The document outlines a study on decentralized forest governance, institutions, and livelihood policies in Odisha, India. It discusses the background and objectives of the study, which aim to understand the evolution of forest policies in Odisha and how livelihood issues of forest dwellers were addressed. The methodology included secondary data analysis and primary research through interviews. Key findings were that Odisha's forest policies have recognized community rights but are still largely rationalist and bureaucratic. Livelihood issues gradually gained importance due to public demands. However, unclear policies and legal ambiguities remain challenges.
The document discusses the impact of colonialism on forests in India. It notes that before colonialism, forests were commonly managed by local communities, but the British declared many forests off limits and imposed taxes. This led to hardship for villagers who relied on forests for resources. Under colonial forest policies and acts, reserved forests were created where many activities were banned. This displaced many forest-dwelling tribes and communities from their homes and lands. Overall, colonialism brought significant changes to how forests were managed and controlled in India.
The document discusses Indian forests and forest policies. It provides details on:
1) What constitutes a forest, including trees, plants, animals, and the complex ecosystem they form.
2) Key features of Indian forests, such as large variety, low forest area, unequal distribution, and low productivity.
3) India's two national forest policies from 1952 and 1988, which aimed to increase forest cover, balance land use, and recognize tribal communities' relationship with forests.
This document provides an introduction to the Andhra Pradesh Biodiversity Field Guide published by the Andhra Pradesh State Biodiversity Board and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). It was created to help identify and document biodiversity in Andhra Pradesh, which contains over 2,800 plant and 5,757 animal species across diverse ecosystems like forests, grasslands, wetlands and agricultural areas. The guide is intended to raise awareness about biodiversity conservation and assist in preparing People's Biodiversity Registers at the local level as mandated by India's Biological Diversity Act of 2002.
Community forests in Nepal cover 25% of the country's forest land and are managed by over 14,000 local community forest user groups (CFUGs) representing 35% of Nepal's population. Under the 1993 Forest Act, national forests are handed over to CFUGs for protection, management, and sustainable use. Since 1978, community forestry has led to increased forest cover, social mobilization, income generation, and institutional development at the local level. However, challenges remain in ensuring disadvantaged groups' access, improving technical forest management, focusing on local needs, and supporting women and the poor through CFUG decision making. Overall, community forestry shows promise for sustainable forest management if democratic processes and people's participation are strengthened
Jammu and kashmir agriculture , environment concepts and approachesDr. Fayaz Ahmad Malla
The document discusses the geography, climate, agriculture, horticulture, and challenges facing the agriculture sector in Jammu and Kashmir. Some key points:
- Jammu and Kashmir has a varied climate from tropical to semi-arctic, with the Kashmir valley and Jammu hills having a temperate climate.
- Agriculture is the main occupation, with rice, wheat, fruits like apples and walnuts being important crops. Horticulture is a major contributor to the economy.
- However, the state faces challenges of low crop yields, deficit in food grain production, limited irrigation, and soil erosion in hilly areas which restricts farming. Climate change is also negatively impacting crop yields and
The document summarizes the impact of colonial forest policies on indigenous communities in various parts of Asia and Africa. It discusses how the British and Dutch enacted strict forest laws that restricted local people's access to forests for activities like shifting cultivation, grazing, hunting, and wood collection. This caused hardships and led to rebellions in places like India's Bastar region and Java. The document also notes some positive impacts like new economic opportunities, but emphasizes that colonial control over forests largely disrupted traditional forest management systems and affected local livelihoods.
The document discusses the flora and fauna of Ladakh, a region in northern India with a harsh climate. It notes that the flora includes various annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, and bushes that grow during the summer months when moisture is provided by melting snow. Examples of plant species found in Ladakh are provided. The fauna includes various animal species that have adapted to the region's alpine ecosystem, such as blue sheep, yaks, marmots, ibex, and endangered snow leopards. The region is an important habitat for numerous bird and other wildlife species.
The document discusses the impact of colonialism on forests in India. It notes that before colonialism, forests were commonly managed by local communities, but the British declared many forests off limits and imposed taxes. This led to hardship for villagers who relied on forests for resources. Under colonial forest policies and acts, reserved forests were created where many activities were banned. This displaced many forest-dwelling tribes and communities from their homes and lands. Overall, colonialism brought significant changes to how forests were managed and controlled in India.
The document discusses Indian forests and forest policies. It provides details on:
1) What constitutes a forest, including trees, plants, animals, and the complex ecosystem they form.
2) Key features of Indian forests, such as large variety, low forest area, unequal distribution, and low productivity.
3) India's two national forest policies from 1952 and 1988, which aimed to increase forest cover, balance land use, and recognize tribal communities' relationship with forests.
