‫و‬ ‫النم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫منطق‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫النظري‬ ‫هذه‬ ( "‫ة‬ ‫المحاذي‬ La zone de développement proximal :) " ‫و‬ ‫النم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫منطق‬ ‫ن‬ ‫بي‬ ‫افة‬ ‫المس‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وه‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫الممكن‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫ومنطقة‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫ل‬ ‫طف‬ ‫ل‬ ‫لك‬ ‫بالقوة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إليه‬ ." ‫إذن‬ ‫و‬ ‫فالنم‬ ‫لفرد‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫تختل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫مناط‬ ‫ق‬ ‫وف‬ ‫م‬ ‫يت‬ ( ‫ة‬‫الحالي‬ ‫ه‬‫لمنطقت‬ ‫ا‬‫تبع‬ actuelle ) ‫ه‬‫ومنطقت‬ ( ‫بالقوة‬ ‫المتوقعة‬ potentiel .) vygotsky, 1978, P 86 in : kit pui Wong, “The implementation of ict in Primary schools in Hong kong ,” La zone de développement proximal
• :‫النشاط‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫ل‬ ‫يمث‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫االجتماع‬ ‫ياق‬ ‫الس‬ ‫ق‬ ‫يحق‬ ‫الذي‬ .‫الراشد‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الطف‬ ‫ه‬ ‫في‬ ‫ه‬ ‫إن‬ ‫المجال‬ ‫وتعمره‬ ‫ه‬ ‫تشكل‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الطف‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ويعم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫لمجتم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫واالجتماعي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الثقافي‬ ‫األنماط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫مختل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بالتال‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ويحق‬ ‫ة‬ ‫العقلي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫وظائف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ليبن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫مقوالت‬ ‫تبطان‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ .‫المعرفي‬ ‫النماء‬ • :‫م‬ ‫التعل‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫لحظ‬ . ‫بر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫وتتحق‬ ‫للنمو‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ومنشط‬ ‫ة‬ ‫مكون‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫والت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫للطف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الداخلي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫الوظائ‬ ‫و‬ ‫يرورات‬ ‫الس‬ ‫ط‬ ‫تنشي‬ ‫في‬ ‫إال‬ ‫المنال‬ ‫سهلة‬ ‫سياق‬ ‫واألقران‬ ‫الراشدين‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تواصله‬ . • ‫د‬‫الراش‬ ‫ل‬‫يتدخ‬ ‫ن‬‫حي‬ ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫م‬‫المتعل‬ ‫ز‬‫يعج‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫م‬‫التعل‬ ‫شرارة‬ ‫ق‬‫تنطل‬ .‫بمفرده‬ ‫إطالقه‬ • ‫المعارف‬ ‫إن‬ ‫بل‬ ،‫داخلها‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫وال‬ ‫بمفردها‬ ‫الذات‬ ‫تحققه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫والتعلم‬ .‫الخارجي‬ ‫ط‬ ‫المحي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫برات‬ ‫والخ‬ ‫والقدرات‬ ‫والمهارات‬ .‫الفصلية‬ ‫األنشطة‬ ‫إطار‬ ‫في‬ ‫معه‬ ‫يتفاعل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫وعلى‬ ‫في‬ ‫المركزية‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫السوسيوبنائية‬
ZDP‫القريبة‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫دينامية‬ ‫المساعد‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ ZDP ZDA‫المستقل‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫المساعد‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ ZDP ‫المساعد‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ZDP ‫المستقل‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ ZDA ‫المستقل‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ ZDA ‫المهمة‬ ‫صعوبة‬
‫ا‬ ‫التربوية‬ ‫لتطبيقات‬ ‫للسوسيوبنائية‬  ‫الحوارات‬ ‫بتشجيع‬ ‫الصفية‬ ‫التفاعالت‬ ‫تستثمر‬ ‫تقنية‬ ‫توظيف‬ ‫مادامت‬ ‫الفردية‬ ‫المتعلمين‬ ‫قدرات‬ ‫تفوق‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المسائل‬ ‫حل‬ ‫في‬ ‫القريبة‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫األصل‬ ‫في‬ ‫تتموقع‬ .  ‫القرائية‬ ‫والقدرات‬ ‫المهارات‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫في‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اعتماد‬ ‫مما‬ ‫ملحوظا‬ ‫نجاحا‬ ‫حققت‬ ‫التي‬ ‫و‬ ‫دراسيا‬ ‫المتعثرين‬ ‫للتالميذ‬ ‫في‬ ‫توظيفها‬ ‫على‬ ‫شجع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫در‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كالمواد‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫تعليمية‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫س‬ .‫بالعلوم‬ ‫المرتبطة‬  ‫وصغيرة‬ ‫متماثلة‬ ‫مجموعات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫تعلم‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫تفكيك‬ ‫مشترك‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫للوصول‬ ‫جماعيا‬ ‫تشتغل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫استنادا‬ ‫فكر‬ ‫ة‬ .‫التعاوني‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫على‬ ‫المؤكدة‬ ‫تسكي‬ ‫فيكو‬
‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ث‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ) ( ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ط‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ش‬‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عن‬ ‫نتحدث‬ ‫حينما‬ ،‫الحديثة‬ ‫البيداغوجيات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫نتحدث‬ ‫فإننا‬ :‫التالية‬ ‫الرؤى‬ ‫على‬ ‫تأسست‬ ‫بيداغوجيات‬ 1 ‫جعل‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫التعلمية‬ ‫التعليمية‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫محور‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫وتركز‬ ، ‫على‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫متعة‬ 2 ‫من‬ ‫االنطالق‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫وتمثالتهم‬ ‫المتعلمين‬ ‫انتظارات‬ ‫وبناؤهم‬ ، .‫بمدرسهم‬ ‫مسترشدين‬ ‫بأنفسهم‬ ‫لتعلماتهم‬ 3 ‫اعتبار‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫منطلقا‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬ ‫وتطوير‬ ، ‫الذاتي‬ ‫التعلم‬ .‫رئيسا‬ ‫هدفا‬ ) ( ‫حديثة‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫اقتضى‬ ‫تربوي‬ ‫براديكم‬
‫ـع‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ش‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ " ‫بكونه‬ ‫المشروع‬ ‫البيداغوجي‬ ‫الدليل‬ ‫يعرف‬ ‫نريد‬ ‫هدف‬ ،‫نشاط‬ ‫أو‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫موضوعه‬ ‫قصدي‬ ‫تفكير‬ ‫إذن‬ ‫فهو‬ ،‫تحقيقه‬ . ‫المجال‬ ‫وفي‬ ‫المستقبل‬ ‫هو‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫يتحقق‬ ‫زمني‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫له‬ ‫مرتبطة‬ ‫حاجات‬ ‫تلبية‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تهدف‬ ‫أنشطة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫التربوي‬ ".) ( ‫ة‬ ‫بالمتعلم‬ ) ( ‫حاجات‬ ‫لتلبية‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫مهمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ،‫إذن‬ ‫فالمشروع‬ .) ( ‫متدخلين‬ ،‫ومكانا‬ ‫زمنا‬ ‫إنجازه‬ ‫يتطلب‬ ‫بالمتعلم‬ ‫مرتبطة‬ . ‫مجموعة‬ ‫غالبا‬ ‫به‬ ‫تقوم‬ ‫وموارد‬ ‫وأدوات‬ ،‫ومستفيدين‬ ‫فريق‬ ‫طرف‬ ‫من‬ ‫معدة‬ ‫وخطط‬ ‫مسطرة‬ ‫أدوار‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫وتقويم‬ ‫وتتبع‬ ‫المشروع‬ ‫تنفيذ‬ ‫إنجاح‬ ‫على‬ ‫يسهر‬ ‫القيادة‬ .‫مراحله‬ ‫مختلف‬
‫ـع‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ش‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ه‬‫ـ‬ ‫أ‬ :‫من‬ ‫انطالقا‬ ‫البالغة‬ ‫أهميته‬ ‫بالمشروع‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫ويكتسي‬  ‫يضفي‬ ‫كونه‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫على‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫إ‬ ‫قام‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫بين‬ ‫القة‬ ‫التطبيقية‬ ‫والمعارف‬ ‫النظرية‬ ‫المعارف‬ ‫ذهن‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتعلم‬ .  ‫على‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫تعويد‬ ‫المنهجي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫حيث‬ ،‫فعل‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫فيحدد‬ ‫ومراحله‬ ‫المشروع‬ ‫لمسارات‬ ‫الخطط‬ ‫يرسم‬ ‫والزمن‬ ‫والموارد‬ ‫والوسائل‬ ‫والمتدخلين‬ ‫األولويات‬ .‫الزبائن‬ ‫مع‬ ‫والتعاقدات‬  ‫التواصلية‬ ‫الكفاية‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫حسن‬ ‫في‬ ‫والمتمثلة‬ ‫للمتعلم‬ ‫واإلقناع‬ ‫الحجاج‬ ‫ألسلوب‬ ‫واستخدامه‬ ‫للشركاء‬ ‫إنصاته‬ ‫كأسلوب‬ ‫والتعاقد‬ ‫والتشاور‬ ‫والتفاهم‬ ‫الحوار‬ ‫واعتماده‬ .‫المشروع‬ ‫إلدارة‬  ‫يهتم‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫جعل‬ ‫األدوار‬ ‫وتوزيع‬ ‫المهمات‬ ‫بتحديد‬ ‫في‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ‫جماعي‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫كل‬ ‫المسؤوليات‬ ‫تدقيق‬ ..  ‫إلى‬ ‫بالمتعلم‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫موارده‬ ‫إدماج‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫واستنفار‬ .‫معارفه‬ 
‫ـة‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ق‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫على‬ ‫الفارقية‬ ‫البيداغوجيا‬ ‫البيداغوجي‬ ‫الدليل‬ ‫يعرف‬ " ‫التعلمات‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫مرنا‬ ‫إطارا‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫أي‬ ،‫المسارات‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ‫المتعلمات‬ ‫يتمكن‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الكفاية‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫بما‬ ‫ومتنوعة‬ ‫واضحة‬ ‫ضمنه‬ ‫بامتالك‬ ‫المرتبطة‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫مساراتهم‬ ‫وفق‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫من‬ ‫والمتعلمون‬ ‫جعل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تهدف‬ ‫وعمليات‬ ‫إجراءات‬ ‫ووفق‬ ،‫والمهارات‬ ‫المعارف‬ ‫والمتعلمين‬ ‫المتعلمات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الفردية‬ ‫الفروق‬ ‫مع‬ ‫متكيفا‬ ‫التعليم‬ ."
• ‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ق‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ “‫ـ‬ : ‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ئ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ق‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ط‬‫ـ‬ ‫أل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ط‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ص‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ى‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ص‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ى‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ك‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ـق‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ق‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬ ”‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ه‬‫ـ‬ ‫أ‬ • Luis Legrand
‫الخطأ‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ : ‫التعليم‬ ‫لعملية‬ ‫ومنهج‬ ‫تصور‬ ‫استرا‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫إعتبار‬ ‫على‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫والتعلم‬ ‫للتعليم‬ ‫تيجية‬ ‫والتعلم‬ : • ‫الوضعيات‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫للتعليم‬ ‫استراتيجية‬ ‫فهو‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫المسار‬ ‫ضوء‬ ‫في‬ ‫وتنظم‬ ‫تعد‬ ‫الديداكتيكية‬ ‫من‬ ‫بنائها‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫إلكتساب‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫يقطعه‬ ‫من‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتخلل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫وما‬ ‫ـ‬ ،‫بحثه‬ ‫خالل‬ .‫أخطاء‬ • ‫و‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫سعى‬ ‫يترجم‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫استراتيجية‬ .‫المعرفة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫للوصول‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫ـأ‬ ‫ط‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬
‫الخطأ‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫و‬ ‫مصادره‬ ‫األخطاء‬ ‫مصادر‬ ‫أصنافها‬ ‫بالمدرس‬ ‫متصلة‬ - ‫للتعليم‬ ‫سريع‬ ‫نسق‬ - ‫اختيار‬ ‫لألنشطة‬ ‫مناسب‬ ‫غير‬ ‫والوسائل‬ ‫الطرائق‬ ‫تنويع‬ ‫عدم‬ - ‫التواص‬ ‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬ ‫عدم‬ - ‫ل‬ ‫للمتعلم‬ ‫سلبي‬ ‫تصور‬ - ‫بالمتعلم‬ ‫المتصلة‬ ‫االنتباه‬ ‫قلة‬ - ‫الدافعية‬ ‫ضعف‬ - ‫التواصل‬ ‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬ ‫عدم‬ - ‫الذهنية‬ ‫المدارك‬ ‫في‬ ‫ضعف‬ - ‫مرض‬ - ‫اجتماعية‬ ‫حالة‬ - ‫نفسية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫متوترة‬ ‫بالمعرفة‬ ‫المتصلة‬ ‫للمتعلم‬ ‫الذهني‬ ‫المستوى‬ ‫تجاوز‬ - ‫المتعلم‬ ‫ميوالت‬ ‫مع‬ ‫التالؤم‬ ‫عدم‬ - ‫المعارف‬ ‫صعوبة‬ -
‫ـب‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ " ‫اللعب‬ ‫نشاط‬ ‫دون‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫يمارسه‬ ‫به‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫الوسط؛‬ ‫أو‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫من‬ ‫ضغوط‬ ‫بمحض‬ ‫وبمتعة‬ ‫وإرادته‬ ‫حريته‬ . ‫ويرتبط‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫بثقافة‬ ( ) ‫وبالخيال‬ ‫الوسط‬ ‫والبيئة‬ ‫واللغة‬ ‫والرموز‬ ‫يكتسي‬ ‫ولذلك‬ ‫؛‬ ‫في‬ ‫بالغة‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫شخصية‬ ‫بناء‬ ، ‫يستحضر‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫وقواعد‬ ‫قوانين‬ ."‫العامة‬ ‫حجرة‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫اللعب‬ ‫نرى‬ ‫أال‬ ،‫ترى‬ ‫يا‬ ‫لكن‬ ‫المقدسة‬ ‫الدرس‬ ‫لجدية‬ ‫منافيا‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫مضيعة‬ ‫نعتبره‬ ‫أال‬ ‫التعلمية؟‬ ‫التعليمية‬ ‫ورثناها‬ ‫نظرة‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫للهيبة؟‬ ‫وذهابا‬ ‫للوقت‬ ‫وينبغي‬ ،‫غوال‬ ‫للخطأ‬ ‫نظرتنا‬ ‫ورثنا‬ ‫مثلما‬ .‫وتأثيراتها‬ ‫تركتها‬ ‫من‬ ‫نتخلص‬ ‫أن‬ ‫علينا‬ ‫من‬ ‫ومدرسة‬ ‫قوية‬ ‫نفسية‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫فاللعب‬ ‫وينمي‬ ‫أقرانه‬ ‫من‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫يتعلم‬ ‫خاللها‬ .‫المواقف‬ ‫مع‬ ‫للتعامل‬ ‫استراتيجياته‬
‫ـت‬ ‫ال‬‫ـ‬ ‫ك‬‫ـ‬ ‫ش‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫على‬ ‫البيداغوجيا‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تركز‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫حيث‬ ،‫للتعلمات‬ ‫كمنطلق‬ ‫المشاكل‬ " ‫لرصد‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫ومعارف‬ ‫مهارات‬ ‫استثارة‬ ‫المشكل‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الممكنة‬ ‫الترابطات‬ ."‫التعلمات‬ ‫لبناء‬ ‫المطروح‬
‫على‬ ‫شكرا‬ ‫تتبعكم‬ ‫والله‬ ‫الموفق‬

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في اطار البيداغوجية ونظريات التعلم.pptx

  • 1.
  • 2.
    ‫العرض‬ ‫عناصر‬ • ‫التربوي؛‬ ‫النفس‬‫علم‬ ‫تعريف‬ • ‫التربوية؛‬ ‫النظريات‬ 1 ‫ـ‬ ‫السلوكية؛‬ ‫النظرية‬ 2 ‫ـ‬ ‫المعرفية؛‬ ‫النظريات‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫الجشطالتية؛‬ ‫البنائية؛‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫السوسيوبنائية؛‬ ‫ـ‬ – ‫ـت‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ .‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ث‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ (‫)النشيطة‬ ‫الفارقية؛‬ ‫البيداغوجيا‬ ‫اللعب؛‬ ‫بيداغوجية‬ ‫المشروع؛‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ‫المشكالت؛‬ ‫حل‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ‫اإلدماج؛‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ،‫الدعم‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ،‫التعاقد‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ،‫الخطأ‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ • ( ، ‫مناقشة‬ ‫اإلستفسارات‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫على‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ب‬‫اإلجا‬ ) . • ‫تقويم‬
  • 3.
     ‫المتوقع‬ ‫من‬ ‫العرض‬‫نهاية‬ ‫في‬ : ‫أن‬ • ‫بالتدريس؛‬ ‫عالقته‬ ‫و‬ ‫التربوي‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫علم‬ ‫موضوع‬ ‫األستاذ‬ ‫يستوعب‬ • ) ( ‫يقف‬ ‫و‬ ‫؛‬ ‫المعرفية‬ ،‫السلوكية‬ ‫التربوية‬ ‫النظريات‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫يتعرف‬ ‫التدريس؛‬ ‫في‬ ‫ـاتها‬ ‫د‬‫امتدا‬ ‫و‬ ‫مفاهيمها‬ ‫و‬ ‫مبادئها‬ ‫على‬ • ‫تحديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫يتمكن‬ ‫و‬ ،‫النشيطة‬ ‫البيداغوجيات‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫يتعرف‬ ‫النظرية؛‬ ‫خلفياتها‬ • ‫الفصلية‬ ‫الممارسات‬ ‫و‬ ‫األنشطة‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫و‬ ‫فهم‬ ‫على‬ ‫قادرا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫التربوي؛‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫علم‬ ‫نظريات‬ ‫ضوء‬ ‫على‬
  • 4.
  • 5.
    ‫التربوي‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫علم‬ ‫التربوي‬‫النفس‬ ‫علم‬ :‫بدراسة‬ ‫يهتم‬ ‫علم‬ ‫هو‬ ‫خصوصا‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫و‬ ‫عموما‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫عقل‬ ‫اكتساب‬ ‫و‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫كيفية‬ ‫والتعلمات‬ ‫للمعارف‬ ‫المناهج‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫المربون‬ ‫ليستطيع‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫لمراحل‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الخصائص‬ .‫مرحلة‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫الدراسية‬ - ‫يستطيع‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫والشروط‬ ‫المبادئ‬ ‫بدراسة‬ ‫يعنى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫إكساب‬ ‫المربون‬ ‫متعلمين‬ ‫المنشودة‬ ‫الكفايات‬ . - ‫يهتم‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫علمية‬ ‫دراسات‬ ‫من‬ ‫انطالقا‬ ‫تربوية‬ ‫نظريات‬ ‫ببناء‬ ‫تعترضها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫للمشاكل‬ ‫حلول‬ ‫إجاد‬ ‫و‬ ‫التربية‬ ‫و‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫تطوير‬ . - ‫في‬ ‫وهو‬، ‫التعليمية‬ ‫المناهج‬ ‫أحسن‬ ‫لمعرفة‬ ‫التجارب‬ ‫ـراء‬ ‫ج‬‫بإ‬ ‫يعنى‬ ‫العقلية‬ ‫والقدرات‬ ‫للذكاء‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫المقاييس‬ ‫يستخدم‬ ‫ذلك‬ . ‫الدراسي‬ ‫والتحصيل‬
  • 6.
