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1) The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material in the form of DNA and controls cellular functions and division. 2) The nucleus has a well-defined nuclear membrane and contains chromatin made up of DNA, RNA, and proteins organized into structures called chromosomes. 3) The nucleus plays crucial roles in regulating gene expression, controlling cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes, and regulating cellular activities and functions.
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Nuclear envelope
The nuclear envelope encloses the DNA and defines the nuclear compartment. It is composed of an inner and outer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores that regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nuclear pores have a diameter between 10-100nm and their number, or pore density, correlates with a cell's transcriptional activity. Transport through the pores is regulated by signal proteins that open the pores to precisely the right extent to allow passage of molecules and particles between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments.
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The document discusses the history and principles of cell theory. It describes how early microscopists like Hooke, Levenguk, and Purkinje made early observations of cells. In 1839, Schwann and Schleiden formulated the first principles of cell theory: (1) all living things are made of cells and (2) animal and plant cells have similar structure and composition. Later, Virchow added that cells only arise from preexisting cells. The modern cell theory includes four principles: (1) cells are the basic unit of life, (2) cells have similar composition and function, (3) new cells arise from existing cells, and (4) cell specialization leads to tissue and organ formation
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The nucleus is the largest organelle in eukaryotic cells, taking up about 10% of the cell volume. It houses most of the cell's DNA and controls its metabolic and hereditary activities. The nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane with nuclear pores that regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Inside the nucleus are nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromatin containing the cell's chromosomes. The nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, and nuclear pores play important roles in controlling nuclear structure and transport.
DNA and its DISCOVERY.pdf
DNA
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Who Discovered DNA?
Credit for who first identified DNA is often mistakenly given to James Watson and Francis Crick, who just furthered Miescher’s discovery with their own groundbreaking research nearly 100 years later. Watson and Crick contributed largely to our understanding of DNA in terms of genetic inheritance, but much like Miescher, long before their work, others also made great advancements in and contributions to the field.
In 1866, before many significant discoveries and findings, Gregor Mendel was the first to suggest that characteristics are passed down from generation to generation. Mendel coined the terms as recessive and dominant.
In 1869, Friedrich Miescher identified the “nuclein” by isolating a molecule from a cell nucleus that would later become known as DNA.
In 1881, Nobel Prize winner and German biochemist Albrecht Kossel, who is credited with naming DNA, identified nuclein as a nucleic acid. He also isolated those five nitrogen bases that are now considered to be the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U) in case of RNA).
In 1882, Walther Fleming devoted research and time to cytology, which is the study of chromosomes. He discovered mitosis in 1882 when he was the first biologist to execute a wholly systematic study of the division of chromosomes. His observations that chromosomes double is significant to the later discovered theory of inheritance.
In Early 1900s, Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton were independently working on what’s now known as the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory, or the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Their findings are fundamental in our understanding of how chromosomes carry genetic material and pass it down from one generation to the next.
In 1902, Mendel’s theories were finally associated with a human disease by Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, who published the first findings from a study on recessive inheritance in human beings in 1902. Garrod opened the door for our understanding of genetic disorders resulting from errors in chemical pathways in the body.
In 1944, Oswald Avery first outlined DNA as the transforming principle, which essentially means that DNA transform cell properties.
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The document discusses the morphology and structure of the nucleus. It begins with a brief history of the discovery of the nucleus. It then describes the key components of the nucleus including the nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, chromatin, and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. The main functions of the nucleus are discussed as being the repository of genetic information and production of ribosomes. The structure of the nucleus and its components like the nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, and chromatin are then described in more detail. Nuclear shape, size, and how the nuclear envelope is assembled are also summarized.
Plant cell
Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 using an early microscope. He observed the structures of cork cells. The development of electron microscopes in the 1930s allowed scientists to view cells and organelles at much higher magnifications. Key discoveries included the nucleus by Brown in 1831, living cells by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, and the proposal of the cell theory by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow from 1838-1858 stating that cells are the fundamental unit of life. Plant cells have additional structures like a cell wall and chloroplasts. The main components of plant cells are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell.