This document provides an introduction to the Andhra Pradesh Biodiversity Field Guide published by the Andhra Pradesh State Biodiversity Board and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). It was created to help identify and document biodiversity in Andhra Pradesh, which contains over 2,800 plant and 5,757 animal species across diverse ecosystems like forests, grasslands, wetlands and agricultural areas. The guide is intended to raise awareness about biodiversity conservation and assist in preparing People's Biodiversity Registers at the local level as mandated by India's Biological Diversity Act of 2002.
Community forests in Nepal cover 25% of the country's forest land and are managed by over 14,000 local community forest user groups (CFUGs) representing 35% of Nepal's population. Under the 1993 Forest Act, national forests are handed over to CFUGs for protection, management, and sustainable use. Since 1978, community forestry has led to increased forest cover, social mobilization, income generation, and institutional development at the local level. However, challenges remain in ensuring disadvantaged groups' access, improving technical forest management, focusing on local needs, and supporting women and the poor through CFUG decision making. Overall, community forestry shows promise for sustainable forest management if democratic processes and people's participation are strengthened
Jammu and kashmir agriculture , environment concepts and approachesDr. Fayaz Ahmad Malla
The document discusses the geography, climate, agriculture, horticulture, and challenges facing the agriculture sector in Jammu and Kashmir. Some key points:
- Jammu and Kashmir has a varied climate from tropical to semi-arctic, with the Kashmir valley and Jammu hills having a temperate climate.
- Agriculture is the main occupation, with rice, wheat, fruits like apples and walnuts being important crops. Horticulture is a major contributor to the economy.
- However, the state faces challenges of low crop yields, deficit in food grain production, limited irrigation, and soil erosion in hilly areas which restricts farming. Climate change is also negatively impacting crop yields and
The document summarizes the impact of colonial forest policies on indigenous communities in various parts of Asia and Africa. It discusses how the British and Dutch enacted strict forest laws that restricted local people's access to forests for activities like shifting cultivation, grazing, hunting, and wood collection. This caused hardships and led to rebellions in places like India's Bastar region and Java. The document also notes some positive impacts like new economic opportunities, but emphasizes that colonial control over forests largely disrupted traditional forest management systems and affected local livelihoods.
The document discusses the flora and fauna of Ladakh, a region in northern India with a harsh climate. It notes that the flora includes various annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, and bushes that grow during the summer months when moisture is provided by melting snow. Examples of plant species found in Ladakh are provided. The fauna includes various animal species that have adapted to the region's alpine ecosystem, such as blue sheep, yaks, marmots, ibex, and endangered snow leopards. The region is an important habitat for numerous bird and other wildlife species.
1. The document discusses forest resources in India, including types of forests, their importance, causes of deforestation, and efforts around afforestation.
2. Forests provide important ecological functions like regulating climate and rainfall, producing oxygen, and serving as wildlife habitats. They also have economic importance as a source of timber, fuelwood, and goods for industries.
3. Deforestation is caused by factors like population growth, infrastructure development, and agricultural expansion. It leads to issues like soil erosion, desertification, and loss of biodiversity. Afforestation efforts aim to control deforestation and protect the environment.
The document discusses water conservation and strategies to save water. It defines water and its characteristics, noting that water is essential for all living things. It also discusses issues like water pollution and the need to conserve water for future generations. The document recommends various methods for conserving water, like using buckets for bathing, fixing leaks, adopting rainwater harvesting and using sensors to monitor water tank levels. It stresses the importance of water conservation efforts and working together to save water and lives.
The document discusses natural vegetation and wildlife in India. It begins by noting India's high level of biodiversity, with millions of plant and animal species. It then defines key terms like virgin vegetation and mega-biodiversity, noting that India is one of 12 mega-diverse countries. The document outlines the major factors influencing vegetation - relief, climate, and soil conditions. It describes the different vegetation zones in India like tropical rainforests, deciduous forests, and mangrove forests. Statistics are provided on forest cover and density in India. The document concludes by noting India's rich wildlife, though many species are endangered due to threats like habitat loss.
The Chipko movement began in the 1970s when villagers in Uttarakhand, India hugged trees to prevent deforestation by logging corporations. Led primarily by women, the non-violent protests stopped logging in certain areas. Over 260 years earlier, the Bishnoi community in Rajasthan sacrificed their lives hugging trees ordered to be cut, inspiring the name "Chipko" meaning "tree huggers." The movement brought attention to sustainable forestry and local control over forest resources.
here you can get a common knowledge about forests and wildlife about its depletion consequences and conservation a basic knowledge about India's wildlife and government programmes
Sikkim is a state in northeast India that borders China, Bhutan, Nepal, and West Bengal. It has a diverse range of flora and fauna due to its varying altitudes, including over 5,000 flowering plants and 16 conifer species. Red panda is the state animal and blood pheasant is the state bird. Khangchendzonga National Park and Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary are two protected areas. Agriculture, hydropower production, and conservation of the environment are important aspects of Sikkim's economy and policy.