  • 7.
    ‫النظرية‬ ‫السلوكية‬  ‫سـنة‬ ‫مـن‬ ‫بدايـة‬،‫السـلوكية‬ ‫النظريـة‬ ‫ظهرت‬ 1912 ‫مـن‬ ، ‫ـك‬ ‫ي‬‫وثورندا‬ ‫بافلوف‬ ‫ـا‬ ‫ه‬‫أنجز‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ت‬‫ال‬ ‫ـات‬ ‫س‬‫والدرا‬ ‫األبحاث‬ ‫خالل‬ ،‫وواطسون‬  " ،‫للسلوك‬ ‫الوظيفي‬ ‫التحليل‬ ‫األول‬ ‫هدفها‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫هي‬  ،‫األثـر‬ ‫و‬ ‫السـبب‬ ‫بيـن‬ ‫عالقات‬ ‫وضـع‬ ‫فـي‬ ‫السـلوكية‬ ‫تبحـث‬ ‫وحدث‬ ‫الســلوكات‬ ‫مــن‬ ‫أوســلسلة‬ ‫معيــن‬ ‫ســلوك‬ ‫بيــن‬ ( " : ‫المثيرات‬ ‫المحددة‬ ‫األحداث‬ ‫مــن‬ ‫أومجموعــة‬ ‫و‬ ‫روندال‬ ‫هوتيات‬ .) ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫سلوكات‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫السلوكية‬ ‫النظرية‬ ‫ترى‬ ‫في‬ ‫محددة‬ ‫لمثيرات‬ ‫استجابات‬ ‫بمثابة‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫متعلمة‬ ،‫بيضاء‬ ‫صفحة‬ ‫يولد‬ ‫رأيها‬ ‫في‬ ‫فاإلنسان‬ ،‫البيئة‬
  • 8.
  • 9.
    ‫االنتقادات‬ ... ‫ـ‬ ، ‫والشعور‬ ‫كالوعـي‬‫المتعلـم‬ ‫شخصـية‬ ‫مـن‬ ‫مهمـة‬ ‫جوانـب‬ ‫همشـت‬ ‫السلوك؛‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫على‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫وركزت‬ - ‫ـة‬ ‫ـ‬‫بالغ‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ـ‬‫أهمي‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ـ‬‫تكتس‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ـ‬‫والت‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ـ‬‫الذاتي‬ ‫ـان‬ ‫ـ‬‫اإلنس‬ ‫ـبرات‬ ‫ـ‬‫بخ‬ ‫تعترف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫له؛‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ - ‫بالسـلوكات‬ ‫فقـط‬ ‫اكتفـت‬ ‫و‬ ،‫للمتعلـم‬ ‫الذهنيـة‬ ‫بالتمثالت‬ ‫تهتـم‬ ‫لـم‬ ‫الخارجية؛‬ - ‫نتائـج‬ ‫يجعـل‬ ‫ممـا‬ ،‫الحيوان‬ ‫علـى‬ ‫تمـت‬ ‫التجريبيـة‬ ‫الوقائـع‬ ‫معظـم‬ ‫مؤكدة؛‬ ‫غير‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫على‬ ‫تطبيقها‬ - ‫ـي‬ ‫غ‬‫ينب‬ ‫ـا‬ ‫م‬‫و‬ ‫الفرد‬ ‫ـلوك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ـه‬ ‫ي‬‫توج‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ـم‬ ‫ي‬‫الق‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ي‬‫أهم‬ ‫ـلوكيون‬ ‫س‬‫ال‬ ‫ـل‬ ‫ه‬‫تجا‬ ‫اإلنسان؛‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬
  • 10.
    ‫للتأمل‬ ‫المشهد؟‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬‫الموجودة‬ ‫الوجه‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫بإمكانك‬ ‫هل‬
  • 11.
    • ‫الحقيقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫لها‬‫وجود‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حددتها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الوجوه‬ ‫كذلك؟‬ ‫أليس‬, ‫المشهد‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬ • ‫خانك‬ ‫أم‬ ‫؟‬ ‫بالهلوسة‬ ‫أصبت‬ ‫هل‬ ، ‫إذا‬ ‫بالك‬ ‫فما‬ ‫ضبابيا؟‬ ‫كان‬ ‫المشهد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أم‬ ‫النظر؟‬ • ‫ما‬ ‫تحدد‬ ‫و‬ ‫؛‬ ‫الوجه‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫على‬ ‫تركز‬ ‫أن‬ ‫حاول‬ ‫الشكل‬ ‫لهذا‬ ‫عقلك‬ ‫أضافها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األجزاء‬ ‫هي‬ ‫وجه‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫ليوهمك‬
  • 12.
  • 13.
    ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫نظرية‬ ( Max wertheimer ) ( Kurtkoffka ( ) Wolfgang Köhler . ‫الجشطالت‬ : ‫النظرية‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫المفهوم‬ ‫هو‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫صورة‬ ‫تعني‬ ‫ألمانية‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫الجشطالتية‬ ‫سمي‬ ‫لهذا‬ ‫وتبعا‬ ،‫منظما‬ ‫كليا‬ ‫شكال‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫بنية‬ " " ، ‫الشكليين‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫زعماؤها‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ينظر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ينبغي‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫الجشطالت‬ ‫ويرى‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫تجزيء‬ ‫دون‬ ‫من‬ ،‫كليتها‬ ‫في‬ ‫الظواهر‬ ‫أية‬ ‫له‬ ‫ليست‬ ‫البنية‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫عنصر‬ ‫كل‬ ‫ألن‬ ،‫الكل‬ . ‫في‬ ‫المتحكم‬ ‫المبدأ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يعتبرون‬ ‫وهم‬ ‫تذكر‬ ‫قيمة‬ " ‫هو‬ ‫اإلدراك‬ ‫قوانين‬ ،‫ـ‬ ‫ء‬‫األجزا‬ ‫من‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫المجموعة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تجعلها‬ ‫ومميزات‬ ‫خصائص‬ ‫تمتلك‬ ‫المجموعة‬ ‫وأن‬
  • 14.
  • 15.
    ‫المفاهيمي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫للجشطلت‬ :)‫التركيب‬ ‫(أو‬‫البنية‬. ‫في‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫كل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ذلك‬ ،‫ووظيفيا‬ ‫ديناميا‬ ‫تحكمها‬ ،‫داخلية‬ ‫بقوانين‬ ‫المرتبطة‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫من‬ ‫تتشكل‬ ‫وهي‬ .‫ككل‬ ‫البنية‬ ‫على‬ ‫التأثير‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫حتما‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫فإنه‬ ،‫العناصر‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫من‬ ‫عنصر‬ :‫االستبصار‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫تنطوي‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ ‫ى‬‫عل‬ ‫لتعرف‬ ‫تعملها‬‫يس‬ ‫ة‬‫ذهني‬ ‫ة‬‫الي‬ ‫و‬‫وه‬ ،‫م‬‫التعل‬ ‫ة‬‫عملي‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫م‬‫للمتعل‬ ‫ي‬‫الذهن‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫ى‬‫عل‬ ‫يدل‬ ‫وعناصر‬ ،‫وعالقات‬ ‫خصائص‬ ‫من‬ ،‫الموضوع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الوضعية‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫اإلدراك‬. ‫ـ‬ perception : • ‫أن‬ ‫يعني‬ ‫وهذا‬ ،‫ت‬‫الجشطال‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫البنية‬ ‫في‬ ‫لما‬ ‫استنتاج‬ ‫هو‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫الحواس‬ ‫ترصده‬ ‫لما‬ ‫عقليا‬ ‫تأويال‬ ‫ي‬‫يعن‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫على‬ ‫معتمدا‬ ،‫واع‬ ‫استنتاج‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫محسوس‬ ‫هو‬ ‫مما‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫ينتقل‬ ‫ذهنية‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫يعتبر‬ ‫اإلدراك‬ .‫الذهنية‬
  • 16.
    ‫المفاهيمي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫للجشطلت‬ . ‫ـ‬ ‫اإلنتقال‬ : ‫إلى‬ ‫عليه‬‫الحصول‬ ‫تم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االستبصار‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫إمكانية‬ ‫هو‬ ‫للفهم‬ ‫الحقيقي‬ ‫االختيار‬ ‫إن‬ ‫في‬ ‫إال‬ ‫عنه‬ ‫تختلف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ولكنها‬ ‫األول‬ ‫للموقف‬ ‫البنية‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫من‬ ‫مشابهة‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫مواقف‬ .‫السطحية‬ ‫التفاصيل‬ :‫األصيلة‬ ‫الدافعية‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫نابعا‬ ‫أي‬ ،‫داخليا‬ ‫دافعا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ينبغي‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫تعزيز‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الجشتطالتية‬ ‫المدرسة‬ ‫ترى‬ .‫الذات‬ ‫من‬ :‫والمعنى‬ ‫الفهم‬. ‫إلى‬ ‫لها‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫األشياء‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫موقف‬ ‫من‬ ‫االنتقال‬ ‫يقتضي‬ ‫التعلمي‬ ‫السياق‬ ‫قابلة‬ ‫أي‬ ،‫شيئا‬ ‫وتعني‬ ‫مفهومة‬ ‫األجزاء‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العالقات‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫له‬ ‫موقف‬ . ‫للفهم‬
  • 17.