Nucleus
The nucleus is a large membrane-bound organelle found at the center of eukaryotic cells that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It directs the cell's activities and is involved in cellular reproduction. Key features include being visible under a light microscope due to its acidic nature, containing DNA, RNA, and the nucleolus which produces ribosomes. The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus and contains pores that regulate material passing in and out.
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The document discusses cellular organelles, focusing on the nucleus and mitochondria. It provides detailed information on the structure and functions of the nucleus, including that it is bounded by a double membrane and contains genetic material. It also describes the inner structures of the nucleus like the nucleolus and nuclear pores. Additionally, it discusses how the nucleus changes during cell division. For mitochondria, it notes that they are the powerhouses of the cell, generating energy through cellular respiration and having an inner membrane with folds called cristae to enhance this process.
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The nuclear envelope encloses the DNA and defines the nuclear compartment. It is composed of an inner and outer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores that regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nuclear pores have a diameter between 10-100nm and their number, or pore density, correlates with a cell's transcriptional activity. Transport through the pores is regulated by signal proteins that open the pores to precisely the right extent to allow passage of molecules and particles between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments.
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The document discusses the history and principles of cell theory. It describes how early microscopists like Hooke, Levenguk, and Purkinje made early observations of cells. In 1839, Schwann and Schleiden formulated the first principles of cell theory: (1) all living things are made of cells and (2) animal and plant cells have similar structure and composition. Later, Virchow added that cells only arise from preexisting cells. The modern cell theory includes four principles: (1) cells are the basic unit of life, (2) cells have similar composition and function, (3) new cells arise from existing cells, and (4) cell specialization leads to tissue and organ formation
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The nucleus is the largest organelle in eukaryotic cells, taking up about 10% of the cell volume. It houses most of the cell's DNA and controls its metabolic and hereditary activities. The nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane with nuclear pores that regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Inside the nucleus are nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromatin containing the cell's chromosomes. The nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, and nuclear pores play important roles in controlling nuclear structure and transport.
DNA and its DISCOVERY.pdf
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its Discovery
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Credit for who first identified DNA is often mistakenly given to James Watson and Francis Crick, who just furthered Miescher’s discovery with their own groundbreaking research nearly 100 years later. Watson and Crick contributed largely to our understanding of DNA in terms of genetic inheritance, but much like Miescher, long before their work, others also made great advancements in and contributions to the field.
In 1866, before many significant discoveries and findings, Gregor Mendel was the first to suggest that characteristics are passed down from generation to generation. Mendel coined the terms as recessive and dominant.
In 1869, Friedrich Miescher identified the “nuclein” by isolating a molecule from a cell nucleus that would later become known as DNA.
In 1881, Nobel Prize winner and German biochemist Albrecht Kossel, who is credited with naming DNA, identified nuclein as a nucleic acid. He also isolated those five nitrogen bases that are now considered to be the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U) in case of RNA).
In 1882, Walther Fleming devoted research and time to cytology, which is the study of chromosomes. He discovered mitosis in 1882 when he was the first biologist to execute a wholly systematic study of the division of chromosomes. His observations that chromosomes double is significant to the later discovered theory of inheritance.
In Early 1900s, Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton were independently working on what’s now known as the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory, or the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Their findings are fundamental in our understanding of how chromosomes carry genetic material and pass it down from one generation to the next.
In 1902, Mendel’s theories were finally associated with a human disease by Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, who published the first findings from a study on recessive inheritance in human beings in 1902. Garrod opened the door for our understanding of genetic disorders resulting from errors in chemical pathways in the body.
In 1944, Oswald Avery first outlined DNA as the transforming principle, which essentially means that DNA transform cell properties.
