This document defines and describes different types of observations that can be used to study behavior, including qualitative vs. quantitative, obtrusive vs. unobtrusive, and naturalistic vs. contrived observations. It also discusses defining the target behavior, sampling contexts and times, recording procedures, summarizing data, and evaluating performances based on observations.
Presentación introductoria al razonamiento estadístico vinculado a la dispersión y, específicamente, al concepto de varianza estadística, su uso en el control experimental y su uso en el proceso de estimación estadística.
Observation is one of the important and basic methods or techniques or tools for collecting data in almost all types of research studies.(experimental or laboratory research, descriptive research or qualitative research.)
Observation as a research tool is used in understanding, measuring, prediction and modification of human behavior.
The observer can opt for either participant or non participant observation. This technique can be used to observe the behavior or attitude of the individual or a group. The observer has to plan carefully and execute the plans to collect accurate information. The observation could be supported with interaction.
This method gives an opportunity to know the insights of the group and naturally, the observer will be able to get the factual data compared to other methods of data collection.
Presentación introductoria al razonamiento estadístico vinculado a la dispersión y, específicamente, al concepto de varianza estadística, su uso en el control experimental y su uso en el proceso de estimación estadística.
Observation is one of the important and basic methods or techniques or tools for collecting data in almost all types of research studies.(experimental or laboratory research, descriptive research or qualitative research.)
Observation as a research tool is used in understanding, measuring, prediction and modification of human behavior.
The observer can opt for either participant or non participant observation. This technique can be used to observe the behavior or attitude of the individual or a group. The observer has to plan carefully and execute the plans to collect accurate information. The observation could be supported with interaction.
This method gives an opportunity to know the insights of the group and naturally, the observer will be able to get the factual data compared to other methods of data collection.
Tools and Techniques for Classroom Assessment - Observation S. Raj Kumar
Keenly watching or viewing the external behaviour of persons in appropriate situation, controlled or uncontrolled.
Young defined, it’s a careful technique and viewing of selected situation and recording then and there, what is perceived.
1. • Qualitative Observations describes behavior
and contexts. Quantitative Observations count
behavior
• Unaided (live) observations are not enhanced.
Aided observations require equipment to
measure or sense behavior.
2. • An observation is Obtrusive when the person
being observed knows it.
• An observation is Unobtrusive when the
person being observed is unable of the
observation.
3. • Contrived observations occur in pre-arranged
situations or contexts.
• Naturalistic observations occur in situations
that have not been contrived.
4. Definitions of Behavior
• Topography is how the behavior is performed
• Function is why the behavior is performed.
5. Characteristics of Behavior
• Duration. How long a behavior lasts
• Latency. How long it takes for a behavior to
begin.
• Frequency. How often a behavior occurs.
• Amplitude. How strong or intense a behavior
is.
6. Sampling Behavior
• Contexts – settings and conditions
• Times –
– Continuous recording
– Whole interval sampling
– Partial interval sampling
– Momentary time sampling
• Behavior
– Harmful
– Stereotypic
– Infrequent desirable
– Normal but inappropriate contexts
8. Gather Data
• Avoid random error
– Be familiar with recording system
– Allow sufficient time to record
– Maintain concentration
• Avoid systematic error
– Prevent unintended changes
– Desensitize those being observed
– Minimize observer expectancies
– Motivate observers
9. Data Summarization
• Rates
• Means and standard deviations
• Frequencies and totals