This document defines and discusses key concepts related to culture. It defines culture as the values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that form a society's way of life. It also defines and explains concepts like material culture, nonmaterial culture, culture shock, nation, state, society, and components that make up culture, such as symbols, language, values, beliefs, and norms. The document also discusses cultural diversity, change, and different theoretical approaches to analyzing culture.
Chapter 3CultureThis chapter will help youUnderstand EstelaJeffery653
Chapter 3
Culture
This chapter will help you:
Understand culture and its different features
Describe how cultures develop
Distinguish between subcultures and countercultures
Understand the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
Outline the properties of Canadian culture
What is Culture?
Culture:
A shared set of influences such as:
Values
Beliefs
Rules
Behaviours
Objects
Language
What is Culture?, cont’d
Culture is passed on from generation to generation
Culture is learned
Culture is socially transmitted and reinforced
People use the features of culture help them make sense of the world
Features of Culture
Material Culture
The physical objects that members of a culture create and use
Non-Material Culture
Aspects of culture that are not physical objects
Ideas, values, beliefs, etc.
Also referred to as symbolic culture because we use symbols to interact and communicate
Features of Culture, cont’d
Norms
Written and unwritten rules that guide behaviour
Sanctions
Positive sanctions are rewards for good behaviour
Negative sanctions are punishments for unacceptable behaviour
Features of Culture, cont’d
Language
A system of symbols used for communication
Language is shaped by location and culture
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language provides a way of thinking about the world
This way of thinking reflects cultural values
It influences the way we see the world
Languages shape and reflect the reality of cultures
Features of Culture, cont’d
Non-verbal Communication
The use of gestures to communicate
We learn the meaning of gestures over time, like other forms of language
Gestures do not have the same meaning in all cultures
Pierre Bourdieu - Cultural Capital
We learn “taste” in our families
Some types of cultural “taste” have more status than others
Used by a social group to maintain superiority of other groups
For example, why is graffiti valued less that art in an art gallery?
Cultural Universals
These are practices that are found in every known human culture
Some examples are:
Language
Sports
Religious ceremonies
Ritual gift-giving
Laws
Music
Cultural Universals, cont’d
The practices (like playing sports) are universal
But the content (what sports are played) vary from culture to culture
Innovation
Humans are creative
New technologies and products are constantly being produced
Innovations can have significant cultural impacts
The way we use cell phones (texting, emojis, etc.) has created a cultural shift in communication
Diffusion and Globalization
Diffusion
When cultural items or practices are transmitted from one group to another
Pokemon and Pokemon Go illustrate how globalization influences diffusion
These Canadians are playing Pokemon Go (a Japanese creation) in Winnipeg
Cultural Diversity - Subcultures
A subculture is a cultural group that:
Shares elements of the dominant culture
Also has its own distinctive values, norms, and behaviours
Cultural Diversity - Countercultures
A coun ...
Chapter 3CultureThis chapter will help youUnderstand EstelaJeffery653
Chapter 3
Culture
This chapter will help you:
Understand culture and its different features
Describe how cultures develop
Distinguish between subcultures and countercultures
Understand the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
Outline the properties of Canadian culture
What is Culture?
Culture:
A shared set of influences such as:
Values
Beliefs
Rules
Behaviours
Objects
Language
What is Culture?, cont’d
Culture is passed on from generation to generation
Culture is learned
Culture is socially transmitted and reinforced
People use the features of culture help them make sense of the world
Features of Culture
Material Culture
The physical objects that members of a culture create and use
Non-Material Culture
Aspects of culture that are not physical objects
Ideas, values, beliefs, etc.
Also referred to as symbolic culture because we use symbols to interact and communicate
Features of Culture, cont’d
Norms
Written and unwritten rules that guide behaviour
Sanctions
Positive sanctions are rewards for good behaviour
Negative sanctions are punishments for unacceptable behaviour
Features of Culture, cont’d
Language
A system of symbols used for communication
Language is shaped by location and culture
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language provides a way of thinking about the world
This way of thinking reflects cultural values
It influences the way we see the world
Languages shape and reflect the reality of cultures
Features of Culture, cont’d
Non-verbal Communication
The use of gestures to communicate
We learn the meaning of gestures over time, like other forms of language
Gestures do not have the same meaning in all cultures
Pierre Bourdieu - Cultural Capital
We learn “taste” in our families
Some types of cultural “taste” have more status than others
Used by a social group to maintain superiority of other groups
For example, why is graffiti valued less that art in an art gallery?
Cultural Universals
These are practices that are found in every known human culture
Some examples are:
Language
Sports
Religious ceremonies
Ritual gift-giving
Laws
Music
Cultural Universals, cont’d
The practices (like playing sports) are universal
But the content (what sports are played) vary from culture to culture
Innovation
Humans are creative
New technologies and products are constantly being produced
Innovations can have significant cultural impacts
The way we use cell phones (texting, emojis, etc.) has created a cultural shift in communication
Diffusion and Globalization
Diffusion
When cultural items or practices are transmitted from one group to another
Pokemon and Pokemon Go illustrate how globalization influences diffusion
These Canadians are playing Pokemon Go (a Japanese creation) in Winnipeg
Cultural Diversity - Subcultures
A subculture is a cultural group that:
Shares elements of the dominant culture
Also has its own distinctive values, norms, and behaviours
Cultural Diversity - Countercultures
A coun ...
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.