This document discusses process planning activities including:
1. Setting process parameters, work holding devices, inspection methods, and considering economics of process planning.
2. Calculating process parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut which depend on factors like the workpiece and tool materials.
3. Selecting work holding devices like jigs and fixtures to precisely position and hold the workpiece during machining operations in order to increase productivity and part quality.
Statistical process control is defined as and use of statistical technique to control a process or production method .It is used in manufacturing or production process to measure how consistently a product perform according to its design specification.
Statistical process control is defined as and use of statistical technique to control a process or production method .It is used in manufacturing or production process to measure how consistently a product perform according to its design specification.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Current State of Battery Technology:
Today, lithium-ion batteries remain the dominant technology for portable devices and electric vehicles, thanks to their high energy density, long lifespan, and improved safety features. However, there are still many challenges facing battery technology, including the need for increased energy density, longer lifespan, and sustainability.
Researchers are working on developing new materials and manufacturing techniques that could lead to significant improvements in battery performance. For example, solid-state batteries, which use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, have the potential to offer higher energy density and improved safety. Other promising technologies include lithium-sulfur batteries and metal-air batteries.
Sustainability is also a major concern for battery technology. The mining and processing of materials used in batteries, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, can have significant environmental impacts, including water pollution, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Researchers are exploring ways to make batteries more sustainable, such as using recycled materials, developing more efficient manufacturing processes, and improving battery recycling techniques.
Current State of Battery Technology:
Today, lithium-ion batteries remain the dominant technology for portable devices and electric vehicles, thanks to their high energy density, long lifespan, and improved safety features. However, there are still many challenges facing battery technology, including the need for increased energy density, longer lifespan, and sustainability.
Researchers are working on developing new materials and manufacturing techniques that could lead to significant improvements in battery performance. For example, solid-state batteries, which use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, have the potential to offer higher energy density and improved safety. Other promising technologies include lithium-sulfur batteries and metal-air batteries.
Sustainability is also a major concern for battery technology. The mining and processing of materials used in batteries, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, can have significant environmental impacts, including water pollution, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Researchers are exploring ways to make batteries more sustainable, such as using recycled materials, developing more efficient manufacturing processes, and improving battery recycling techniques.
Current State of Battery Technology:
Today, lithium-ion batteries remain the dominant technology for portable devices and electric vehicles, thanks to their high energy density, long lifespan, and improved safety features. However, there are still many challenges facing battery technology, including the need for increased energy density, longer lifespan, and sustainability.
Researchers are working on developing new materials and manufacturing techniques that could lead to significant improvements
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Current State of Battery Technology:
Today, lithium-ion batteries remain the dominant technology for portable devices and electric vehicles, thanks to their high energy density, long lifespan, and improved safety features. However, there are still many challenges facing battery technology, including the need for increased energy density, longer lifespan, and sustainability.
Researchers are working on developing new materials and manufacturing techniques that could lead to significant improvements in battery performance. For example, solid-state batteries, which use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, have the potential to offer higher energy density and improved safety. Other promising technologies include lithium-sulfur batteries and metal-air batteries.
Sustainability is also a major concern for battery technology. The mining and processing of materials used in batteries, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, can have significant environmental impacts, including water pollution, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Researchers are exploring ways to make batteries more sustainable, such as using recycled materials, developing more efficient manufacturing processes, and improving battery recycling techniques.
Current State of Battery Technology:
Today, lithium-ion batteries remain the dominant technology for portable devices and electric vehicles, thanks to their high energy density, long lifespan, and improved safety features. However, there are still many challenges facing battery technology, including the need for increased energy density, longer lifespan, and sustainability.
Researchers are working on developing new materials and manufacturing techniques that could lead to significant improvements in battery performance. For example, solid-state batteries, which use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, have the potential to offer higher energy density and improved safety. Other promising technologies include lithium-sulfur batteries and metal-air batteries.
Sustainability is also a major concern for battery technology. The mining and processing of materials used in batteries, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, can have significant environmental impacts, including water pollution, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Researchers are exploring ways to make batteries more sustainable, such as using recycled materials, developing more efficient manufacturing processes, and improving battery recycling techniques.
Current State of Battery Technology:
Today, lithium-ion batteries remain the dominant technology for portable devices and electric vehicles, thanks to their high energy density, long lifespan, and improved safety features. However, there are still many challenges facing battery technology, including the need for increased energy density, longer lifespan, and sustainability.
Researchers are working on developing new materials and manufacturing techniques that could lead to significant improvements
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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2. Introduction:
• Setting process parameters, work holding devices, inspection/quality
assurance methods, economics of process planning.
Process parameters calculation:
• Cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut.
Cutting speed:
• Surface cutting speed or surface speed, relative speed b/w tool and
w/p.
• Tool or w/p or both may be moving during cutting.(mpm).
11. Spindle speeds and stroke speeds:
• Turning, boring, milling, drilling-spindle speeds.
• Shaping, planning, slotting-stroke speeds.
Calculation of spindle speeds/no of strokes:
12.