This document provides an overview of India's natural vegetation and forests. It discusses several types of forests in India, including tropical evergreen forests found in heavy rainfall areas, deciduous forests that shed leaves seasonally, thorn forests in dry regions receiving less than 70 cm of rainfall, montane forests at higher altitudes with changing vegetation, and mangrove tidal forests along coastal areas. It notes India's high biodiversity with thousands of plant and animal species found across these diverse forest ecosystems.
This PPT will take you into the forest and tell you about the variety of ways the forests were used by communities living within them. It will show how in the nineteenth century the growth of Industries and urban centers created a new demand on the forests for timber and other forest products. New demands led to new rules of forests use, new ways of organizing the forests. All these developments affected the lives of those local communities who used forest resources. They were forced t operate within new systems and reorganise their lives. But they also rebelled against the rules and persuaded the state to change its policies. Will give you and idea of the history of such developments in India and Indonesia.
This document provides an overview of a class on conservation of plants and animals. It discusses topics like deforestation, its causes such as agricultural activities and logging, and its consequences including soil degradation and changes to climatic conditions. It also discusses reforestation and why it is needed to combat the huge areas of forests being damaged daily by deforestation. Reforestation can help improve quality of life by absorbing pollution, rebuilding habitats, and storing carbon to limit climate change. References used for the class include Wikipedia, Google Images, Arkive, and science texts.
The document discusses deforestation and conservation efforts in India. It notes that while India's forest cover is over 23% of land area, much of the reported increase is due to plantations rather than natural forest growth. Major causes of depletion include agricultural expansion, development projects, and mining during colonial times. Conservation efforts include the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, Project Tiger launched in 1973, and establishing tiger reserves. While Project Tiger initially increased tiger populations, numbers have since declined again. Overall the document outlines the challenges and some strategies for conserving India's natural habitats and species.
This document outlines the different stakeholders involved with forests:
Local people rely on forests for firewood, timber, thatching materials and tools. They also gather fruits, nuts, medicines and graze livestock. Industrialists see forests only as a source of raw materials and lobby the government for cheap access. The forest department owns the land but has prioritized commercial forestry over local needs. Wildlife enthusiasts want to conserve forests in their pristine natural state. Balancing these various interests will determine whether forests are conserved or further degraded.
Water and conflict is very vast topic, now days most of the conflict occurs because of water directly or indirectly. So there is need for proper utilisation of water.
NCERT Geography Notes cl9 ch4 climate as pptNidhi Mathur
The document differentiates between weather and climate. Weather refers to short term atmospheric conditions over a small area, such as sunny or cloudy days, whereas climate describes average conditions over a long period of time, such as decades, in a large area. It also discusses regional variations in India's climate with examples like higher temperatures in Rajasthan versus cooler temperatures in Jammu and Kashmir. Factors affecting a region's climate mentioned include latitude, altitude, pressure/wind systems, distance from the sea, ocean currents, and relief features.
Probalility and models of tree mortality advance silviculturesahl_2fast
This document summarizes tree mortality models used in gap models to simulate tree death. It discusses intrinsic, growth-dependent, and exogenous mortality models. Intrinsic mortality assumes chance plays a role in tree death. Growth-dependent mortality assumes slow growth increases mortality risk. Exogenous mortality models disturbances killing trees. The document reviews various studies applying these models and calls for improved mechanistic mortality functions validated with comprehensive field data.
Montane forests are found in high-altitude, hilly locations between 1000-3000 meters above sea level. They have a temperate climate with average annual temperatures between 11-14°C and high rainfall. Trees like birch, pine, and fur are common, and animals like Tibetan antelope, yak, and red pandas can be found. Montane forests are located in mountainous regions around the world, including the Himalayas, Alps, and Appalachians.
This document discusses different types of resources and land resources. It classifies resources based on origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. It describes individual, community-owned, national, international, potential, developed, stock, and reserve resources. The document also discusses problems related to resources, sustainable development, and the need for resource planning and conservation. Specifically regarding land resources, it provides details on India's land area distribution and major uses. It further explains land degradation causes and methods to stop degradation, as well as soil erosion and conservation techniques.
Manipur is a state in northeastern India with Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by Nagaland, Mizoram, and Assam and borders regions of Myanmar. The state has been a crossroads for trade and migration for over 2,500 years. Imphal is the capital city located along the Imphal River, and contains the ruins of Kangla Fort, the former royal palace. Popular tourist destinations near Imphal include Loktak Lake, Kangla Fort, Tharon Cave, Keibul Lamjao National Park, and Singda Dam. The state is known for its cultural diversity and traditions showcased through festivals, cuisine, handicrafts, dance, music, and religious sites. Manip
Water scarcity is caused by wasting water, global warming leading to less or no rainfall, and a lack of rainwater harvesting methods in homes. Recycling waste water through simple methods and using plants for treatment can help address water scarcity issues and allow for reuse of waste water.
