This document discusses several topics related to power quality in photovoltaic systems, including:
1. Different types of PV inverter topologies and their effects on power quality.
2. Issues that can degrade power quality such as harmonic distortion and voltage transients caused by inverters.
3. The benefits of maintaining high power quality such as reduced equipment costs and improved reliability.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
Introduction to Power Electronics, Power Diodes, Thyristors and Power Transistors. Different types of Power Converters, Applications of Power Electronics and Peripheral effects.
The main feature of this power supply is, when no load is there it automatically switches off. It is a circuit which mainly act as a protector circuit and achieved through an arrangement of transistors and relay. Embedded system
requires a regulated power supply. This power supply circuit gives a variable regulated supply and switches off in no load condition.
final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai", Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, Final Year Java Projects, Final Year ASP.NET Projects, Final Year VB.NET Projects, Final Year C# Projects, Final Year Visual C++ Projects, Final Year Matlab Projects, Final Year NS2 Projects, Final Year C Projects, Final Year Microcontroller Projects, Final Year ATMEL Projects, Final Year PIC Projects, Final Year ARM Projects, Final Year DSP Projects, Final Year VLSI Projects, Final Year FPGA Projects, Final Year CPLD Projects, Final Year Power Electronics Projects, Final Year Electrical Projects, Final Year Robotics Projects, Final Year Solor Projects, Final Year MEMS Projects, Final Year J2EE Projects, Final Year J2ME Projects, Final Year AJAX Projects, Final Year Structs Projects, Final Year EJB Projects, Final Year Real Time Projects, Final Year Live Projects, Final Year Student Projects, Final Year Engineering Projects, Final Year MCA Projects, Final Year MBA Projects, Final Year College Projects, Final Year BE Projects, Final Year BTech Projects, Final Year ME Projects, Final Year MTech Projects, Final Year M.Sc Projects, IEEE Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, IEEE 2009 Java Projects, IEEE 2009 ASP.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 VB.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 C# Projects, IEEE 2009 Visual C++ Projects, IEEE 2009 Matlab Projects, IEEE 2009 NS2 Projects, IEEE 2009 C Projects, IEEE 2009 Microcontroller Projects, IEEE 2009 ATMEL Projects, IEEE 2009 PIC Projects, IEEE 2009 ARM Projects, IEEE 2009 DSP Projects, IEEE 2009 VLSI Projects, IEEE 2009 FPGA Projects, IEEE 2009 CPLD Projects, IEEE 2009 Power Electronics Projects, IEEE 2009 Electrical Projects, IEEE 2009 Robotics Projects, IEEE 2009 Solor Projects, IEEE 2009 MEMS Projects, IEEE 2009 J2EE P
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
Introduction to Power Electronics, Power Diodes, Thyristors and Power Transistors. Different types of Power Converters, Applications of Power Electronics and Peripheral effects.
The main feature of this power supply is, when no load is there it automatically switches off. It is a circuit which mainly act as a protector circuit and achieved through an arrangement of transistors and relay. Embedded system
requires a regulated power supply. This power supply circuit gives a variable regulated supply and switches off in no load condition.
Chic Export Company was established in Kolkata along with a group of well adept Engineers. The company is fully accredited by ISO 9001:2008 and has an abiding Interest in achieving the topmost stature by delivering products of finest quality and Providing the best of Electrical & Electronics solution services. All the equipments Manufactured are well in accordance with international standards and certified with the standard testing procedures.
We deal with the products are this like AUTO RECLOSER, CIRCUIT BREAKER, DIGITAL ELECTRonICS METER, POWER QUALITY METER, PREPAID ELECTRICITY METER, SWITCHES, COMPUTER MONITOR, MOBILES PHONE, CPU Etc….
The 7SR12 includes for directional control of the overcurrent and earth fault functionality and is typically installed where fault current can flow in either direction i.e. on interconnected systems.
Power Electronics and Switch Mode Power SupplyLiving Online
Power electronic circuits have revolutionised almost every device that we use today from PC's to TV's, microwave ovens and heavy industrial drives.
Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) have thus become an important part of equipment design in all types of industrial equipment and an understanding of the different types and designs has become essential for reliable operation of complex equipment.
This workshop gives you a fundamental understanding of the basic components that form a SMPS design. You will understand how the selection of components affects the different performance parameters and operation of the SMPS. Typical practical applications of the SMPSs in industry will be discussed.
The concluding section of the workshop gives you the fundamental tools in troubleshooting SMPS designs confidently and effectively.
