The document discusses the biosphere and its abiotic and biotic components. It describes how life on Earth depends on resources like water and energy from the sun. It then discusses several types of pollution including air pollution from burning fossil fuels and water pollution from waste. It also describes the importance of soil and its formation. The biotic components are producers like plants and consumers like animals. Several biogeochemical cycles are also summarized, including the water, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon cycles which are essential for maintaining balance in the biosphere.

2. Our planet Earth is the only planet where life exist
.Life on Earth is dependent on many factors like
water , food etc The resources present on the earth
and the energy from the sun are necessary to meet the
basic requirement on earth . resources on the earth are
land, water and the air .The life supporting zone of
earth where the atmosphere , hydrosphere and
lithosphere interact is called biosphere.

3. The non living things of the
biosphere forms the abiotic
component
Air , water , soil are the
abiotic component

6. An increase in the content of harmful substances in the
air is called air pollution. The fossil fuel like coal and
petroleum contain small amount of sulphur and
nitrogen. When these fuels are burnt nitrogen and
sulphur to are burnt and this produces different oxides
of nitrogen and sulphur. Inhalation of these gases is
dangerous they also dissolve in rain to form acid rain.
The combustion of fossil fuel also increases the amount
of suspended particle in air. These suspended particle
could be un burnt carbon particle or substances called
hydrocarbon.

7. • Water : A wonder
liquid area of
Water occupies a very large
earth. And is also found underground.
some amount of water is in the form of
vapour. Water is very necessary all
cellular process takes place in a water
medium. Organism need to maintain the
water within their body to in order to
stay alive. The availability of water
decides not only the number of member
of each species that are able to survive

8. Water pollution
Sewage from our towns and cities and
waste from factories are also dumped into
rivers or lake . Specific industry also use
water for cooling in many operation and
later return this hot water to water
bodies. All this can effect the life form
that are found in this water bodies in
various ways. This effect the balance
between various organism which had been
establishing in that system.

9. • soil
Soil is an important resource that decides the diversity
of life in an area. Soil is the topmost layer of earth
crust. Soil is a mixture of small particle of rock ,bits of
decaying living organism which is called a humus, soil also
contain microorganism. The type of soil is decided by the
amount of humus ,average soil particle dissolved in it.
Soil is formed by many factors:• By the sun : the sun heats up rock during the
day so the rock expands and in night the rock
contracts since all the part of the rock do
not contract at the same rate . It cracks
ultimately.
• Strong winds erode rocks like water do. Wind
also caries sand from one place to another
• Living organism also influence the formation of soil.

10. • Plants:- the green plants are the producer of
food for all living being. The leaves and other
green parts of plant synthesize food. Besides
the food item the plant supply us many
other things like medicines, cloth etc.
The biotic component of
environment include all living • Animal:- animal form another important
biotic component of environment. They
organism including human
depend on the plant for their survival.
beings. They may be producer of
food or consumer.

11. Biogeochemical cycle
A constant interaction between the biotic and
abiotic component of the biosphere makes it a
dynamic but stable system these interaction
consist of transfer of matter and energy
between different component of the biosphere.
Some process involved in maintenance of above
balance:1. Water cycle
2. Nitrogen cycle
3. Carbon cycle
4. Oxygen cycle

12. Water cycle:- the whole process in which water evaporates and falls
on the land as rain and later flow back into the sea is called water cycle.
• clouds
transpiration
rain
ground
water

13. nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen gas makes 70% of our atmosphere and nitrogen is
also a part of many molecules essential for life like protein.
However other than a few forms of bacteria, life forms are
not able to convert the comparatively inert nitrogen
molecule into forms like nitrates and nitrites. Other than
these bacteria the only way to convert atmospheric
nitrogen into nitrites and nitrates is by physical method .
During lightning the high temperature and pressure
created in the air converts nitrogen into oxides of
nitrogen. These oxides dissolve in water to give nitrous
and nitric acid. These ar4e then utilized by many life
forms. Plant takes up nitrates and convert them into
amino acid. which are used to make protein . These protein
are consumed by many animal . Once the animal or plant
dies other bacteria in the soil converts the various
compounds of back into nitrates. A bacteria then converts
the nitrates into nitrogen.

14. Oxygen is very abundant element on our earth.it is
found in the elemental form to the extent of 21%.
But when we talk of oxygen cycle , we are mainly
referring to a cycle that maintains the level of
oxygen in the atmosphere oxygen from the
atmosphere is used up in three processes
combustion , respiration and in formation of
oxides of nitrogen and this forms the oxygen
cycle.

15. Carbon is found in various forms in the earth. It
occurs in elemental form in diamond and graphite.
Carbon dioxide in the combined form. Carbon cycle
is the process which converts carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere or dissolve in water into glucose
molecules. The utilization of glucose to provide
energy to living thing involves the process of
respiration in which oxygen may or may not be
used to convert glucose back into carbon dioxide.
This carbon dioxide goes back into the atmosphere .