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC FINANCIAL MARKET (IIFM) NATASHYA AYUNIE
IIFM is an international standards-setting body for the Islamic finance industry that focuses on standardizing Islamic financial contracts and products. It works to unify the market by developing best practices at the global level and harmonizing Shari'ah interpretations. IIFM has published several standards, including master agreements for treasury placement, hedging products, and collateralized murabahah agreements, to facilitate standardized documentation for liquidity management, risk management, and access to liquidity. IIFM standards aim to support a sustainable development of the Islamic finance industry globally.
This document summarizes trends in the wealth management industry from 2010-2014. It finds that the number and wealth of high-net-worth individuals will continue growing significantly in coming years, especially in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. It also reports that new clients in this decade will increasingly demand international investment strategies and holistic family advisory services. The document recommends that financial professionals develop well-rounded international experience and perspectives to best serve the needs of these new high-net-worth clients.
1. The document discusses forest resources in India, including types of forests, their importance, causes of deforestation, and efforts around afforestation.
2. Forests provide important ecological functions like regulating climate and rainfall, producing oxygen, and serving as wildlife habitats. They also have economic importance as a source of timber, fuelwood, and goods for industries.
3. Deforestation is caused by factors like population growth, infrastructure development, and agricultural expansion. It leads to issues like soil erosion, desertification, and loss of biodiversity. Afforestation efforts aim to control deforestation and protect the environment.
The document discusses water conservation and strategies to save water. It defines water and its characteristics, noting that water is essential for all living things. It also discusses issues like water pollution and the need to conserve water for future generations. The document recommends various methods for conserving water, like using buckets for bathing, fixing leaks, adopting rainwater harvesting and using sensors to monitor water tank levels. It stresses the importance of water conservation efforts and working together to save water and lives.
The document discusses natural vegetation and wildlife in India. It begins by noting India's high level of biodiversity, with millions of plant and animal species. It then defines key terms like virgin vegetation and mega-biodiversity, noting that India is one of 12 mega-diverse countries. The document outlines the major factors influencing vegetation - relief, climate, and soil conditions. It describes the different vegetation zones in India like tropical rainforests, deciduous forests, and mangrove forests. Statistics are provided on forest cover and density in India. The document concludes by noting India's rich wildlife, though many species are endangered due to threats like habitat loss.
The Chipko movement began in the 1970s when villagers in Uttarakhand, India hugged trees to prevent deforestation by logging corporations. Led primarily by women, the non-violent protests stopped logging in certain areas. Over 260 years earlier, the Bishnoi community in Rajasthan sacrificed their lives hugging trees ordered to be cut, inspiring the name "Chipko" meaning "tree huggers." The movement brought attention to sustainable forestry and local control over forest resources.
here you can get a common knowledge about forests and wildlife about its depletion consequences and conservation a basic knowledge about India's wildlife and government programmes
Sikkim is a state in northeast India that borders China, Bhutan, Nepal, and West Bengal. It has a diverse range of flora and fauna due to its varying altitudes, including over 5,000 flowering plants and 16 conifer species. Red panda is the state animal and blood pheasant is the state bird. Khangchendzonga National Park and Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary are two protected areas. Agriculture, hydropower production, and conservation of the environment are important aspects of Sikkim's economy and policy.
This document provides an overview of India's natural vegetation and forests. It discusses several types of forests in India, including tropical evergreen forests found in heavy rainfall areas, deciduous forests that shed leaves seasonally, thorn forests in dry regions receiving less than 70 cm of rainfall, montane forests at higher altitudes with changing vegetation, and mangrove tidal forests along coastal areas. It notes India's high biodiversity with thousands of plant and animal species found across these diverse forest ecosystems.
This PPT will take you into the forest and tell you about the variety of ways the forests were used by communities living within them. It will show how in the nineteenth century the growth of Industries and urban centers created a new demand on the forests for timber and other forest products. New demands led to new rules of forests use, new ways of organizing the forests. All these developments affected the lives of those local communities who used forest resources. They were forced t operate within new systems and reorganise their lives. But they also rebelled against the rules and persuaded the state to change its policies. Will give you and idea of the history of such developments in India and Indonesia.
This document provides an overview of a class on conservation of plants and animals. It discusses topics like deforestation, its causes such as agricultural activities and logging, and its consequences including soil degradation and changes to climatic conditions. It also discusses reforestation and why it is needed to combat the huge areas of forests being damaged daily by deforestation. Reforestation can help improve quality of life by absorbing pollution, rebuilding habitats, and storing carbon to limit climate change. References used for the class include Wikipedia, Google Images, Arkive, and science texts.
The document discusses deforestation and conservation efforts in India. It notes that while India's forest cover is over 23% of land area, much of the reported increase is due to plantations rather than natural forest growth. Major causes of depletion include agricultural expansion, development projects, and mining during colonial times. Conservation efforts include the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, Project Tiger launched in 1973, and establishing tiger reserves. While Project Tiger initially increased tiger populations, numbers have since declined again. Overall the document outlines the challenges and some strategies for conserving India's natural habitats and species.