     ‫الحقيقي‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫شرط‬‫االستبصار‬  ‫بالنتائج‬ ‫يقترن‬ ‫التعلم‬  ( ‫معنى‬ ‫اعطاء‬ ‫الحقيقي‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫االنتقال‬ )‫للتعلمات‬  ‫سلبي‬ ‫تعلم‬ ‫للمعارف‬ ‫اآللي‬ ‫والتطبيق‬ ‫الحفظ‬  ‫والتعزيز‬ ،‫قوي‬ ‫داخلي‬ ‫حافز‬ ‫االستبصار‬ ‫سلبي‬ ‫عامل‬ ‫الخارجي‬  ‫التعلم‬ ‫موضوع‬ ‫مع‬ ‫إيجابي‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫االستبصار‬ ‫في‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫مبادئ‬ ‫الجشطلت‬
  • 18.
    1 . :‫التماثل‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫من‬ ‫انطالقا‬‫تتقابل‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األشكال‬ ‫أو‬ ‫األشياء‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ويفيد‬ .‫وواحدة‬ ‫تامة‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫على‬ ‫ندركها‬ ،‫موحد‬ ‫محور‬ ) ( ‫حين‬ ‫في‬ ،‫موحد‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫وكأنه‬ ‫يظهر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫فالشكل‬ .) ( ‫ب‬ ‫للشكل‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫يتعذر‬ (‫)أ‬ (‫)ب‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
  • 19.
    2 . :‫التشابه‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫أـو‬ ،‫أشياء‬‫أـو‬ ،‫خصـائص‬ ‫أـو‬،‫موضوعات‬ ‫فـي‬ ‫التشابـه‬ ‫أـن‬ ‫لنـا‬ ‫ويوضـح‬ ‫ـم‬ ‫ت‬‫وي‬ ،‫ـة‬‫ل‬‫متكام‬ ‫وحدة‬ ‫ـي‬‫ف‬ ‫ـا‬‫ه‬‫إدراك‬ ‫ـى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ـاعدنا‬‫س‬‫ي‬ ،‫بنيات‬ ‫ـو‬‫أ‬،‫أشكال‬ . ‫الشكـل‬ ‫ففـي‬ ‫اللمسـ‬ ‫أـو‬ ‫السـمع‬ ‫أـو‬ ‫البصـر‬ ‫بواسـطة‬ ‫اإلدراك‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫النقط‬ ‫من‬ ‫صفوفا‬ ‫نجد‬ ‫السوداء‬ ‫من‬ ‫وصفوفا‬ .‫البيضاء‬ ‫النقط‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
  • 20.
    3 . :‫التقارب‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫أـــو‬ ‫األشياء‬‫تقارب‬ ‫أـــن‬ ‫ويفيـــد‬ ‫علــى‬ ‫المســاعدة‬ ‫العوامــل‬ ‫مــن‬ ‫يعتــبر‬ ‫ـات‬ ‫و‬‫األصــ‬ ‫النقــط‬ ‫مــن‬ ‫مجموعــة‬ ‫مثال‬ ‫رســمنا‬ ‫فإذا‬ ،‫إدراكهــا‬ ‫ـن‬ ‫ي‬‫تكو‬ ‫ـى‬ ‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫ـل‬ ‫ي‬‫تم‬ ‫ـا‬ ‫ه‬‫فإن‬ ،‫ـة‬ ‫ن‬‫معي‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ق‬‫ور‬ ‫ـى‬ ‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ب‬‫المتقار‬ ‫ففـــي‬ ،‫غيرهـــا‬ ‫عـــن‬ ‫مســـتقلة‬ ،‫خاصـــة‬ ‫مجموعات‬ ‫علـى‬ ‫الرأسـية‬ ‫النقـط‬ ‫إدراك‬ ‫يرجـع‬ ،‫الموالـي‬ ‫الشكـل‬ :‫غيرها‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ومستقلة‬ ‫متكاملة‬ ‫وحدات‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫من‬ ‫الرأسية‬ ‫النقط‬ ‫قرب‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫يرجع‬ .‫بعضها‬ ‫عن‬ ‫األفقية‬ ‫النقط‬ ‫وتباعد‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
  • 21.
    4 . :‫اإلغالق‬ ‫قانون‬ clôture ‫حينما‬ ‫الفرد‬‫أن‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫ويالحظ‬ ‫معانيها‬ ‫في‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أشكالها‬ ‫في‬ ‫كاملة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫أشياء‬ ‫أمام‬ ‫يكون‬ ،‫لها‬ ‫إدراكه‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫تتميمها‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫غالبا‬ ‫يميل‬ ‫فإنه‬ . ‫فمثال‬ ‫ناقصة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫تامة‬ ‫صورة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحصول‬ ‫قصد‬ :‫تامة‬ ‫وحدة‬ ‫لتشكل‬ ‫تتميمها‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫سنميل‬ ‫التالية‬ ‫األشكال‬ ‫لنا‬ ‫يفسر‬ ‫ما‬ ‫وهذا‬ ،‫الناقص‬ ‫إكمال‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫يميل‬ ‫إذن‬ ‫إكمال‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫إكمال‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الدائمة‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫رغبة‬ .‫معنى‬ ‫يعطي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫النقص‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫أن‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫الفراغ‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
  • 22.
    5 . :‫النسبي‬ ‫الحجم‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫الصيغ‬‫إدراك‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫خالله‬ ‫من‬ ‫نميل‬ ‫إذ‬ ‫ندرك‬ ‫التالي‬ ‫المثال‬ ‫ففي‬ .‫كأرضية‬ ‫والكبيرة‬ ،‫كأشكال‬ ‫الصغيرة‬ :‫أرضية‬ ‫األبيض‬ ‫ندرك‬ ‫بينما‬ ‫شكال‬ ‫الملون‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
  • 23.
    6 . :‫تمرارية‬‫االس‬ ‫قانون‬ continuité ‫ل‬‫نمي‬ ‫القانون‬‫هذا‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫على‬ ‫معين‬ ‫اتجاه‬ ‫نحو‬ ‫المتجهة‬ ‫األشياء‬ ‫أو‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫إدراك‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫مستمرا‬ ‫ندركه‬ ‫التالي‬ ‫فالشكل‬ .‫النهائي‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫ستستمر‬ ‫أنها‬ :‫عليه‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ما‬ ‫على‬ ‫االتجاهين‬ ‫في‬ ><><><><><><><><><>< ‫تفسير‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحكمة‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫الجشطلت‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلدراك‬
  • 24.
  • 25.
    • :‫للتربية‬ ‫الدولي‬ ‫المعجم‬‫تعريف‬ , ‫الطفل‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫و‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫في‬ ‫رؤية‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫أنماط‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫في‬ ‫نشيطا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫قوامها‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الفطرية‬ ‫قدراته‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫لديه‬ ‫التفكير‬ .‫التعلمية‬ ‫الوضعيات‬ • ‫سفيلد‬ ‫كالسر‬ ‫تعريف‬ Glaser Sfeld : • ‫المتعلم‬ ‫دور‬ ‫على‬ ‫تركز‬ ‫معرفية‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫البنائية‬ , ‫التعريف‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫و‬ ‫للمعرفة‬ ‫الشخصي‬ ‫البناء‬ ‫في‬ ‫النظرية‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫تعتمد‬ ‫التي‬ ‫االفتراضات‬ ‫يعكس‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫النظرية‬
  • 26.
    2 - ‫النظرية‬ ‫في‬ ‫األساسية‬‫المفاهيم‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫الــتــكــيــف‬ L’ adaptation ‫االستيعاب‬ ASSIMILATION • ‫في‬ ‫الوسط‬ ‫معطيات‬ ‫ادماج‬ ‫البنيات‬ ‫للمتعلم‬ ‫السابقة‬ •‫الوسط‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫المالءمة‬ ACCOMMODATION •‫الوسط‬ ‫معطيات‬ ‫بداللة‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫بنيات‬ ‫تعديل‬ •‫المتعلم‬ ‫الوسط‬ Équilibration‫التوازن‬ ‫الــتــكــيــف‬ L’ adaptation
  • 27.
    :‫المعرفية‬ ‫للبنية‬ ‫الذاتي‬‫التنظيم‬ réorganisation de la structure ‫الجانب‬ ‫و‬ ‫الديناميكي‬ ‫للبنية‬ ‫الحركي‬ ‫المعرفية‬ ‫اإلستيعاب‬ ‫المالءمة‬
  • 28.
     ‫النمائي‬ ‫التطور‬ ‫عن‬‫ينفصل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫والموضوع؛‬ ‫الذات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫للعالقة‬  ‫على‬ ‫الذات‬ ‫باشتغال‬ ‫يقترن‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫الموضوع؛‬  ‫المفهوم‬ ‫لبناء‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫االستدالل‬ ( ‫اعتباطي‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫يبنى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫المفهوم‬ ) ‫؛‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫وتراكم‬  ( ‫سلسلة‬ ‫ممارسة‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الوضعية‬ ‫الكتشاف‬ ‫االختبارات‬ ‫من‬ ) ‫؛‬ ‫األفضل‬ ‫اإلجابة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الحل‬  ( ،‫األخطاء‬ ‫فهم‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫الفهم‬ ‫واإلبعاد‬ ،‫األسئلة‬ ‫واختيار‬ ‫وبناء‬ ‫و‬ ‫الغموض‬ ‫لحاالت‬ ‫التدريجي‬ ) ‫؛‬ ‫التشويش‬ ( ‫بياجي‬ ‫عند‬ ‫واالكتساب‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫مبادئ‬ Piaget : ) ‫يلي‬ ‫ما‬ ‫على‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ئ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬
  • 29.