Even though the focus of the workshop is on the direct application of this technology, you will also gain a thorough understanding of the problems that can be introduced by SMPSs such as harmonics, electrostatic discharge and EMC/EMI problems.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Anyone associated with the use of power electronics and switch mode power supply design techniques in the industrial or automation environment. The workshop will also benefit those working in system design as well as site commissioning, maintenance and troubleshooting.
Typical personnel who would benefit are:
Application engineers
Component suppliers
Electrical and electronic maintenance
Instrument for control engineers
Product designers
Product managers
Sales engineers
Service technicians
Supervisors
Technicians
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/power-electronics-and-switch-mode-power-supply-38
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Chic Export Company was established in Kolkata along with a group of well adept Engineers. The company is fully accredited by ISO 9001:2008 and has an abiding Interest in achieving the topmost stature by delivering products of finest quality and Providing the best of Electrical & Electronics solution services. All the equipments Manufactured are well in accordance with international standards and certified with the standard testing procedures.
We deal with the products are this like AUTO RECLOSER, CIRCUIT BREAKER, DIGITAL ELECTRonICS METER, POWER QUALITY METER, PREPAID ELECTRICITY METER, SWITCHES, COMPUTER MONITOR, MOBILES PHONE, CPU Etc….
The 7SR12 includes for directional control of the overcurrent and earth fault functionality and is typically installed where fault current can flow in either direction i.e. on interconnected systems.
Power Electronics and Switch Mode Power SupplyLiving Online
Power electronic circuits have revolutionised almost every device that we use today from PC's to TV's, microwave ovens and heavy industrial drives.
Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) have thus become an important part of equipment design in all types of industrial equipment and an understanding of the different types and designs has become essential for reliable operation of complex equipment.
This workshop gives you a fundamental understanding of the basic components that form a SMPS design. You will understand how the selection of components affects the different performance parameters and operation of the SMPS. Typical practical applications of the SMPSs in industry will be discussed.
The concluding section of the workshop gives you the fundamental tools in troubleshooting SMPS designs confidently and effectively.
Even though the focus of the workshop is on the direct application of this technology, you will also gain a thorough understanding of the problems that can be introduced by SMPSs such as harmonics, electrostatic discharge and EMC/EMI problems.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Anyone associated with the use of power electronics and switch mode power supply design techniques in the industrial or automation environment. The workshop will also benefit those working in system design as well as site commissioning, maintenance and troubleshooting.
Typical personnel who would benefit are:
Application engineers
Component suppliers
Electrical and electronic maintenance
Instrument for control engineers
Product designers
Product managers
Sales engineers
Service technicians
Supervisors
Technicians
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/power-electronics-and-switch-mode-power-supply-38
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A DAPTIVE S UPPLY V OLTAGE M ANAGEMENT F OR L OW P OWER L OGIC C IRCU...VLSICS Design
With the rise in demand of portable hand held devic
es and with the rise in application of wireless sen
sor
networks and RFID reduction of total power consumpt
ion has become a necessity. To save power we
operate the logic circuitry of our devices at sub-t
hreshold. In sub-threshold the drain current is
exponentially dependent on the threshold voltage he
nce the threshold variation causes profound variati
on
of I
ON
and I
OFF
the ratio of which affect the speed of a circuit d
rastically. So to mitigate this problem we
present a adaptive power management circuit which w
ill determine the minimum required supply voltage
to meet the timing requirement. Also to reduce the
power overhead and avoid bulky coil and EMI noise
we used the switch capacitor power regulator to reg
ulate and manage power instead of linear dropout
(LDO) and Inductor base switch mode power converter
IRJET-Management of power factor and harmonicIRJET Journal
P. K. Kurundwade, G. V. Swami , R. A. Metri, S. B. Patil, P. B. Patil, M. Patil "Management of power factor and harmonic", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
This paper discusses about the power factor improvement and reduction in harmonic system. Poor power factor causes increased electricity charges, penalty for low power factor and unnecessary effect in the system and poor power quality. To smooth such negative effects, the power factor correction is carried out, also reduce harmonic content in the system filters are used. Automatic Power Factor Correction relay is one of the smart relay used to control the capacitor with respect to output. The proposed system is characterized by no generation of harmonics and reduction of transmission losses.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
An Improved Single Phase Transformer less Inverter Topology for Cost Effecti...IJMER
In grid connected PV systems, the elimination of isolation transformer introduces common
mode leakage current due to the parasitic capacitance between PV panels and the ground. The common
mode leakage current reduces the efficiency of power conversion stage, affects the quality of grid
current, deteriorate the electric magnetic compatibility and give rise to various safety threats. In order
to eliminate the leakage current, an improved transformer less topology with virtual DC bus concept is
proposed here. By connecting the grid neutral line directly to the negative pole of the DC bus, the stray
capacitance between the PV panels and the ground is bypassed. The topology consists of only five power
switches, two capacitors and the filter section. Therefore, the power electronics cost can be curtailed.