This document outlines the different stakeholders involved with forests:
Local people rely on forests for firewood, timber, thatching materials and tools. They also gather fruits, nuts, medicines and graze livestock. Industrialists see forests only as a source of raw materials and lobby the government for cheap access. The forest department owns the land but has prioritized commercial forestry over local needs. Wildlife enthusiasts want to conserve forests in their pristine natural state. Balancing these various interests will determine whether forests are conserved or further degraded.
Water and conflict is very vast topic, now days most of the conflict occurs because of water directly or indirectly. So there is need for proper utilisation of water.
NCERT Geography Notes cl9 ch4 climate as pptNidhi Mathur
The document differentiates between weather and climate. Weather refers to short term atmospheric conditions over a small area, such as sunny or cloudy days, whereas climate describes average conditions over a long period of time, such as decades, in a large area. It also discusses regional variations in India's climate with examples like higher temperatures in Rajasthan versus cooler temperatures in Jammu and Kashmir. Factors affecting a region's climate mentioned include latitude, altitude, pressure/wind systems, distance from the sea, ocean currents, and relief features.
Probalility and models of tree mortality advance silviculturesahl_2fast
This document summarizes tree mortality models used in gap models to simulate tree death. It discusses intrinsic, growth-dependent, and exogenous mortality models. Intrinsic mortality assumes chance plays a role in tree death. Growth-dependent mortality assumes slow growth increases mortality risk. Exogenous mortality models disturbances killing trees. The document reviews various studies applying these models and calls for improved mechanistic mortality functions validated with comprehensive field data.
Montane forests are found in high-altitude, hilly locations between 1000-3000 meters above sea level. They have a temperate climate with average annual temperatures between 11-14°C and high rainfall. Trees like birch, pine, and fur are common, and animals like Tibetan antelope, yak, and red pandas can be found. Montane forests are located in mountainous regions around the world, including the Himalayas, Alps, and Appalachians.
This document discusses different types of resources and land resources. It classifies resources based on origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. It describes individual, community-owned, national, international, potential, developed, stock, and reserve resources. The document also discusses problems related to resources, sustainable development, and the need for resource planning and conservation. Specifically regarding land resources, it provides details on India's land area distribution and major uses. It further explains land degradation causes and methods to stop degradation, as well as soil erosion and conservation techniques.
Manipur is a state in northeastern India with Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by Nagaland, Mizoram, and Assam and borders regions of Myanmar. The state has been a crossroads for trade and migration for over 2,500 years. Imphal is the capital city located along the Imphal River, and contains the ruins of Kangla Fort, the former royal palace. Popular tourist destinations near Imphal include Loktak Lake, Kangla Fort, Tharon Cave, Keibul Lamjao National Park, and Singda Dam. The state is known for its cultural diversity and traditions showcased through festivals, cuisine, handicrafts, dance, music, and religious sites. Manip
Water scarcity is caused by wasting water, global warming leading to less or no rainfall, and a lack of rainwater harvesting methods in homes. Recycling waste water through simple methods and using plants for treatment can help address water scarcity issues and allow for reuse of waste water.
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC FINANCIAL MARKET (IIFM) NATASHYA AYUNIE
IIFM is an international standards-setting body for the Islamic finance industry that focuses on standardizing Islamic financial contracts and products. It works to unify the market by developing best practices at the global level and harmonizing Shari'ah interpretations. IIFM has published several standards, including master agreements for treasury placement, hedging products, and collateralized murabahah agreements, to facilitate standardized documentation for liquidity management, risk management, and access to liquidity. IIFM standards aim to support a sustainable development of the Islamic finance industry globally.
This document summarizes trends in the wealth management industry from 2010-2014. It finds that the number and wealth of high-net-worth individuals will continue growing significantly in coming years, especially in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. It also reports that new clients in this decade will increasingly demand international investment strategies and holistic family advisory services. The document recommends that financial professionals develop well-rounded international experience and perspectives to best serve the needs of these new high-net-worth clients.
This document provides a summary report of a summer internship project monitoring forest area diversions and compliance of conditions for thermal power plants. It includes an executive summary and 5 chapters that discuss: the scope of work and methodology; an overview of the power sector and specific thermal power plants visited; observations and findings related to forest land clearance and environment clearance; and recommendations. The internship involved site visits to 5 thermal power plants in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Gujarat to verify compliance with conditions regarding compensatory afforestation, ash disposal management, and environmental plans. Key findings included some projects facing land disputes and difficulties with full fly ash utilization. Recommendations focused on ensuring clear land titles, reducing
This is the presentation given in the fulfillment of the field trip component at IIFM. Giving an overview of the trip by various groups and the leanings from the trip.
