This document provides an overview of culture and discusses several key topics: 1. It defines culture and discusses its characteristics, types (material and non-material), and elements. 2. It explores the evolution of culture from an archaeological perspective and how cultural traits are invented and spread. 3. It examines perspectives on the evolution of man from both religious and modern scientific viewpoints. 4. It analyzes how human growth and development have influenced cultural evolution over time through factors like agriculture, settlement, social interaction, and power structures. 5. It considers approaches to studying the relationship between culture and personality, including evoked culture, transmitted culture, and cultural universals.

2. Culture
Social Sciences Presentation

3. Definition of Culture and its
Characteristics
Evolution of Culture
Evaluation of Man: Religious and Modern
Perspectives
Evolution of Growth and Culture
Culture and Personality

4. Culture
• Culture is that complex whole
which includes knowledge,
beliefs, art, morals, law, custom,
and any other capabilities and
habits acquired by man as a
member of society.

5. Another Definition:
• Culture is a social heredity
which is transmitted from one
generation to another with the
accumulation of individual
experiences.

6. Types of Culture

7. Material Culture:
• From material culture we
understand material and physical
objects. For instance, house,
road, vehicles, pen, table, radio
set, book etc. these are the
products of human efforts to
control his environment and
make his life conformable and
safe.

8. Non-material Culture:
• In non-material culture we include non
material objects. For example religion, art,
ideas, customs, values system, attitudes,
knowledge etc. it does not have physical
shape. It is very important in determining
human behaviour and has strong hold on an
individual. Both parts are inter-related with
each other.

9. Real Culture:
• Real culture is that which can be observed in our
social life. The culture on which we act upon in
our daily life is real culture. It is that parts of
culture, which the people adopt in their social life,
for example. If a person/ says that he/she is
Muslim, will be, when followed all the principles
of Islam is the real and when doesn't follow, is not
a real one.

10. Ideal Culture:
• The culture which is presented as
a pattern to the people is called
ideal culture. It is the goal of
society and never achieved fully
because some parts remain out of
practice. This culture is explained
in books, speeches etc.

11. • Culture is Learnt
• Culture is social
• Culture is shared
• Culture is transmitted
• Culture is changing
• Culture is accumulative

12. Elements of Culture
Language Norms Beliefs Symbols Values
Cognitive
Elements

13. Evolution of Culture
For a century and more Archaeologists have dug up the tools, weapons,
pottery, idols, coins and other material things of people who have long
since died out.
• It is the clues to their social life.
• The Archaeologists do not reveal the origin of culture, they only
indicate its olden days.
• If they reveal something about the evolution of culture, it is only
about its material aspects.

14. • To trace the origin of a specific cultural trait is difficult.
• All cultural traits material as well as non-material have
been invented at some time and in some place by some
person.
• No single invention contributes very much to the
development of a culture, it is only an addition to what
already exists.
• Culture is only partly new.
• Ex: The music composer of a new song take bits from
number of pervious compositions.

15. Characterizes an evaluative
culture
An evaluative culture denotes an organizational
culture than deliberately seeks out information on
its performance in order to use that information to
learn how to better manage and deliver its programs
and services, and thereby improve its performance.
Such an organization values empirical evidence on
the results outputs and outcomes it is seeking to
achieve.

16. Characterizes an evaluative culture
Claim it is evidence-
seeking, but discourages
challenge and questioning
the status
Talk about the importance
of achieving results, but
value following the rules
and frown on risk taking.
Gather information on
results but limit its use
mainly to external
reporting.
Acknowledge the need to
learn, but not provide the
time or structured occasions
to do so.