This advanced topology can be modulated with the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) to reduce
the output current ripple. The simulation result of the proposed topology using MATLAB/SIMULINK is
presented.
Estimation of Harmonics in Three-phase and Six-phase (Multi- phase) Load Circ...IAES-IJPEDS
The Harmonics are very harmful within an electrical system and can have serious consequences such as reducing the life of apparatus, stress on cable and equipment etc. This paper cites extensive analytical study of harmonic characteristics of multiphase (six- phase) and three-phase system equipped with two & three level inverters for non-linear loads. Multilevel inverter has elevated voltage capability with voltage limited devices; low harmonic distortion; abridged switching losses. Multiphase technology also pays a promising role in harmonic reduction. Matlab simulation is carried out to compare the advantage of multi-phase over three phase systems equipped with two or three level inverters for non-linear load harmonic reduction.The extensive simulation results are presented based on case studies.
New Explore Careers and College Majors 2024.pdfDr. Mary Askew
Explore Careers and College Majors is a new online, interactive, self-guided career, major and college planning system.
The career system works on all devices!
For more Information, go to https://bit.ly/3SW5w8W
NIDM (National Institute Of Digital Marketing) Bangalore Is One Of The Leading & best Digital Marketing Institute In Bangalore, India And We Have Brand Value For The Quality Of Education Which We Provide.
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Exploring Career Paths in Cybersecurity for Technical CommunicatorsBen Woelk, CISSP, CPTC
Brief overview of career options in cybersecurity for technical communicators. Includes discussion of my career path, certification options, NICE and NIST resources.
Exploring Career Paths in Cybersecurity for Technical Communicators
Power quality of PV Inverters,Related To Topology & Control
1. International Journal of Research
Available at
https://edupediapublications.org/journals
p-ISSN: 2348-6848
e-ISSN: 2348-795X
Volume 04 Issue 08
July 2017
Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 827
Power Quality of Pv Inverters, Related To Topology And
Control
Seema Vijay Appa ; Rashmi Singh ; Vinay Keswani
1
pg Student Vidarbha Institute of Technology
2
asst. Professor Vidarbha Institute of Technology
3
asst. Professor Vidarbha Institute of Technology
SHUNT CONTROLLER
The Shunt Controller allows two circuits to be
temporally isolated from an active security system.
The unit has two alarm inputs and each one is
monitored by a 2K2 resistor. If this input is either
open circuit or closed circuit the input is considered
to be in alarm. Similarly the set input is also
monitored by a 2K2 resistor. The set input controls
the isolation of the other two inputs.
Four relays are provided for alarm annunciation and
control. In addition a buzzer is provided for local
feedback to users. There are two modes of operation
of the unit, timed and non timed, which are selected
by using the on board switches. In both modes
isolation of the two alarm inputs is initiated by
applying the 2K2 resistor to the set input. In the non
timed mode the isolation will remain until the set
condition is removed (by either an open or closed
circuit on the set input). In the timed mode the
isolation will remain until the selected time matures
or, optionally, until the set condition is removed as in
the none timed mode.
While the isolation is active the buzzer sounds
continuously until the last 15 seconds of the timed
period (timed mode only) when the buzzer sounds
intermittently. If an attempt is made to remove the
isolation manually while either of the two inputs is in
alarm then the buzzer will sound intermittently until
the fault is removed. The unit will remain in isolation
mode until the fault is cleared or, if the timer is on,
until the timer matures. If timed mode is selected the
unit will come out of isolation mode at the end of the
selected period irrespective of the state of the two
alarm inputs. In non timed mode the unit will remain
isolated until the faults are cleared.
Relays 1 and 2 will follow the state of inputs
1 and 2 respectively being operated while
the inputs are clear and released while the
inputs are in alarm. While the unit is in
isolation mode both relays remain operated
irrespective of the state of the two inputs.
Relay 3 is released under normal operation
and operated while the unit is in isolation
mode.
Relay 4 will be operated while the unit is in
isolation mode and will release if an alarm is
detected on either of the two inputs. It will
remain released until the set input is next
activated (i.e. the open or short circuit is
removed).