Nucleus report
The document discusses the morphology and structure of the nucleus. It begins with a brief history of the discovery of the nucleus. It then describes the key components of the nucleus including the nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, chromatin, and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. The main functions of the nucleus are discussed as being the repository of genetic information and production of ribosomes. The structure of the nucleus and its components like the nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, and chromatin are then described in more detail. Nuclear shape, size, and how the nuclear envelope is assembled are also summarized.
Plant cell
Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 using an early microscope. He observed the structures of cork cells. The development of electron microscopes in the 1930s allowed scientists to view cells and organelles at much higher magnifications. Key discoveries included the nucleus by Brown in 1831, living cells by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, and the proposal of the cell theory by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow from 1838-1858 stating that cells are the fundamental unit of life. Plant cells have additional structures like a cell wall and chloroplasts. The main components of plant cells are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell.
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The nucleus is a large membrane-bound organelle found at the center of eukaryotic cells that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It directs the cell's activities and is involved in cellular reproduction. Key features include being visible under a light microscope due to its acidic nature, containing DNA, RNA, and the nucleolus which produces ribosomes. The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus and contains pores that regulate material passing in and out.
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The document discusses cellular organelles, focusing on the nucleus and mitochondria. It provides detailed information on the structure and functions of the nucleus, including that it is bounded by a double membrane and contains genetic material. It also describes the inner structures of the nucleus like the nucleolus and nuclear pores. Additionally, it discusses how the nucleus changes during cell division. For mitochondria, it notes that they are the powerhouses of the cell, generating energy through cellular respiration and having an inner membrane with folds called cristae to enhance this process.
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3. The nucleus contains DNA and directs cell activities. It is surrounded by a nuclear membrane and contains chromatin, genes, and nucleoli where ribosomes are formed before leaving through nuclear pores.
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The document provides a comprehensive exploration of the cell nucleus over 10 sections. It details the nucleus' intricate structure and components, its vital functions such as DNA replication and gene regulation, and how abnormalities can lead to diseases. Understanding the nucleus is crucial for advancing medical research into conditions like cancer. New technologies will allow deeper study of the nucleus' mysteries to develop personalized therapies for nuclear-related illnesses.
Nucleus
1. The nuclear envelope possesses nuclear pores that allow for transport of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
2. The nuclear pores contain annuli, which are circular structures that the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope fuse through.
3. The nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm and regulates transport while protecting the DNA.
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The probably oldest preserved drawing dates back to the early microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723). He observed a "Lumen", the nucleus, in the red blood cells of salmon.
The nucleus was also described in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown.
Brown was studying orchids under microscope when he observed an opaque area, which he called the areola or nucleus, in the cells of the flower's outer layer. He did not suggest a potential function.
The cell nucleus is a membrane bound structure that:-
Contains the cell's hereditary information
Controls the cell's growth and reproduction
Direct the other components of cell through protein regulation
Make Proteins through central dogma of cell
DNA mRNA Protein
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Traditionally muscular dystrophies were associated with defects in sarcolemma-associated proteins and, therefore, a nuclear connection suggested the existence of novel signalling pathways associated with this group of diseases.
Subsequently, other mutations in the lamin A/C gene were attributed to a range of tissue-specific degenerative conditions, collectively known as the 'laminopathies’.
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- It is surrounded by a double membrane with nuclear pores that regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
- The nucleus contains chromatin (DNA and proteins) and the nucleolus, which is the site of ribosomal RNA transcription and ribosome assembly.
- DNA replication and cell division are regulated by the nucleus.
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The nucleus is a spherical organelle found in eukaryotic cells that was first discovered by Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century. It ranges from 2-5 micrometers in diameter and accounts for about 10% of the cell's volume. The nucleus contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes and is surrounded by a double membrane with nuclear pores that allow transport into and out of the nucleus. It serves as the control center of the cell by storing hereditary material and producing ribosomes and RNA.