     ‫المتعلم‬ ‫فعالية‬ ‫يقتضي‬‫التعلم‬ ‫تعلماته‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫في‬ ‫وايجابيته‬  ‫صياغة‬ ‫يقتضي‬ ‫الناجع‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫يحتل‬ ‫إستراتيجيات‬ ‫بحيث‬ ،‫والفعال‬ ‫األساس‬ ‫الدور‬ ‫أفعاله‬ ‫لممارسة‬ ‫المجال‬ ‫له‬ ‫يفسح‬ ‫وأنشطته‬ ‫الحركية‬ ‫بغية‬ ‫والذهنية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫توصله‬ .‫التعلم‬ ‫بموضوع‬ ‫تتعلق‬  ‫وسائل‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫يقتضي‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫والتدبير‬ ‫والتنظيم‬ ‫والتنقيب‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫والتواصل‬ ‫اآلخرين‬ ‫مع‬ ‫والتفاعل‬ ،‫معهم‬ ‫سبق‬ ‫ما‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫يمكننا‬ :‫أن‬ ‫استنتاج‬ ‫ـي‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ئ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬
  • 30.
    ‫توازن‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬‫الفرد‬ / ‫وضعية‬ / ‫تحد‬ ‫مشكل‬ ‫توظيف‬ ‫النسق‬ ‫المشكل‬ ‫حل‬ ‫تحد‬ / ‫الحل‬ ‫في‬ ‫صعوبة‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫تفسير‬
  • 31.
    ‫التوازن‬ ‫اختالل‬ ‫الموقف‬ ‫استيعاب‬ ‫متطلباته‬‫مع‬ ‫التكيف‬ ( ) ( ‫فعل‬ ‫المحيط‬ ‫على‬ ‫الذات‬ ‫فعل‬ )‫الذات‬ ‫على‬ ‫المحيط‬ = ‫التوازن‬ ‫استعادة‬ ‫التوافق‬
  • 32.
    ‫النظرية‬ ‫التطبيقات‬ ‫البنائية‬ ‫إن‬ ‫القول‬‫يمكن‬ ‫وهكذا‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫في‬ ‫أساسا‬ ‫يتجلى‬ ‫المدرس‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫وجه‬ ‫في‬ ‫صعوبات‬ ‫تطرح‬ ‫أن‬ ‫شأنها‬ ‫من‬ ‫تعلمية‬ ‫تعليمية‬ ‫وضعيات‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫األخير‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫وعلى‬ ، ‫لعمله‬ ‫ويخطط‬ ‫جهوده‬ ‫ينسق‬ ‫المالئمة‬ ‫الحلول‬ ‫إيجاد‬ ‫بغية‬ ، ‫المتعلم‬ ‫ألنشطة‬ ‫المدرس‬ ‫فتوجيه‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫إكساب‬ ‫على‬ ‫يعمل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫شأنه‬ ‫من‬ ‫تفريط‬ ‫أو‬ ‫إفراط‬ ‫دون‬ ‫عن‬ ‫دائما‬ ‫بالبحث‬ ‫له‬ ‫تسمح‬ ‫التي‬ ‫والتقنيات‬ ‫اآلليات‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ .‫الذاتي‬ ‫الضبط‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫التوازن‬ ‫تحقيق‬
  • 33.
    ‫المسؤولة‬ ‫العوامل‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫حدوث‬‫عن‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫المركزية‬ Lev Vygotsky ‫السوسيوبنائية‬ ‫النظرية‬
  • 34.
    ‫ـي‬ ‫ك‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ك‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ئ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫علم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تنتمي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫النظرية‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ترى‬ ‫ى‬ ‫تبن‬ ‫الكفايات‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫االجتماع‬ ‫س‬ ‫النف‬ ‫الفرد‬ ‫ن‬ ‫بي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫والتفاع‬ ‫ح‬ ‫التالق‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫بكيفي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يبنيه‬ ‫الفرد‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬ ،‫ط‬ ‫والمحي‬ ‫قائم‬ ‫سياق‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫ومتدرجة‬ ‫نشيطة‬ ‫األقران‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫والتفاع‬ ‫التفاوض‬ ‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫لتل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫معن‬ ‫إعطاء‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ط‬ ‫والمحي‬ .‫التعلمات‬ ( ‫فيكوتسكي‬ ‫يقدم‬ ‫كما‬ vygotsky ) ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ " ‫و‬ ‫النم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫منطق‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫النظري‬ ‫هذه‬ ( "‫ة‬ ‫المحاذي‬ La zone de développement proximal :) " ‫و‬ ‫النم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫منطق‬ ‫ن‬ ‫بي‬ ‫افة‬ ‫المس‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وه‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫الممكن‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫ومنطقة‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫ل‬ ‫طف‬ ‫ل‬ ‫لك‬ ‫بالقوة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إليه‬ ." ‫إذن‬ ‫و‬ ‫فالنم‬ ‫لفرد‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫تختل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫مناط‬ ‫ق‬ ‫وف‬ ‫م‬ ‫يت‬ ( ‫ة‬‫الحالي‬ ‫ه‬‫لمنطقت‬ ‫ا‬‫تبع‬ actuelle ) ‫ه‬‫ومنطقت‬ ( ‫بالقوة‬ ‫المتوقعة‬ potentiel .) vygotsky, 1978, P 86 in : kit pui Wong, “The implementation of ict in Primary schools in Hong kong ,” La zone de développement proximal
  • 35.
    • :‫النشاط‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫ل‬ ‫يمث‬‫النشاط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫االجتماع‬ ‫ياق‬ ‫الس‬ ‫ق‬ ‫يحق‬ ‫الذي‬ .‫الراشد‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الطف‬ ‫ه‬ ‫في‬ ‫ه‬ ‫إن‬ ‫المجال‬ ‫وتعمره‬ ‫ه‬ ‫تشكل‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الطف‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ويعم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫لمجتم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫واالجتماعي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الثقافي‬ ‫األنماط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫مختل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بالتال‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ويحق‬ ‫ة‬ ‫العقلي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫وظائف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ليبن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫مقوالت‬ ‫تبطان‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ .‫المعرفي‬ ‫النماء‬ • :‫م‬ ‫التعل‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫لحظ‬ . ‫بر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫وتتحق‬ ‫للنمو‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ومنشط‬ ‫ة‬ ‫مكون‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫والت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫للطف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الداخلي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫الوظائ‬ ‫و‬ ‫يرورات‬ ‫الس‬ ‫ط‬ ‫تنشي‬ ‫في‬ ‫إال‬ ‫المنال‬ ‫سهلة‬ ‫سياق‬ ‫واألقران‬ ‫الراشدين‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تواصله‬ . • ‫د‬‫الراش‬ ‫ل‬‫يتدخ‬ ‫ن‬‫حي‬ ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫م‬‫المتعل‬ ‫ز‬‫يعج‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫م‬‫التعل‬ ‫شرارة‬ ‫ق‬‫تنطل‬ .‫بمفرده‬ ‫إطالقه‬ • ‫المعارف‬ ‫إن‬ ‫بل‬ ،‫داخلها‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫وال‬ ‫بمفردها‬ ‫الذات‬ ‫تحققه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫والتعلم‬ .‫الخارجي‬ ‫ط‬ ‫المحي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫برات‬ ‫والخ‬ ‫والقدرات‬ ‫والمهارات‬ .‫الفصلية‬ ‫األنشطة‬ ‫إطار‬ ‫في‬ ‫معه‬ ‫يتفاعل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫وعلى‬ ‫في‬ ‫المركزية‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫السوسيوبنائية‬
  • 36.
    ZDP‫القريبة‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫منطقة‬‫دينامية‬ ‫المساعد‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ ZDP ZDA‫المستقل‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫المساعد‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ ZDP ‫المساعد‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ZDP ‫المستقل‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ ZDA ‫المستقل‬ ‫األداء‬ ‫مستوى‬ ZDA ‫المهمة‬ ‫صعوبة‬
  • 37.
    ‫ا‬ ‫التربوية‬ ‫لتطبيقات‬ ‫للسوسيوبنائية‬  ‫الحوارات‬ ‫بتشجيع‬‫الصفية‬ ‫التفاعالت‬ ‫تستثمر‬ ‫تقنية‬ ‫توظيف‬ ‫مادامت‬ ‫الفردية‬ ‫المتعلمين‬ ‫قدرات‬ ‫تفوق‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المسائل‬ ‫حل‬ ‫في‬ ‫القريبة‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫األصل‬ ‫في‬ ‫تتموقع‬ .  ‫القرائية‬ ‫والقدرات‬ ‫المهارات‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫في‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اعتماد‬ ‫مما‬ ‫ملحوظا‬ ‫نجاحا‬ ‫حققت‬ ‫التي‬ ‫و‬ ‫دراسيا‬ ‫المتعثرين‬ ‫للتالميذ‬ ‫في‬ ‫توظيفها‬ ‫على‬ ‫شجع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫در‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كالمواد‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫تعليمية‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫س‬ .‫بالعلوم‬ ‫المرتبطة‬  ‫وصغيرة‬ ‫متماثلة‬ ‫مجموعات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫تعلم‬ ‫محيط‬ ‫تفكيك‬ ‫مشترك‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫للوصول‬ ‫جماعيا‬ ‫تشتغل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫استنادا‬ ‫فكر‬ ‫ة‬ .‫التعاوني‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫على‬ ‫المؤكدة‬ ‫تسكي‬ ‫فيكو‬
  • 38.
    ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ث‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ) ( ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ط‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ش‬‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عن‬‫نتحدث‬ ‫حينما‬ ،‫الحديثة‬ ‫البيداغوجيات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫نتحدث‬ ‫فإننا‬ :‫التالية‬ ‫الرؤى‬ ‫على‬ ‫تأسست‬ ‫بيداغوجيات‬ 1 ‫جعل‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫التعلمية‬ ‫التعليمية‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫محور‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫وتركز‬ ، ‫على‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫متعة‬ 2 ‫من‬ ‫االنطالق‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫وتمثالتهم‬ ‫المتعلمين‬ ‫انتظارات‬ ‫وبناؤهم‬ ، .‫بمدرسهم‬ ‫مسترشدين‬ ‫بأنفسهم‬ ‫لتعلماتهم‬ 3 ‫اعتبار‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫منطلقا‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬ ‫وتطوير‬ ، ‫الذاتي‬ ‫التعلم‬ .‫رئيسا‬ ‫هدفا‬ ) ( ‫حديثة‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫اقتضى‬ ‫تربوي‬ ‫براديكم‬
  • 39.
    ‫ـع‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ش‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ " ‫بكونه‬‫المشروع‬ ‫البيداغوجي‬ ‫الدليل‬ ‫يعرف‬ ‫نريد‬ ‫هدف‬ ،‫نشاط‬ ‫أو‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫موضوعه‬ ‫قصدي‬ ‫تفكير‬ ‫إذن‬ ‫فهو‬ ،‫تحقيقه‬ . ‫المجال‬ ‫وفي‬ ‫المستقبل‬ ‫هو‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫يتحقق‬ ‫زمني‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫له‬ ‫مرتبطة‬ ‫حاجات‬ ‫تلبية‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تهدف‬ ‫أنشطة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫التربوي‬ ".) ( ‫ة‬ ‫بالمتعلم‬ ) ( ‫حاجات‬ ‫لتلبية‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫مهمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ،‫إذن‬ ‫فالمشروع‬ .) ( ‫متدخلين‬ ،‫ومكانا‬ ‫زمنا‬ ‫إنجازه‬ ‫يتطلب‬ ‫بالمتعلم‬ ‫مرتبطة‬ . ‫مجموعة‬ ‫غالبا‬ ‫به‬ ‫تقوم‬ ‫وموارد‬ ‫وأدوات‬ ،‫ومستفيدين‬ ‫فريق‬ ‫طرف‬ ‫من‬ ‫معدة‬ ‫وخطط‬ ‫مسطرة‬ ‫أدوار‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫وتقويم‬ ‫وتتبع‬ ‫المشروع‬ ‫تنفيذ‬ ‫إنجاح‬ ‫على‬ ‫يسهر‬ ‫القيادة‬ .‫مراحله‬ ‫مختلف‬
  • 40.
    ‫ـع‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ش‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ه‬‫ـ‬ ‫أ‬ :‫من‬‫انطالقا‬ ‫البالغة‬ ‫أهميته‬ ‫بالمشروع‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫ويكتسي‬  ‫يضفي‬ ‫كونه‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫على‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫إ‬ ‫قام‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫بين‬ ‫القة‬ ‫التطبيقية‬ ‫والمعارف‬ ‫النظرية‬ ‫المعارف‬ ‫ذهن‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتعلم‬ .  ‫على‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫تعويد‬ ‫المنهجي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫حيث‬ ،‫فعل‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫فيحدد‬ ‫ومراحله‬ ‫المشروع‬ ‫لمسارات‬ ‫الخطط‬ ‫يرسم‬ ‫والزمن‬ ‫والموارد‬ ‫والوسائل‬ ‫والمتدخلين‬ ‫األولويات‬ .‫الزبائن‬ ‫مع‬ ‫والتعاقدات‬  ‫التواصلية‬ ‫الكفاية‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫حسن‬ ‫في‬ ‫والمتمثلة‬ ‫للمتعلم‬ ‫واإلقناع‬ ‫الحجاج‬ ‫ألسلوب‬ ‫واستخدامه‬ ‫للشركاء‬ ‫إنصاته‬ ‫كأسلوب‬ ‫والتعاقد‬ ‫والتشاور‬ ‫والتفاهم‬ ‫الحوار‬ ‫واعتماده‬ .‫المشروع‬ ‫إلدارة‬  ‫يهتم‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫جعل‬ ‫األدوار‬ ‫وتوزيع‬ ‫المهمات‬ ‫بتحديد‬ ‫في‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ‫جماعي‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫كل‬ ‫المسؤوليات‬ ‫تدقيق‬ ..  ‫إلى‬ ‫بالمتعلم‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫موارده‬ ‫إدماج‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫واستنفار‬ .‫معارفه‬ 
  • 41.
    ‫ـة‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ق‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أنها‬‫على‬ ‫الفارقية‬ ‫البيداغوجيا‬ ‫البيداغوجي‬ ‫الدليل‬ ‫يعرف‬ " ‫التعلمات‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫مرنا‬ ‫إطارا‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫أي‬ ،‫المسارات‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ ‫المتعلمات‬ ‫يتمكن‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الكفاية‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫بما‬ ‫ومتنوعة‬ ‫واضحة‬ ‫ضمنه‬ ‫بامتالك‬ ‫المرتبطة‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫مساراتهم‬ ‫وفق‬ ‫التعلم‬ ‫من‬ ‫والمتعلمون‬ ‫جعل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تهدف‬ ‫وعمليات‬ ‫إجراءات‬ ‫ووفق‬ ،‫والمهارات‬ ‫المعارف‬ ‫والمتعلمين‬ ‫المتعلمات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الفردية‬ ‫الفروق‬ ‫مع‬ ‫متكيفا‬ ‫التعليم‬ ."
  • 42.
    • ‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ق‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ “‫ـ‬ : ‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ئ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ق‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ط‬‫ـ‬ ‫أل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق‬‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬‫ـ‬ ‫ط‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ص‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ى‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ص‬‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ى‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ن‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ك‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫س‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ـق‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ق‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬ ”‫ـ‬ ‫ة‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ف‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ه‬‫ـ‬ ‫أ‬ • Luis Legrand
  • 43.
    ‫الخطأ‬ ‫بيداغوجيا‬ : ‫التعليم‬ ‫لعملية‬‫ومنهج‬ ‫تصور‬ ‫استرا‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫إعتبار‬ ‫على‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫والتعلم‬ ‫للتعليم‬ ‫تيجية‬ ‫والتعلم‬ : • ‫الوضعيات‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫للتعليم‬ ‫استراتيجية‬ ‫فهو‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫المسار‬ ‫ضوء‬ ‫في‬ ‫وتنظم‬ ‫تعد‬ ‫الديداكتيكية‬ ‫من‬ ‫بنائها‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫إلكتساب‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫يقطعه‬ ‫من‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتخلل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫وما‬ ‫ـ‬ ،‫بحثه‬ ‫خالل‬ .‫أخطاء‬ • ‫و‬ ‫الخطأ‬ ‫سعى‬ ‫يترجم‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫للتعلم‬ ‫استراتيجية‬ .‫المعرفة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫للوصول‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫ـأ‬ ‫ط‬‫ـ‬ ‫خ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬
  • 44.
    ‫الخطأ‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫و‬ ‫مصادره‬ ‫األخطاء‬ ‫مصادر‬‫أصنافها‬ ‫بالمدرس‬ ‫متصلة‬ - ‫للتعليم‬ ‫سريع‬ ‫نسق‬ - ‫اختيار‬ ‫لألنشطة‬ ‫مناسب‬ ‫غير‬ ‫والوسائل‬ ‫الطرائق‬ ‫تنويع‬ ‫عدم‬ - ‫التواص‬ ‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬ ‫عدم‬ - ‫ل‬ ‫للمتعلم‬ ‫سلبي‬ ‫تصور‬ - ‫بالمتعلم‬ ‫المتصلة‬ ‫االنتباه‬ ‫قلة‬ - ‫الدافعية‬ ‫ضعف‬ - ‫التواصل‬ ‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬ ‫عدم‬ - ‫الذهنية‬ ‫المدارك‬ ‫في‬ ‫ضعف‬ - ‫مرض‬ - ‫اجتماعية‬ ‫حالة‬ - ‫نفسية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫متوترة‬ ‫بالمعرفة‬ ‫المتصلة‬ ‫للمتعلم‬ ‫الذهني‬ ‫المستوى‬ ‫تجاوز‬ - ‫المتعلم‬ ‫ميوالت‬ ‫مع‬ ‫التالؤم‬ ‫عدم‬ - ‫المعارف‬ ‫صعوبة‬ -
  • 45.