ASPECTS
Converters for PV systems can be divided into two
groups, namely: Line commutated inverters and self
commutated inverters. Line commutated inverters are
commonly used for high power converters, while
self-commutated converters are commonly used for
small PV-inverters. Only inverters with line currents
up to maximum 16 amperes per phase and therefore
only self-commutated inverters will be discussed. A
further limitation will be the focus on single-phase
inverters. Within the mentioned limitations, PV
inverters consist in general of different stages and
transformer options. To comply with standards, these
inverters with their pulse-width modulation (PWM)
converter controllers generate a sinusoidal output
current. In practice switching frequencies of 20 - 500
kHz are used in different power stages. Several
inverter concepts are used in these group of small
single-phase inverters, examples are:Single-stage
concept of H-bridge pulse-width-modulated (PWM)
2. International Journal of Research
Available at
https://edupediapublications.org/journals
p-ISSN: 2348-6848
e-ISSN: 2348-795X
Volume 04 Issue 08
July 2017
Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 828
DC-DC converter directly coupled to the grid Single-
stage concept of H-bridge PWM DC-DC converter
coupled to the grid with a low frequency (LF)
isolation transformer
Fig: Single-stage H-Bridge PWM converter and low-
frequency transformer Multi-stage concept of PWM
DC-DC converter front-end, with 50Hz unfolding
bridge directly coupled to the grid
Fig: Multi-stage high-frequency transformer H-
Bridge PWM Converter with low-frequency
unfolding bridge Multi-stage concept of PWM DC-
DC converter front-end with 50Hz unfolding bridge
coupled to the grid with a LF-isolation transformer
Multi-stage concept of PWM DC-DC converter
front-end including a high-frequency (HF) isolation
transformer, and a 50Hz unfolding bridge coupled to
the grid.Inverters can make use of an extra input buck
or boost converter to gain the dynamic range at the
input. In these topologies the energy storage
capacitor, needed in one-phase inverters, can be
placed at the input of the inverter or between the two
converter stages. These types cover the majority of
small single-phase inverters. For all these inverter
types the AC output current will mainly be
characterized by the current-feedback control loop.
The majority of these inverters are capable of self-
generating a 50Hz sinusoidal output current based on
internal processor tables and synchronization with the
supply voltage. This synchronization is often done by
means of a Phase-locked Loop (PLL).Some inverters
combine the reference source and the synchronization
in the grid voltage, by using the shape of the grid
voltage as a reference source. However if the grid
voltage is polluted, the reference source will also be
polluted and the current control loop of the inverter
pollutes his output current accordingly. Filtering out
the pollution using such a controller is difficult to do,
while obtaining a good (unity) power factor. If it is
desired to design an inverter with an unpolluted
sinusoidal output current shape, even if the grid
voltage is polluted with harmonics, using a good
reference source is the first demand. Further the
inverters output impedance, as function of the
frequency has to be high as well. In practice the
output impedance has to be high up to the 40th
harmonic, to avoid harmonic current pollution as an
interaction on harmonic voltage pollution. High
output impedance can be achieved actively by means
of the current control loop performance, but also in a
passive way. The passive way can be achieved by
inductance in the inverters output circuit, i.e. the
leakage inductance of the LF transformer. In practice
this is only useful for the higher harmonics. Active
compensation remains necessary for a good overall
result. For modern high frequency switching
inverters, adding inductance for reducing the lower
harmonics is very bulky and costly. To improve the
current source character,
POWER QUALITY: The contemporary container
crane industry, like many other industry segments, is
often enamored by the bells and whistles, colorful
diagnostic displays, high speed performance, and
levels of automation that can be achieved. Although
these features and their indirectly related computer
based enhancements are key issues to an efficient
terminal operation, we must not forget the foundation
upon which we are building. Power quality is the
mortar which bonds the foundation blocks. Power
quality also affects terminal operating economics,
crane reliability, our environment, and initial
investment in power distribution systems to support
new crane installations. To quote the utility company
newsletter which accompanied the last monthly issue
of my home utility billing: ‘Using electricity wisely
is a good environmental and business practice which
saves you money, reduces emissions from generating
plants, and conserves our natural resources.’ As we
are all aware, container crane performance
requirements continue to increase at an astounding
3. International Journal of Research
Available at
https://edupediapublications.org/journals
p-ISSN: 2348-6848
e-ISSN: 2348-795X
Volume 04 Issue 08
July 2017
Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 829
rate. Next generation container cranes, already in the
bidding process, will require average power demands
of 1500 to 2000 kW – almost double the total average
demand three years ago. The rapid increase in power
demand levels, an increase in container crane
population, SCR converter crane drive retrofits and
the large AC and DC drives needed to power and
control these cranes will increase awareness of the
power quality issue in the very near future.
POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS: For the purpose
of this article, we shall define power quality problems
as any power problem that results in failure or
misoperation of customer equipment, Manifests itself
as an economic burden to the user, or produces
negative impacts on the environment.’When applied
to the container crane industry, the power issues
which degrade power quality include:The AC anDC
variable speed drives utilized on board container
cranes are significant contributors to total harmonic
current and voltage distortion. Whereas SCR phase
control creates the desirable average power factor,
DC SCR drives operate at less than this. In addition,
line notching occurs when SCR’s commutate,
creating transient peak recovery voltages that can be
3 to 4 times the nominal line voltage depending upon
the system impedance and the size of the drives. The
frequency and severity of these power system
disturbances varies with the speed of the drive.
Harmonic current injection by AC and DC drives will
be highest when the drives are operating at slow
speeds. Power factor will be lowest when DC drives
are operating at slow speeds or during initial
acceleration and deceleration periods, increasing to
its maximum value when the SCR’s are phased on to
produce rated or base speed. Above base speed, the
power factor essentially remains constant.
Unfortunately, container cranes can spend
considerable time at low speeds as the operator
attempts to spot and land containers. Poor power
factor places a greater kVA demand burden on the
utility or engine-alternator power source. Low power
factor loads can also affect the voltage stability which
can ultimately result in detrimental effects on the Life
of sensitive electronic equipment or even intermittent
malfunction. Voltage transients created by DC drive
SCR line notching, AC drive voltage chopping, and
high frequency harmonic voltages and currents are all
significant sources of noise and disturbance to
sensitive electronic equipment
THE BENEFITS OF POWER QUALITY Power
quality in the container terminal environment impacts
the economics of the terminal operation, affects
reliability of the terminal equipment, and affects
other consumers served by the same utility service.
Each of these concerns is explored in the following
paragraphs.1. Economic Impact The economic
impact of power quality is the foremost incentive to
container terminal operators. Economic impact can
be significant and manifest itself in several ways: a.
Power Factor Penalties Many utility companies
invoke penalties for low power factor on monthly
billings. There is no industry standard followed by
utility companies. Methods of metering and
calculating power factor penalties vary from one
utility company to the next. Some utility companies
actually meter kVAR usage and establish a fixed rate
times the number of kVAR-hours consumed. Other
utility companies monitor kVAR demands and
calculate power factor. If the power factor falls below
a fixed limit value over a demand period, a penalty is
billed in the form of an adjustment to the peak
demand charges. A number of utility companies
servicing container terminal equipment do not yet
invoke power factor penalties. However, their service
contract with the Port may still require that a
minimum power factor over a defined demand period
be met. The utility company may not continuously
monitor power factor or kVAR usage and reflect
them in the monthly utility billings; however, they do
reserve the right to monitor the Port service at any
2. Equipment Reliability
Poor power quality can affect machine or equipment
reliability and reduce the life of components.
Harmonics, voltage transients, and voltage system
sags and swells are all power quality problems and
are all interdependent. Harmonics affect power
factor, voltage transients can induce harmonics, the
same phenomena which create harmonic current
injection in DC SCRvariable speed drives are
responsible for poor power factor, and dynamically
varying power factor of the same drives can create
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voltage sags and swells. The effects of harmonic
distortion, harmonic currents, and line notch ringing
can be mitigated using specially designed filters.
3. Power System Adequacy
When considering the installation of additional
cranes to an existing power distribution system, a
power system analysis should be completed to
determine the adequacy of the system to support
additional crane loads. Power quality corrective
actions may be dictated due to inadequacy of existing
power distribution systems to which new or relocated
cranes are to be connected. In other words, addition
of power quality equipment may render a workable
scenario on an existing power distribution system,
which would otherwise be inadequate to support
additional cranes without high risk of problems.
4. Environment
No issue might be as important as the effect of power
quality on our environment. Reduction in system
losses and lower demands equate to a reduction in the
consumption of our natural nm resources and
reduction in power plant emissions. It is our
responsibility as occupants of this planet to
encourage conservation of our natural resources and
support measures which improve our air quality
VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY SUPPORT
The power transfer between two sections of the line
connecting a DPGS converter to the grid can be
studied using a short line model and complex
phasors, as shown in Figure.