Este documento presenta tres instrumentos para evaluar el proyecto Bidospa. Cada instrumento contiene una rúbrica con diferentes aspectos a evaluar como inicio del proyecto, información del proyecto, objetivos, contenidos, aceptación y organización. Las rúbricas describen los niveles de desempeño para cada aspecto y asignan puntajes para determinar si el desempeño fue excelente, muy bueno, bueno, regular o malo. Los instrumentos proveen una guía para medir el éxito del proyecto Bidospa en varias á
This document outlines a proposed study on the evolution of forest policy processes and politics in Odisha, India. It discusses how forest governance and policies have transitioned over time, from a focus on commercial use under British rule to more recent policies emphasizing community participation, rights, and livelihoods. The study aims to understand this policy evolution by examining the role of institutions and actors, the link between policies and political factors, and the increasing emphasis on livelihood issues. Key research questions focus on the drivers of decentralization trends and the relationship between policy processes and political processes. The methodology will include analysis of policy documents and interviews with government officials and community members.
26 1400 3_ntfp-ep_regional customary tenure & cso forummrlgregion
This document discusses increasing customary and collective forest tenure in the Mekong region through a regional policy framework. It begins by defining forest tenure and customary rights. It then describes a regional workstream led by participating organizations to strengthen customary tenure rights through national alliances in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam. The objectives are to develop a common understanding of customary forest tenure, address contradictions in policies, and develop guidelines for customary forest tenure principles, processes, roles and responsibilities. A regional framework could complement bright spots in national policies, slow deforestation, and strengthen forest governance and indigenous participation.
1) India formulated its first forest policy in 1894 based on a report by Dr. Voelker. This policy focused on revenue generation and classified forests into different categories. It did not adequately address issues like shifting cultivation, forest fires, or biodiversity conservation.
2) The 1952 policy was India's first after independence. It aimed to balance land use and check issues like soil erosion. It classified forests into protected, national, village, and tree land categories.
3) The 1988 policy aimed to ensure environmental stability and ecological balance. It focused on meeting energy demands, conserving wildlife, and increasing forest productivity and tree cover.
Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest manage...CIFOR-ICRAF
The document summarizes research on the evolution of community forestry and decentralization of forest management in Babati District, Tanzania. It finds that over time, different forest management regimes have emerged in the area due to a combination of bureaucratic and socially embedded drivers of change. Centralization, deconcentration, devolution, and privatization processes have led to the development of state forest management, joint forest management, community-based forest management, and traditional forest management in the same area. However, traditional forest management regimes are gradually declining in importance.
1. ICRAF has a long history of policy research but it has become more diffuse in recent years, with research focusing more on documenting policy constraints rather than testing policy options.
2. Common broad policy constraints affecting agroforestry include low policy awareness of agroforestry, issues around land and tree tenure including forest regulations, and lack of recognition of environmental services.
3. Moving forward, ICRAF's policy research would benefit from more strategic thinking at both the program and institutional levels to identify clear policy outcomes and coordinate research efforts accordingly. The Agroforestry Policy Initiative aims to facilitate this but its objectives and pathways for supporting policy reforms require further discussion.
Discuss the Changing discourses in policy arena and current status of Nepal.Amit Chaudhary
Changing Discourses in Forest Policy Arena and Current Status is a term paper presentation on forest policy, laws, and international conventions in Nepal. It discusses the historical shifts in Nepal's forest policy discourse from 1950 to present day across four periods: strict protection (1950-1975), resource creation for crisis management (1975-1986), participatory forestry (1986-2008), and broad-based global normative discourse (2008-onwards). The current status synthesizes these historical shifts and frames Nepal's forest policy with a focus on sustainable and participatory resource use, prosperity, and maintaining forest cover through cooperation across stakeholders.
Problem and prospects on collaborative forest management in nepalMohangajurel2
Collaborative forest management (CoFM) is a partnership approach to managing forests between local communities, local governments, and the central government forestry department. CoFM aims to sustainably manage forests to benefit the local and national economy through community involvement in conservation and utilization of forest resources. However, implementing CoFM over large areas with many stakeholders faces challenges, such as the time-consuming process for approval of operational plans and unequal benefit sharing. While CoFM has potential advantages if properly implemented, there is concern that it concentrates too much power with the government compared to community forestry.
Community forestry. Where and why has devolution of forest rights contributed...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Steven Lawry, Director of Equity, Gender and Tenure research program at CIFOR, at the webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (www.pim.cgiar.org) on August 29, 2017.
He summarized findings of selected meta-analyses, presented case studies from Nepal, Guatemala, and Mexico, and previewed emerging research looking at the investment effects of community forestry models that feature strong elements of forest rights devolution.
Community forestry. Where and why has devolution of forest rights contributed...IFPRI-PIM
Presentation for the webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (www.pim.cgiar.org) on August 29, 2017. Steven Lawry, Director of Equity, Gender and Tenure research program at Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) summarized findings of selected meta-analyses, presented case studies from Nepal, Guatemala, and Mexico, and previewed emerging research looking at the investment effects of community forestry models that feature strong elements of forest rights devolution.