13. Feed and feed rate
Feed:
• Distance through which tool advances into w/p during 1 revolution of
the w/p or the cutter.
Feed rate:
• Speed at which the cutting tool penetrates the w/p.
Unit:
• mm/min of spindle revolution.
Factors affecting feed rate:
• W/p material, capacity of m/c tool, cutting tool, cutting fluid
application, surface finish, operation type, nature of cut.
14. Feed rates for turning and boring in mm/rev for HSS and
carbide tool materials
15. Feed rates for drilling in mm/rev for HSS and carbide tool drills
16. Feed rates for milling in mm/tooth for HSS and carbide cutters
17. Feed rates for shaping and planning:
• 0.05-0.75-shaping.
• 0.5-3.0-planning.
Feed rates for grinding:
• Cross feed surface grinding-1.0-1.5mm/pass.
• Feed rate cylindrical grinding-1.0-1.5mm/pass.
Depth of cut:
• Thickness of the layer of metal removed in one cut or pass, direction
perpendicular to the machined surface(mm).
• Particular operation/c material, surface finish reqd,tool used.
18.
19. Machining time calculations:
• Selecting speed, feed rate, depth of cut.
Selection of jigs and fixtures:
• Work holding device as jig or fixture.
• Communicate to tool engg, design and drawings.
Work holding device:
Position and hold workpiece, precise, mfg operations.
Types of work holding devices
General work holding devices:
• Vices, clamps, abutments, chucks, collets, centres, mandrels, face
plates.
Specialist work holding devices:
• Jigs, fixtures.
Jigs: Clamps the m/c table, align the bushes of jig with spindle.
Fixtures:Clamps the m/c table, clamps the w/p during
machining,welding,inspection or assembly.
28. Reasons for using jigs and fixtures
• Reduces marking, measuring and setting of w/p.
• Automatic exact position of workpiece and tool.
• Reduces production cycle time, increases production capacity.
• Interchangeability of production parts.
• Speed, feed, depth of cut.
• Clamp rigidity of w/p.
• Comfort operation.
• Settings eliminated.
• Reduces cost and defects.
29. Types of jigs-Drill, Boring.
Drill jig:
• Drilling, reaming, tapping, chamfering, spot facing, counter sinking.
Different types of drilling jigs:
• Template, plate, open type, swinging leaf type, box type, solid type,
pot type, index, multistation, universal.
Boring jig:
• Bore holes that is too large to drill or made on odd size.
Types of fixtures:
• Designed specifically operation ,carried out properly for w/p.
Different types of fixtures operation:
• Turning, milling, grinding, broaching, boring/drilling, tapping,
welding,
assembling.
Construction of fixtures:
• Plate, angle plate, vice-jaw, indexing.
30. Standard parts for jigs and fixtures:
• Mechanical fasteners, locating and supporting devices, indexing pins,
drill bushes, hand knobs, handles.
Selection of quality assurance methods:
• Dimensional and geometric tolerances, surface finish specifications,
inspection criteria, quality engineer, QA tools.
• Balance b/w quality, avoid increase of time & mfg costs.
Tasks:
• Inspection locations, testing methods, evaluation and identification of
corrective action, influences processes, equipment, tools and mfg
parameters.
Quality definition:
• Totality of features and characteristics of a product or service, that
bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs of the customer.
TQM definition:
• Management approach of an organisation, centered on quality,
participation of all its members and aiming longterm success through
31. Customer satisfaction and benefits to all members of the organisation and
to society.
Principles/concepts of TQM
36. Statistical quality control:
• Employing inspection methodologies from statistical sampling theory
to conformance requirements.
• Inspected samples of batch in statistical interferences, conclusions for
whole batch.
Two methods of SQC:
• Statistical process control, Acceptance sampling.
Assignable and chance causes of variations:
• Two objects exactly alike, degree of inherent variability.
Four sources of variations:
• Processes, materials, operations, miscellaneous factors.
• Miscellaneous- heat, light, humidity.
Assignable causes of variations:
Larger in magnitude and easily traced and detected.
Reasons
• Differences among machines, materials, processes, overtime,
relationship to one another.
37. • Analyzing data, identify and eliminate remedial actions.
Chance or random or common causes of variations:
• Inevitable in any process, difficult to trace and control, best conditions
of production, random manner.
• Human variability from one operation cycle to next by raw materials,
fluctuations, lack of skills.
• Process operating under stable system of chance causes said to be
statistical control.
Control charts:
• Graph that displays data taken over time and variations of this data.
Uses
• Process is statistically or not,variability,capability of
production,variation,effect of process change.
Types
• Control charts for variables, attributes.
38.
39. Control charts for variables:
• Quality characteristics measured and expressed in specific units of
measurements.
Types:
• Average,range,standard deviation charts.
• Average charts-monitor centering.
• Range charts-dispersion.
• Standard deviation-variation.
Control charts for attributes:
• Attribute refers quality characteristics conform specifications or not
conform specifications.
• Monitors the number of defects or fraction defect rate present in
sample.