    ‫ـب‬ ‫ع‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ " ‫اللعب‬ ‫نشاط‬ ‫دون‬ ‫الطفل‬‫يمارسه‬ ‫به‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫الوسط؛‬ ‫أو‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫من‬ ‫ضغوط‬ ‫بمحض‬ ‫وبمتعة‬ ‫وإرادته‬ ‫حريته‬ . ‫ويرتبط‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫بثقافة‬ ( ) ‫وبالخيال‬ ‫الوسط‬ ‫والبيئة‬ ‫واللغة‬ ‫والرموز‬ ‫يكتسي‬ ‫ولذلك‬ ‫؛‬ ‫في‬ ‫بالغة‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫شخصية‬ ‫بناء‬ ، ‫يستحضر‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫وقواعد‬ ‫قوانين‬ ."‫العامة‬ ‫حجرة‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫اللعب‬ ‫نرى‬ ‫أال‬ ،‫ترى‬ ‫يا‬ ‫لكن‬ ‫المقدسة‬ ‫الدرس‬ ‫لجدية‬ ‫منافيا‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫مضيعة‬ ‫نعتبره‬ ‫أال‬ ‫التعلمية؟‬ ‫التعليمية‬ ‫ورثناها‬ ‫نظرة‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫للهيبة؟‬ ‫وذهابا‬ ‫للوقت‬ ‫وينبغي‬ ،‫غوال‬ ‫للخطأ‬ ‫نظرتنا‬ ‫ورثنا‬ ‫مثلما‬ .‫وتأثيراتها‬ ‫تركتها‬ ‫من‬ ‫نتخلص‬ ‫أن‬ ‫علينا‬ ‫من‬ ‫ومدرسة‬ ‫قوية‬ ‫نفسية‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫فاللعب‬ ‫وينمي‬ ‫أقرانه‬ ‫من‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫يتعلم‬ ‫خاللها‬ .‫المواقف‬ ‫مع‬ ‫للتعامل‬ ‫استراتيجياته‬
  • 46.
    ‫ـت‬ ‫ال‬‫ـ‬ ‫ك‬‫ـ‬ ‫ش‬‫ـ‬ ‫م‬‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ج‬‫ـ‬ ‫و‬‫ـ‬ ‫غ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫د‬‫ـ‬ ‫ي‬‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫استخدام‬‫على‬ ‫البيداغوجيا‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تركز‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫حيث‬ ،‫للتعلمات‬ ‫كمنطلق‬ ‫المشاكل‬ " ‫لرصد‬ ‫المتعلم‬ ‫ومعارف‬ ‫مهارات‬ ‫استثارة‬ ‫المشكل‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الممكنة‬ ‫الترابطات‬ ."‫التعلمات‬ ‫لبناء‬ ‫المطروح‬
  • 47.

Editor's Notes

  • #7 Transparent 3-D steps with labels (Advanced) To reproduce the bottom rectangle shape with text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the More arrow on the Shapes gallery, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 1.5”. In the Shape Width box, enter 3”. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and then do the following in the right pane: Select Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and then select No line in the right pane. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Rotation in the left pane. In the right pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Parallel click Off Axis 2 Top (third row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and then do the following in the right pane: Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 7 pt, and in the Height box, enter 7 pt. Under Depth, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Depth box, enter 40 pt. Under Surface, click the button next to Material, and then under Translucent click Clear (third option from the left). Click the button next to Lighting, and then under Special click Two Point (second option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 70°. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide, drag to draw the text box. Enter text in the text box, select the text, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, select TW Cen MT Condensed from the Font list and then select 36 from the Font Size list. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right on the slide. Drag the text box and position it over the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click the arrow next to Text Fill, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). Select the text box. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, click Text Effects, then point to 3-D Rotation, and then click 3-D Rotation Options. In the Format Text Effects dialog box, click 3-D Rotation in the left pane. In the right pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Parallel click Off Axis 2 Left (second row, fourth option from the left). To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the right pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Diagonal (first row, third option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 135%. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider. Under Gradient stops, on the slider, customize the gradient stops as follows: Click on the left stop, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the More arrow on the Shapes gallery, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 0.33”. In the Shape Width box, enter 10”. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes, click Right Triangle (first row, fourth option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a triangle. Select the triangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 1.33”. In the Shape Width box, enter 10”. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline. Position the rectangle and the triangle so that the bottom edge of the triangle and the top edge of the rectangle are touching. Press and hold SHIFT and select both the rectangle and the triangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then do the following: Under Group Objects, click Group. Point to Align, and then click Align Center. Point to Align, and then click Align Bottom. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow next to Copy, and then click Duplicate. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click the arrow next to Rotate, and then click More Rotation Options. In the Format Shape dialog box, on the Size tab, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box, enter 180°. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align Center. Click Align Top. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). To reproduce the original text and rectangle, do the following: Press and hold SHIFT and select the original text box and rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then under Group Objects click Group. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow next to Copy, and then click Duplicate. Repeat this step until you have a total of five groups of shapes. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select each of the groups and drag on the slide to form a series of steps. Also in the Selection and Visibility pane, press and hold CTRL and select all five groups of rectangles and text boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Distribute Horizontally. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Distribute Vertically. To change the text on the duplicate rectangles, click in each text box and edit the text.
  • #8 Animated series of emerging circles (Intermediate) To reproduce the SmartArt on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Relationship. In the Relationship pane, click Basic Radial (eighth row, second option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide. On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, in the top-level bullet, enter the text for the center circle of the graphic. In the second-level bullets, enter the text for all the other shapes in the SmartArt graphic. With the SmartArt graphic still selected, on the Design tab, in the Themes group, click Colors and select Median. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 5”. In the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Align and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArt Styles group, click the More arrow at the SmartArt Styles gallery, and then under Best Match for Document select Intense Effect (the fifth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors select Black, Text 1 (first row, the second option from the left). On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane, under Surface do the following: In the Material list, under Special Effect, select Soft Edge (second option from the left). In the Lighting list, under Neutral, select Harsh (first row, the fourth option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 30°. Press and hold CTRL, and select all five shapes in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, and in the Shadow pane do the following: In the Presets list, under Outer, select Offset Bottom (first row, the second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 65%. In the Size box, enter 103%. In the Blur box, enter 9 pt. In the Angle box, enter 90°. In the Distance box, enter 3 pt. To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following: On the slide, select the center circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. On the slide, select the top circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Orange, Accent 2 (first row, the sixth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 20 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 15 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 20 pt. Position the top circle slightly over to the right 0.5”. Select the right circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then Theme Colors select Gold, Accent 4 (first row, the eighth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 28 pt. Position the right circle slightly towards the upper right corner of the slide. One the slide, select the bottom circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. In the Color list, under Theme Colors select Green, Accent 5 (first row, the ninth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle away from the center of this circle to make it larger. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 28 pt. Drag the circle slightly toward the right edge of the slide. On the slide, select the left circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. In the Color list, under Theme Colors select Olive Green, Accent 3 (first row, the seventh option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 30 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 30 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 40 pt. and click Bold. Position the top circle slightly towards the bottom of the slide. To reproduce the line effects on this slide, do the following: Press and hold CTRL and select each of the four lines connecting the circles in the SmartArt graphic. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane do the following: Click Gradient line. In the Type list, select Linear. In the Direction list, select Linear Right (first row, fourth option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows: Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane, and in the Line Style pane do the following: In the Width box, enter 3.5 pt. In the Dash type list, select Round Dot (second option from the top). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animation tab, in the Advanced Animations group, click Animation Pane. On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery and click More Entrance Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, select Basic Zoom, and then click OK. In the Animation group, click Effect Options and do the following: Under Direction, click In from Screen Center. Under Sequence, click One by one. In the Custom Animation task pane, expand the contents by clicking the double arrow under the zoom entrance effect, and then do the following: Select the first effect (zoom entrance effect), and in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous. Select the second effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the second effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Bottom. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the fourth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the fourth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Left. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the sixth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the sixth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Left. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the eighth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the eighth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Right. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction, list click From Center (third option from the left) in the drop-down list. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows: Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 35% (third row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).
  • #14 Animated series of emerging circles (Intermediate) To reproduce the SmartArt on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Relationship. In the Relationship pane, click Basic Radial (eighth row, second option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide. On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, in the top-level bullet, enter the text for the center circle of the graphic. In the second-level bullets, enter the text for all the other shapes in the SmartArt graphic. With the SmartArt graphic still selected, on the Design tab, in the Themes group, click Colors and select Median. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 5”. In the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Align and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArt Styles group, click the More arrow at the SmartArt Styles gallery, and then under Best Match for Document select Intense Effect (the fifth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors select Black, Text 1 (first row, the second option from the left). On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane, under Surface do the following: In the Material list, under Special Effect, select Soft Edge (second option from the left). In the Lighting list, under Neutral, select Harsh (first row, the fourth option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 30°. Press and hold CTRL, and select all five shapes in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, and in the Shadow pane do the following: In the Presets list, under Outer, select Offset Bottom (first row, the second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 65%. In the Size box, enter 103%. In the Blur box, enter 9 pt. In the Angle box, enter 90°. In the Distance box, enter 3 pt. To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following: On the slide, select the center circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. On the slide, select the top circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Orange, Accent 2 (first row, the sixth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 20 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 15 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 20 pt. Position the top circle slightly over to the right 0.5”. Select the right circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then Theme Colors select Gold, Accent 4 (first row, the eighth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 28 pt. Position the right circle slightly towards the upper right corner of the slide. One the slide, select the bottom circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. In the Color list, under Theme Colors select Green, Accent 5 (first row, the ninth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle away from the center of this circle to make it larger. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 28 pt. Drag the circle slightly toward the right edge of the slide. On the slide, select the left circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. In the Color list, under Theme Colors select Olive Green, Accent 3 (first row, the seventh option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 30 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 30 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 40 pt. and click Bold. Position the top circle slightly towards the bottom of the slide. To reproduce the line effects on this slide, do the following: Press and hold CTRL and select each of the four lines connecting the circles in the SmartArt graphic. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane do the following: Click Gradient line. In the Type list, select Linear. In the Direction list, select Linear Right (first row, fourth option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows: Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane, and in the Line Style pane do the following: In the Width box, enter 3.5 pt. In the Dash type list, select Round Dot (second option from the top). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animation tab, in the Advanced Animations group, click Animation Pane. On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery and click More Entrance Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, select Basic Zoom, and then click OK. In the Animation group, click Effect Options and do the following: Under Direction, click In from Screen Center. Under Sequence, click One by one. In the Custom Animation task pane, expand the contents by clicking the double arrow under the zoom entrance effect, and then do the following: Select the first effect (zoom entrance effect), and in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous. Select the second effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the second effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Bottom. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the fourth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the fourth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Left. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the sixth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the sixth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Left. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the eighth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the eighth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Right. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction, list click From Center (third option from the left) in the drop-down list. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows: Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 35% (third row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).