Fig. (a) Power flow through a line. (b) Phasor
diagram.When the DPGS is connected to the grid
through a mainly inductive line , R may be
neglected. If the power angle δ is also small, then
and where VA, PA,
and QA denote, respectively, the voltage, active
power, and reactive power in section A, and VB is
the voltage in section B, as indicated in Fig. For X >>
R, a small power angle δ, and a small difference VA
− VB, equations show that the power angle
predominantly depends on the active power, whereas
the voltage difference VA − VB predominantly
depends on the reactive power. In other words, the
angle δ can be controlled by regulating the active
power, whereas the inverter voltage VA is controlled
through the reactive power. Thus, by independently
adjusting the active and reactive powers, the
frequency and amplitude of the grid voltage are
determined. These conclusions are the basis of the
frequency and voltage droop control through active
and reactive powers, respectively [7]. In this paper,
the relation has been adopted to optimize the power
extraction from PV panels (MPPT).
SHUNT CONTROLLERS FOR VOLTAGE DIP
MITIGATION
Shunt devices are usually adopted to compensate
small voltage variations that can be controlled by
reactive power injection. The ability to control the
fundamental voltage at a certain point depends on the
grid impedance and the power factor of the load. The
compensation of a voltage dip by current injection is
difficult to achieve because the grid impedance is
usually low and the injected current has to be very
high to increase the load voltage. The shunt controller
can be current or voltage controlled. When the
converter is current controlled, it can be represented
as a grid-feeding component [Fig (a)] that supports
the grid voltage by adjusting its reactive output
power according to the grid voltage variations. When
the converter is voltage controlled, it can be
represented as a grid-supporting component [Fig (b)]
that controls its output voltage Fig. Use of a shunt
controller for voltage dips compensation. (a)
Simplified power circuit of the current-controlled
shunt controller. (b) Simplified power circuit of the
voltage-controlled shunt controller.However, also in
this second case, the control action results in injecting
the reactive power in order to stabilize the voltage.
The vector diagrams of a shunt controller designed to
provide only reactive power are reported in Fig.
When the grid voltage is 1 pu, the converter supplies
the reactive power absorbed by the load, and the
vector diagram of the current- or voltage-controlled
converter is the same, then, in the first case, it is
controlled by the compensating current IC, and in the
second one, it is controlled by the load voltage, as
underlined in Fig (a) and (b Fig. Vector diagram of
the shunt controller providing only reactive power.
(a) Current-controlled converter in normal
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conditions. (b) Voltage-controlled converter in
normal condition. (c) Vector diagram for
compensation of a voltage dip of 0.15 pu.When a
voltage sag occurs, the converter provides reactive
power in order to support the load voltage, and the
grid current Ig has a dominant reactive component,
i.e.,
The amplitude of the grid current depends on the
value of the grid impedance since
where V Lg is the inductance voltage drop shown in
Fig. (c). If the shunt controller supplies the load with
all the requested active and reactive powers, in
normal conditions, it provides a compensating current
Ic = Iload; hence, the system operates as in island
mode, and Ig = 0.In case of a voltage dip, the
converter has to provide the active power required by
the load, and it has to inject the reactive power
needed to stabilize the load voltage, as shown in Fig.
(b). Fig. Vector diagram of the shunt controller
providing both active and reactive powers. (a)
Normal conditions. (b) Vector diagram for
compensation of a voltage dip of 0.15 pu.
The grid current in this case is reactive. It can be seen
that
is inversely proportional to ωLg. This means that a
large inductance will help in mitigating voltage sags,
although it is not desirable during normal operation
PV SYSTEM WITH SHUNT-CONNECTED
MULTIFUNCTIONAL CONVERTER
Modeling of PV Array: Fig. 2 shows the model of a
PV cell. It consists of a current source Iph in parallel
with a diode D. The resistance in series Rs represents
the intrinsic resistance of the cell.
The power produced by a PV array depends on the
temperature and irradiation of the sun [12], [13].
As suggested in [12], a benchmark PV array model
is developed with a known temperature and a
known solar irradiation level. Later, the model is
modified to handle changes in the temperature and
irradiation levels of the sun. With changes in the
ambient temperature (Ta), the PV cell output
voltage and the photo current changes. Similarly,
changes in the solar irradiation of the sun (Sc)
affects the PV cell operating temperature and the
photovoltaic current [12]. The effects resulting due
to these changes are represented with the help of
coefficients Ctv, Cti, Csv and Csi given using (2) –
(5).
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