Types:
• P-chart: Rejected fraction non-conforming to specifications.
• np chart: Number of non-confirming items.
40. • C chart:Number of non-conformities.
• U chart:Number of non-conformities per unit.
41. Process capability:
• Output of an in-control process to specify limits by capability indices.
• Compares customer specification limits or voice of the process.
Definition:
• Minimum spread of specific measurement variation include 99.7% of
measurements from given process.
• 99.7% area (-3σ to 3σ),process capability=6σ(natural tolerance).
Purpose:
• Inherent capable of specified tolerance limits.
• Failing to meet specifications.
Process capability indices(Measures of process capability):
Process capability index Cp
• Process potential performance of natural process to spread specified. Used in
product design phase and pilot production phase.
Cp = Total specification tolerance/process capability
Cp =USL-LSL/6σ
42. • USL=Upper specification limit, LSL=Lower specification limit,
USL-LSL=Tolerance, σ=population standard
deviation,6σ=Process capability Cp =Capability index.
Interpretation of Cp :
• Cp >1= Process variation meeting the specifications.(better
quality, improves process capability)
• Cp˂1= Process variation not meeting the specifications.
• Cp = 1 process just meeting the specifications.
Process capability index Cpk:
• Location of process.
• Pilot production phase and routine production phase.
• Cpk = min{USL-Mean/3σ,Mean-LSL/3σ}.
• Interpretation of Cpk:
Cpk=or˂ than Cp, Cpk >1-process confirm specifications, Cpk ˂ 1-
process not conform specifications.
43. • Cpk = 1-process just conform specifications, Cp=Cpk-process
centered.
Inspection and measurement:
• Objective-Product quality is maintained.
• Aims-Conforming and non-conforming product,mfg variations,
discover inefficiency.
Stages(Locations)
Inspection of incoming materials(Preproduction inspection or input
inspection):
• Inspecting and checking the raw materials and parts that supplied
before stock or mfg.
• Inspection at suppliers end.
Inspection of production process(Inspection during production or
process inspection):
• Production process going on, work centres at critical production
points.
• Prevent wastage of time and money, defective units, delays.
44. Inspection of finished goods(Post-production inspection or output
inspection):
• Finished goods inspected and carried before marketing, poor quality
rejected.
Methods of inspection:
• 100% inspection.
• Sampling inspection.
100% inspection:
• Specifications or standards and acceptance or rejection of parts.
Sampling inspection:
• Avoid more cost, satisfactory random sample, piece by piece
inspection.
• Statistical methods-Quality, reliable.
Types of inspection:
• Inspection of variables, inspection of attributes.
• Qualitative characteristics-attributes.
51. Set of documents required for process planning(information
required for process planning):
52.
53. Economics of process planning:
• Cost estimating, cost accounting, cost types, cost components,
calculation and manufacturing of product.
• Material type,mfg process, product volume, make or buy, design.
• Classification of costs, elements of costs, total cost of product.
Break even analysis:
• Cost-volume-profit analysis studies the inter-relationship among firm
sales, costs, operating profit, output levels.
• Fixed costs, variable costs, prices, sales mix.
• Effect of changes in volume on profit.
• Cost and revenues are equal-break even point.
Aims of Break even analysis:
• Profit level of o/p, cost and revenues, fixed budgeted sales, make or
buy decision, product mix, promotion mix, plant expansion decisions,
equipment replacement decisions, margin of safety, profit, business
enterprises, facility locations.
54. Break-even point:
• Sales level at which the total revenues and total costs are equal.
• No profit-No loss point.
• Sells above BEP-profit, Sells below BEP-loss.
• Changes fixed cost, variable cost, selling price.
Determination of break-even point:
Algebraic method, graphical method.
Algebraic method:
Break even point in terms of physical units:
• FC=fixed cost,
• VC=variable cost,
• TVC=total variable cost,
• TC=total costs,
• TR=total revenue
• Q=sales volume
55. • SP= selling price per unit
• Total costs = fixed cost + variable cost
Total costs=FC+(VC×Q)
• Total revenue=Selling price/unit × quantity sold
TR=SP×Q
BEP,Total costs=Total revenue
TC=TR
FC+(VC×Q)=SP×Q
QBEP=FC/(SP-VC)
Break even quantity= Fixed costs/(Selling price per unit-
Variable cost per unit)
• Break-even point in terms of sales value
Break even sales(BEP in Rs)=Fixed costs/1-(variable cost per
unit/selling price per unit)
BEP in rupees=FC/(1-(VC/SP)
56. Contribution
• C=SP-VC
• Companion value of revenue product sale covers fixed costs with
remainder takes profit.
• Contribution ratio=contribution/selling price
• Contribution ratio=selling price-variable cost/selling price
P/V ratio(profit-volume ratio)
p/v ratio=contribution/sales
The graphical method(break even chart):
57. Margin of safety:
• Difference between the existing level of output and the level of output
at BEP.
• Margin of safety(in %)=sales-sales at BEP/sales×100.
• > MOS- > Profit
• <MOS- > incurring losses