  • #15 Animated series of emerging circles (Intermediate) To reproduce the SmartArt on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Relationship. In the Relationship pane, click Basic Radial (eighth row, second option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide. On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, in the top-level bullet, enter the text for the center circle of the graphic. In the second-level bullets, enter the text for all the other shapes in the SmartArt graphic. With the SmartArt graphic still selected, on the Design tab, in the Themes group, click Colors and select Median. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 5”. In the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Align and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArt Styles group, click the More arrow at the SmartArt Styles gallery, and then under Best Match for Document select Intense Effect (the fifth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors select Black, Text 1 (first row, the second option from the left). On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane, under Surface do the following: In the Material list, under Special Effect, select Soft Edge (second option from the left). In the Lighting list, under Neutral, select Harsh (first row, the fourth option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 30°. Press and hold CTRL, and select all five shapes in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, and in the Shadow pane do the following: In the Presets list, under Outer, select Offset Bottom (first row, the second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 65%. In the Size box, enter 103%. In the Blur box, enter 9 pt. In the Angle box, enter 90°. In the Distance box, enter 3 pt. To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following: On the slide, select the center circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. On the slide, select the top circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Orange, Accent 2 (first row, the sixth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 20 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 15 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 20 pt. Position the top circle slightly over to the right 0.5”. Select the right circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then Theme Colors select Gold, Accent 4 (first row, the eighth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 28 pt. Position the right circle slightly towards the upper right corner of the slide. One the slide, select the bottom circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. In the Color list, under Theme Colors select Green, Accent 5 (first row, the ninth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle away from the center of this circle to make it larger. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 28 pt. Drag the circle slightly toward the right edge of the slide. On the slide, select the left circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. In the Color list, under Theme Colors select Olive Green, Accent 3 (first row, the seventh option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 30 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 30 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 40 pt. and click Bold. Position the top circle slightly towards the bottom of the slide. To reproduce the line effects on this slide, do the following: Press and hold CTRL and select each of the four lines connecting the circles in the SmartArt graphic. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane do the following: Click Gradient line. In the Type list, select Linear. In the Direction list, select Linear Right (first row, fourth option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows: Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane, and in the Line Style pane do the following: In the Width box, enter 3.5 pt. In the Dash type list, select Round Dot (second option from the top). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animation tab, in the Advanced Animations group, click Animation Pane. On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery and click More Entrance Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, select Basic Zoom, and then click OK. In the Animation group, click Effect Options and do the following: Under Direction, click In from Screen Center. Under Sequence, click One by one. In the Custom Animation task pane, expand the contents by clicking the double arrow under the zoom entrance effect, and then do the following: Select the first effect (zoom entrance effect), and in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous. Select the second effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the second effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Bottom. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the fourth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the fourth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Left. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the sixth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the sixth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Left. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the eighth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the eighth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Right. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction, list click From Center (third option from the left) in the drop-down list. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows: Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 35% (third row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).
  • #16 Animated series of emerging circles (Intermediate) To reproduce the SmartArt on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Relationship. In the Relationship pane, click Basic Radial (eighth row, second option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide. On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, in the top-level bullet, enter the text for the center circle of the graphic. In the second-level bullets, enter the text for all the other shapes in the SmartArt graphic. With the SmartArt graphic still selected, on the Design tab, in the Themes group, click Colors and select Median. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 5”. In the Shape Width box, enter 7.5”. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Align and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArt Styles group, click the More arrow at the SmartArt Styles gallery, and then under Best Match for Document select Intense Effect (the fifth option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the button next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors select Black, Text 1 (first row, the second option from the left). On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane, under Surface do the following: In the Material list, under Special Effect, select Soft Edge (second option from the left). In the Lighting list, under Neutral, select Harsh (first row, the fourth option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 30°. Press and hold CTRL, and select all five shapes in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, and in the Shadow pane do the following: In the Presets list, under Outer, select Offset Bottom (first row, the second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 65%. In the Size box, enter 103%. In the Blur box, enter 9 pt. In the Angle box, enter 90°. In the Distance box, enter 3 pt. To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following: On the slide, select the center circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. On the slide, select the top circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Orange, Accent 2 (first row, the sixth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 20 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 15 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 20 pt. Position the top circle slightly over to the right 0.5”. Select the right circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then Theme Colors select Gold, Accent 4 (first row, the eighth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 28 pt. Position the right circle slightly towards the upper right corner of the slide. One the slide, select the bottom circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. In the Color list, under Theme Colors select Green, Accent 5 (first row, the ninth option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 24 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 12 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle away from the center of this circle to make it larger. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 28 pt. Drag the circle slightly toward the right edge of the slide. On the slide, select the left circle in the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane do the following: Click Solid fill. In the Color list, under Theme Colors select Olive Green, Accent 3 (first row, the seventh option from the left) Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and in the 3-D Format pane do the following: Under Bevel, in the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, the first option from the left). Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Width box enter 30 pt. Also under Bevel, to the right of the Top list, in the Height box enter 30 pt. Press and hold SHIFT, and drag a corner sizing handle towards the center of this circle to make it smaller. On the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box enter 40 pt. and click Bold. Position the top circle slightly towards the bottom of the slide. To reproduce the line effects on this slide, do the following: Press and hold CTRL and select each of the four lines connecting the circles in the SmartArt graphic. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane do the following: Click Gradient line. In the Type list, select Linear. In the Direction list, select Linear Right (first row, fourth option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows: Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Style in the left pane, and in the Line Style pane do the following: In the Width box, enter 3.5 pt. In the Dash type list, select Round Dot (second option from the top). To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animation tab, in the Advanced Animations group, click Animation Pane. On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then on the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery and click More Entrance Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, select Basic Zoom, and then click OK. In the Animation group, click Effect Options and do the following: Under Direction, click In from Screen Center. Under Sequence, click One by one. In the Custom Animation task pane, expand the contents by clicking the double arrow under the zoom entrance effect, and then do the following: Select the first effect (zoom entrance effect), and in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous. Select the second effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the second effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Bottom. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the fourth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the fourth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Left. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the sixth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the sixth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Left. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. Select the eighth effect (zoom entrance effect). On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery, and under Entrance, click Wipe, and click OK. With the eighth effect (now wipe effect) still selected, do the following: In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then under Direction, select From Right. In the Timing group, in the Delay list, enter 00.50. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, enter 00.50. To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction, list click From Center (third option from the left) in the drop-down list. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows: Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 35% (third row, second option from the left). Select Stop 2 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).
  • #33 Transparent 3-D steps with labels (Advanced) To reproduce the bottom rectangle shape with text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the More arrow on the Shapes gallery, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 1.5”. In the Shape Width box, enter 3”. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and then do the following in the right pane: Select Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and then select No line in the right pane. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Rotation in the left pane. In the right pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Parallel click Off Axis 2 Top (third row, second option from the left). Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, and then do the following in the right pane: Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 7 pt, and in the Height box, enter 7 pt. Under Depth, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Depth box, enter 40 pt. Under Surface, click the button next to Material, and then under Translucent click Clear (third option from the left). Click the button next to Lighting, and then under Special click Two Point (second option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 70°. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide, drag to draw the text box. Enter text in the text box, select the text, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, select TW Cen MT Condensed from the Font list and then select 36 from the Font Size list. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Align Text Right to align the text right on the slide. Drag the text box and position it over the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click the arrow next to Text Fill, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). Select the text box. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, click Text Effects, then point to 3-D Rotation, and then click 3-D Rotation Options. In the Format Text Effects dialog box, click 3-D Rotation in the left pane. In the right pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Parallel click Off Axis 2 Left (second row, fourth option from the left). To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the right pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Diagonal (first row, third option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 135%. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider. Under Gradient stops, on the slider, customize the gradient stops as follows: Click on the left stop, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the More arrow on the Shapes gallery, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 0.33”. In the Shape Width box, enter 10”. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes, click Right Triangle (first row, fourth option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a triangle. Select the triangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 1.33”. In the Shape Width box, enter 10”. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then click No Outline. Position the rectangle and the triangle so that the bottom edge of the triangle and the top edge of the rectangle are touching. Press and hold SHIFT and select both the rectangle and the triangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then do the following: Under Group Objects, click Group. Point to Align, and then click Align Center. Point to Align, and then click Align Bottom. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow next to Copy, and then click Duplicate. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click the arrow next to Rotate, and then click More Rotation Options. In the Format Shape dialog box, on the Size tab, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box, enter 180°. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align Center. Click Align Top. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). To reproduce the original text and rectangle, do the following: Press and hold SHIFT and select the original text box and rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then under Group Objects click Group. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow next to Copy, and then click Duplicate. Repeat this step until you have a total of five groups of shapes. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select each of the groups and drag on the slide to form a series of steps. Also in the Selection and Visibility pane, press and hold CTRL and select all five groups of rectangles and text boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Distribute Horizontally. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Distribute Vertically. To change the text on the duplicate rectangles, click in each text box and edit the text.