The document summarizes a workshop on institutions for ecosystem services that took place from October 27-29, 2014. The workshop objectives were to encourage sharing of research on links between institutions and ecosystem services, synthesize lessons about institutional arrangements needed to ensure ecosystem service projects deliver benefits, and identify policies to strengthen supporting institutions. It provided background on ecosystem services and discussed topics like the importance of institutions at multiple scales, challenges around time lags and spatial disconnects between ecosystem service production and use, and lessons that can be learned from other research and cases.
S Ngendakumana: Bridging communities and technocrats: Guinea’s experience on ...Sahel_BeyondForestryLaws
This document discusses bridging the disconnect between forest technocrats and communities in Guinea. It describes challenges including weak collaboration, divergent visions of forest use, and a lack of consideration for local knowledge. Two solutions tested were (1) agroforestry schemes to benefit communities and reduce pressure on forests, and (2) facilitating stronger connections through co-management committees. After three years, shifts toward collaborative forest management and sustained joint conservation efforts were observed. Critical issues for success include adaptation, future planning, clear bylaws, and knowledge sharing.
The Forest Act, 2019 outlines the main components of Nepal's forest policy, including definitions of different types of forests, ownership structures, management approaches, and potential outcomes. Key points covered include:
- Definitions for community forests, collaborative forests, forest conservation areas, religious forests, and leasehold forests.
- Different management structures for government managed forests, private forests, and community-based forest management systems.
- Potential impacts on national income, forest product supply, biodiversity conservation, environmental services, and watershed protection.
- Questions around whether the act establishes a federal or decentralized system, and tensions that may exist between the federal government, provinces, and local governments over control of forest lands and resources
Key baseline findings for USAID's Community-Based Forest Management Program (CFP) impact evaluation in Zambia. Presented at the American Evaluation Association's Evaluation 2015 Conference. Credit:
- Heather Huntington, PhD, The Cloudburst Group
- M. Mercedes Stickler, USAID
- Stephanie Fenner, The Cloudburst Group
- Aleta Haflett, The Cloudburst Group
Learn more: http://bit.ly/TCGcbfp
Participatory forest management system in urban forests in Kenya- A case of N...Innspub Net
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Ppt iifm,presentation-bishnu
1. Decentralised Forest Governance,
Institutions and Livelihood Policies in
Odisha-A Study
Bishnu Prasad Mohapatra
PhD Scholar
Centre for Economic and Social Studies,
Hyderabad - 500 016
2. Outline of the Presentation
Introduction
Background of the Present Study
Objectives
Methodology and Study Area
Forest Policy Process and Livelihoods-The Theoretical
Framework
The Policy Cycle-An Approach to understand Forest
Policy Process
Analytical Framework
Major Findings
Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
Decentralisation of Forest Governance aims to;
1.Improve Institutional Mechanism
2. Managing Forest Resources in Sustainable Way
3.Enhance Institutional Capacity to Achieve Effective Result
4.Ensure Efficiency, Equity and Democracy in Forest Governance
System.
Factors influencing for Decentralisation of Forest Governance
1. Rapid Depletion of Forest Resources
2.Increasing Community Concern over Access to Resources
3. Failure of Conventional Bureaucracy led Forest Governance
System
4. Neo Liberal Economic Framework
5. Changing Political Scenario and Institutional Structure
4. Background of The Present Study
The Present study is a part of RULNR-CESS Visiting Fellowship
Programme Entitled “Decentralised Forest Governance, Institutions
and Livelihoods in Odisha-A Study of Evolution of Policy Process and
Politics”
1. Odisha in the recent age of Forest Governance has been
implementing a number of Livelihood based programmes for Forest
Dwellers(OFSDP,RLTAP,FRA,OTELP).
2. Policy making and implementation in the State’s Forestry Sector has
witnessed continuity and change.
3. Evolution of Forest Policies in the State has been witnessed the
increasing involvement of Non-State Actors.
4. Forest Policies of the State has witnessed a paradigm shift in the
context of implementation PFM and FRA.
5. Implications of Such Policies on Livelihoods of Forest Dwellers are
believed to be provided positive impact.
5. Objectives
The Broad Objective of the study was to “understand the
evolution of forest policies in Odisha and how and at what
context the issues of Livelihoods of the Forest Dwellers were
taken into consideration while formulating such policies”
To understand the nature and evolution of decentralised forest
governance in Odisha.
To analyse different forest policies and legal frameworks of
such policies in the case of Odisha.
To understand the legal-political context in which the
Livelihood issues emerged and included in the policy process.
To understand the current implementation mechanism of Pro-
Livelihood Policies such as PFM and FRA in the case of
Odisha
6. Methodology and Study Area
The study was carried out by using two principal research methods
such as;
Secondary Research Methods-Analysis of Secondary Data,
Content Analysis and Review of Policy documents, Review of
Legislative Proceedings, rules, acts etc
Primary Research Method- In-depth Interview, Case study and
Focus Group Discussion
Study Area:
The study was carried out in Odisha. However in order to track the
field reality, interview and focus group discussion was carried
out in two districts such as Koraput and Sundargarh.