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The document provides an overview of cell organelles. It begins by defining a cell and its basic components. It then distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells are more complex with internal organelles. The three major parts of the cell - plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm - are introduced. Further details are given about the nucleus, its structures, and its role. The cytoplasm and its components of cytosol and inclusions are defined. Finally, the key organelles found in eukaryotic cells are described, including their structures and functions.
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This document provides solutions to questions from an NCRT textbook on cell biology. It discusses topics like cell theory, cell organelles, structure and functions of plant and animal cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Specific questions addressed include the discovery of the cell, how new cells are generated, organelle structures and functions, movement of molecules across the plasma membrane, characteristics of prokaryotic cells, and the structure and function of the nucleus and centrosome. Diagrams are provided to illustrate double membrane bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast, as well as centromere position in different chromosome types.
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_ppt nucleus .pptx
- 1. . Science Project on Nucleus made by-Aaron,Kavish https://youtu.be/8yLNC2BPnyM
- 2. CONTENTS: -History - Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic cells - Occurrence and position - Size - Structure of the nucleus - Functions - Conclusion - Questionnaire Session - What have you learnt - Mind Map
- 3. Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles Prokaryotic cells have the following features :- 1. No well defined nuclear membrane , nucleolus is absent 2. No Mitochondria or E.R 3. 1-10 micrometer E.g- Bacteria
- 4. Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane and form large and complex organisms Here are the features of Eukaryotic cells:- 1.Well defined nuclear membrane is present , nucleolus is present 2. True membrane bound organelles like E.R, Mitochondria , etc. are present 3. 10-100 micrometers
- 5. HISTORY: First discovered & named by Robert Brown (1833). • Term Nucleolus -Bowman(1840). • Term Chromatin – W. Flemming(1879). • Term Cytoplasm & Nucleoplasm- Strasburger (1882)
- 6. OCCURRENCE AND POSITION Occurrence: 1. Found in all eukaryotic cells of plants & animals. 2. Prokaryotes(Bacteria) lack true nucleus. 3. Position: Usually at Centre but change time to time acc. to metabolic state.
- 7. SIZE Generally occupies 10% of cell volume. - - Size varies from 3μm to 25 μm depending on cell type. - Size of nucleus is directly proportional to cytoplasm. - Thus size depends on Cell Volume, Amount of DNA and protein
- 8. Structure of the Nucleus The nucleus has a spherical shape in which it contains chromatin, Which is made up of DNA,RNA and Proteins and it is organised into structures we know as chromosomes
- 10. Functions of Nucleus The nucleus has several important functions in the cell including: 1)Regulating gene expression - the process by which the information of the genes is transcribed by transcribing DNA into Rna which is then translated into proteins . 2) Cell division- The nucleus plays a crucial role in cell division, ensuring that each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes(46,46 in mitosis and 23,23 in meiosis (IN HUMANS)) 3) It also controls and regulates the activities of the cell.- example- growth and metabolism
- 11. Conclusion: In Conclusion, the nucleus is a vital organelle that plays a crucial role in in maintaining the function and integrity of the cell. It is responsible for regulating gene expression, controlling cell division and ensuring the proper replication and repair of DNA. Without the nucleus , the cell would be able to carry out these essential processes and the survival of the organism would be compromised.
- 12. Mind Map:-
- 13. Questionnaire Session Q 1 -Who coined the term nucleolus ? Ans-Bowman(1840) Q 2- Tell a difference between prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells ? Ans- Prokaryotic Cells- Nucleus is absent . Eukaryotic Cells-Well defined nuclear membrane is present Q 3- State three functions of the nucleus ? Ans- 1)The nucleus plays a crucial role in cell division 2)Regulating gene expression 3)It also controls and regulates the activities of the cell. Q 4- Can anybody explain nucleus in his/her words?
- 14. What You Have Learnt -History -Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells -Occurrence and Position -Size -Structure of The Nucleus -Functions Of the nucleus
- 15. Thank you ! Made by- Aaron Manral and Kavish Goyal, Class IX-C