17. Evolution of Man: Religious and Modern
Perspective
Religious vs. scientific Issues
History of modern creation-
evolution clash
A few example of evidence for
shared human ancestry

18. 1. Scientific vs Religious Issues
Science--Explaining natural phenomena by:
1. Formulation of hypotheses.
2. Collection of data.
3. Testing of hypotheses against observations or experimental results.
4. Submitting conclusions to broader community for review and further
testing.
Religion — Ending meaning and purpose, or explaining phenomena, by
revelation from a personal or supernatural source

22. ISLAM

28. Three views of religion for people who
understand science
• Contradiction: Science conflicts with religion and suggests that it is
false
• Compartments: Science deals with truth, and religion with meaning;
so they can coexist
• Complements: Science and religion both deals with truth an meaning,
but in different ways

29. 2. History of modern creation-evolution clash

31. 3. A few example of evidence for shared
human ancestry

34. Since the dawn of mankind, humans are
being evolved in different stages.
Their growth and modern evolution
effect their cultural system.
Different culture has been adopted in
many stages of human evolution
depending upon the needs and set
standards.

35. Evolution of Growth and Culture
1. Development in Agriculture:
• Different world area have witnessed
the adoption of domesticated plants
and animal husbandry.

36. Evolution of Growth and Culture
2. Increasing Settlement
aggregation and rise of cities:
• As 15, 000 years ago virtually all
of humanity lived in relatively
small, mobile bands of hunters and
gatherers. Over the millennia,
people have come to settle in
ever— larger villages, towns, cities
up to the megalopolises of the
modern era.

37. Evolution of Growth and Culture
3.The transition from face-to-face social interaction
to more complex indirect forms of social
interaction:
• As population has grown and societies have
gotten ever larger, the number of social
relations that are defined on the basis of face
to-face interaction has decreased and more
indirect kinds of interaction has increased.

38. Evolution of Growth and Culture
4. Alliance formation and increasing social
integration:
• As culture has evolved, there has been a trajectory
toward forming more formal social alliances
between different political, residential and kinship
units. The nature of social integration holding the
diverse parts together has also become more
complex over time in many cultures.

39. Evolution of Growth and Culture
5. The evolution of social Power
Relations:
• The trend here has been toward
both increasing centralization of
power held by some segments of a
society and the differentiation of
power holders dependent on
economic, ideological, physical
and political bases of power.

40. Culture and Personality
Several reasons personality psychologists believe it is useful to explore personality
across cultures:
• Discover whether concepts of personality that are prevalent in one culture are also
applicable in other cultures.
• Discover whether cultures differ in the levels of particular personality traits.
• Discover whether the factor structure of personality traits varies across cultures.
• Discover whether certain features of personality are universal.

41. Three Major Approaches to Culture
Evoked Culture Transmitted Culture Cultural Universals

42. Evoked Culture
• Evoked culture refers to a way of
considering culture that concentrates
on phenomena that are triggered in
different ways by different
environmental conditions.
Two ingredients are needed to explain
evoked culture:
• A universal underlying mechanism
• Environmental differences in
activation of underlying mechanisms

43. Honor, Insults, and
Evoked Aggression
In cultures of honour, insults
are viewed as highly offensive
public challenges that must be
met with direct confrontation
and physical aggression
One theory attributes the
development of culture of
honour to the history of
herding economy, where
resources are subject to mass
stealing

44. Transmitted Culture
• Transmitted culture:
Representations (ideas, values,
beliefs, attitudes) that exist
originally in at least one person’s
mind that are transmitted to other
minds through observation or
interaction with the original person.

45. Cultural Universals
• This approach to culture and
personality attempt to identify
features of personality that appear
to be universal, or present in most
or all cultures.

46. Beliefs About the Personality Characteristics of Men
and Women
Worldwide, people tend to
regard men as having
personalities that are more
active, loud, adventurous,
obnoxious, aggressive,
opinionated, arrogant, course,
and conceited.
Women in contrast, are
regarded as having
personalities that are more
affectionate, modest,
nervous, appreciative,
patient, changeable,
charming, and fearful.

47. Personality Evaluation
Dimensions used for personality
evaluation show some cultural
universality.
Strong evidence suggests two key
dimensions (dominance and
warmth) are used for describing
and evaluating personality traits of
others.