7. Forest Policy Process and Livelihoods-A
Theoretical Framework
Policy Process in Forestry Sector such as Policy Formulation and
Implementation has provided a wide array of theoretical frameworks
to understand such process.
Different Theories of Policy Process such as Elite Theory, Group
Theory, Institutionalism, Rational Choice Theory, Political System
Theory and Policy Process Model helps to understand different
aspects of policy formulation and implementation.
Policy Process Model has attained prominence under which two
Broad aspects have been covered such as “improve policy and policy
making” and “how policy has been made”.
Policy Process Analysis in the case of Forests has also touched two
core aspects such as Rational Process and Political Process.
Policy process in Forest Governance argued as becoming Political
because of Involvement of Non-State Actors.
8. Continued…
Effects of Forest Policies on Livelihoods have been
covered by Researchers through the two broad
approaches such as;
Why, How and for What Reason Livelihood Issues Emerged.
Impacts of Forest Policies on Livelihoods of Forest Dwellers.
Systematic Change in Policy Process and Livelihood
Approaches in State’s Forest Governance encouraged
Researchers to explore on such changes by using the two
above mentioned approachs.
The analytical framework of the present study is based
on the research approach of “Why, How and What”.
9. The Policy Cycle-An Approach to Understand
Forest Policy Process
Agenda-Setting
Policy Change Policy Formulation
Policy Evaluation Policy Legitimation
Implementation
10. Analytical Framework
•Process • When and
• Why • Key How
Agenda
Policy •Involveme Legitima Arguments Impleme Implemented
Setting •Streams Formula nt of tion •Political ntation • Role of
of Agenda tion Different Different
Factors
Actors Actors
11. Forest Policies and Livelihoods in Odisha
Policy Framework Legal Framework Implications on Livelihoods
The National Forest The Wildlife Protection Act •Forest Policies of the State were based on
Policy, 1952 1972 and Rule of 1974. and National Forest Policy.
the Odisha Forest Act, 1972 •Expanding State’s Legitimacy through
Organizing Forest Administration was
focused.
• Livelihood issues received less priority.
National Commission on The Odisha Forest •Forest Policies shifted from conservation
Agriculture, 1976 Conservation Act,1980, The to participation mode.
Odisha Forest(Amendment) •Emphasis was given to involve Villages in
Act, 1982 and The Odisha protection of degraded Forests.
Village Forest Rule, 1985 •Community involvement in Management
of Forests.
•Livelihood Issues gradually evolved.
National Forest Policy, JFM Resolution, 1993 •The State Government’s Resolution
1988 accepted JFM as a Strategy of Forest
Management.
•Accepted Community Access to Forest
Resources for Sustenance of Livelihoods.
12. Continued…..
Policy Framework Legal Framework Implications on Livelihoods
The Provisions of The Odisha Minor Forest •Management of MFP Vested to the
Panchayats Act(PESA Produce Amendment Gram Sabhas and Gram Panchayats in
Act), 1996 Rule, 2002 Tribal Areas.
•Powers given to the Local
Governments on Price Fixation and
providing license to Traders.
The Forest Rights Act, Implementation of the •The Act implemented in 2008 under
2006 Act thorough GoO Order which 539277.45 Acres of Forest land
in 2008 provided(Dec.2012).
•Land Titles provided to 300312
Households on forest lands.(Dec.2012)
•FRA Beneficiaries linked with
different schemes and programmes
such as MGNREGA, IAY, National
Horticulture Mission for Land
Development, Plantation, Housing etc.
13. Major Findings
Forest Governance in Ordisha has reached at the Stages of
Decentralisation while recognizing the community rights.
Forest Policy process in the State are linked with rationalist idea
and bureaucratic attitude except few policies such as PFM and
FRA.
Successful political mobilisation and integration of social capital
in the case of Forest Governance has flourished the arena of pro-
poor and participatory policy process.
State Forest Policies are more or less guided by the national level
policy process which restricts the role of State as implementer
but not policy maker.
Unclear policy framework, ambiguous legal provisions and
overlapping in implementation are the Major Challenges in the
State’s forest policy environment.
14. Continue……..
Livelihood issues gradually attained importance because of
continuous demand from the people, policy makers and CSOs
coupled with continuing issues of poverty in the forest regions.
Implementation of different forest region based development
programmes also reveals the seriousness of State Government for
improving livelihood conditions of the Forest fringe
communities.
Livelihood Issues of the Forest Dwellers have taken into account
in which Political factors also played vital role.
15. Conclusion
Decentralisation has a far larger effect on the
Livelihoods of the Forest dependent communities.
Forest polices in the context of current Livelihood
issues of forest dwellers needs further reforms.
Policy process should be based on need of the people
and should be inclusive and participatory.
Legal ambiguity and overlapping in the process of
impletion should be avoided.
Local Governments, different forest protection
groups, CSOs etc should have voice in forest policy
making and implementation.