Issues facing indian economy
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India attained independence on August 15, 1947. While India has made progress economically, socially, and technologically, it still faces major problems like poverty, unemployment, and inflation. Poverty is one of the biggest challenges, with over 24 crore people estimated to live in poverty in 2010-2011. The main causes of poverty are increasing population, lack of utilization of natural resources, and an unwise economic policies of the government. Unemployment and low productivity also contribute to a vicious cycle of poverty. Population explosion is a key reason for many of India's economic issues.
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Problem and challenges of indian Economy
The document summarizes several key economic problems and challenges facing the Indian economy. It discusses high inflation rates between 8-10% despite economic slowdowns, a growing population that is exceeding food and resource supplies, high levels of corruption, widespread poverty with over 20% of Indians living below the poverty line, high unemployment rates, slowing economic growth rates, an inefficient agricultural sector employing over half the workforce, high income inequality where over 78 million homes lack electricity, and literacy rates below 50% especially for women in rural areas. These interrelated problems threaten India's ability to provide for its population and achieve further economic development.
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The document discusses several major challenges facing the Indian economy:
1) Poverty and unemployment are major issues as a large portion of the population cannot afford basic needs or find adequate work.
2) Providing education and healthcare to all citizens is challenging given India's large population.
3) Rising inflation hits the poor and middle classes hard so controlling prices is another key problem.
4) Achieving sustained economic growth each year to raise incomes as the population and demands grow is a further challenge.
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Food security has three dimensions - availability, accessibility, and affordability of food. Food insecurity most affects the poor, landless, artisans, petty workers, and ill-paid urban occupations. Food security is ensured when enough food is available and accessible to all at an affordable price. Natural calamities and crop failures can threaten food security by reducing production and increasing prices, potentially leading to starvation and famine over the long term. India aims to ensure food security through self-sufficiency, public distribution systems, and welfare programs.
Indian Economic growth
The document summarizes the history and development of the Indian economy from ancient times to present day. It discusses how the economy was negatively impacted during British colonial rule but began to grow after independence through import substitution industrialization and nationalization of key industries. Economic reforms since 1991 opened the economy to foreign investment and global trade, leading to strong growth rates of around 7% annually over the past few decades and positioning India as the 7th largest economy globally. Recent years have seen some slowing but growth is projected to remain around 7-8% through 2016-17.
Food security in india
Food security means availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all people at all times. The poor households are more vulnerable to food insecurity whenever there is a problem of production or distribution of food crops. Food security depends on the Public Distribution System (PDS) and government vigilance and action at times, when this security is threatened.
Trends of National Income in India
This document provides information on national income in India and its estimation methodology. It discusses that national income refers to the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year. It then describes the two methods used to estimate India's national income - the product method and income method. It also provides details on India's economic growth performance during each of its Five Year Plans since the first plan in 1951, including the growth rates achieved for national income and per capita income.
Indian agriculture
The agriculture sector employs nearly half of the workforce in the country. However, it contributes to 17.5% of the GDP (at current prices in 2015-16).Agriculture sector’s contribution has decreased from more than 50% of GDP in the 1950s to 15.4% in 2015-16 (at constant prices). This slides discuss about Indian agriculture status and problems and solutions.
Poverty and unemployment in india by Abhishek Lahiry
The document discusses the concepts of poverty and unemployment in India, their relationship, and efforts to reduce them. It provides historical data showing that poverty in India peaked in the 1960s and has declined since economic reforms in the 1990s, but still impacts hundreds of millions who lack basic necessities. Unemployment rates average around 9% and are caused by factors like population growth, low agricultural productivity, and lack of skills training. Several government programs have aimed to reduce poverty through rural development, employment guarantees, and self-employment initiatives, but more remains to be done to educate citizens and implement effective policies.
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Challenges of indian econmy
The document discusses several major challenges facing the Indian economy:
1) Poverty and unemployment are major issues as a large portion of the population cannot afford basic needs or find adequate work.
2) Providing education and healthcare to all citizens is challenging given India's large population.
3) Rising inflation hits the poor and middle classes hard so controlling prices is another key problem.
4) Achieving sustained economic growth each year to raise incomes as the population and demands grow is a further challenge.
Food Security In India (Class Ix)
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The document summarizes the history and development of the Indian economy from ancient times to present day. It discusses how the economy was negatively impacted during British colonial rule but began to grow after independence through import substitution industrialization and nationalization of key industries. Economic reforms since 1991 opened the economy to foreign investment and global trade, leading to strong growth rates of around 7% annually over the past few decades and positioning India as the 7th largest economy globally. Recent years have seen some slowing but growth is projected to remain around 7-8% through 2016-17.
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This document provides information on national income in India and its estimation methodology. It discusses that national income refers to the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year. It then describes the two methods used to estimate India's national income - the product method and income method. It also provides details on India's economic growth performance during each of its Five Year Plans since the first plan in 1951, including the growth rates achieved for national income and per capita income.
Indian agriculture
The agriculture sector employs nearly half of the workforce in the country. However, it contributes to 17.5% of the GDP (at current prices in 2015-16).Agriculture sector’s contribution has decreased from more than 50% of GDP in the 1950s to 15.4% in 2015-16 (at constant prices). This slides discuss about Indian agriculture status and problems and solutions.
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Sectors of Indian Economy
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Indian economy on the eve of independence
The Indian economy on the eve of independence was primarily agricultural with developed handicraft industries. Under British rule, India's economy was exploited - the national income and per capita income were very low. Agriculture was commercialized but farmers focused on cash crops. Handicrafts declined due to imports and unemployment increased. Modern industry was limited and public sector confined to railways and ports. Foreign trade focused on exporting primary goods and importing British manufactures. The population grew but literacy, health and life expectancy were very low. Most people worked in agriculture with unbalanced regional development. Infrastructure like railways was developed but for British needs. British policies deliberately destroyed Indian industries and discriminated against Indian traders.
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The document discusses the concept of economic drain from India to Britain during the colonial period. It defines economic drain as a portion of India's wealth and resources that was transferred to Britain for political reasons rather than being available for India's own development. The drain took the form of exports exceeding imports, resulting in a unilateral transfer of wealth. It consisted of an internal drain through taxes and an external drain of unrequited exports that did not return equivalent imports. Estimates show a significant portion of India's annual revenues, perhaps as much as one-fourth, was drained away to Britain. While critics argue the drain exploited India, supporters claim it enabled infrastructure development, but nationalists strongly objected to this view.
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The document provides an overview of the Indian economy, including key sectors. It discusses the history of the Indian economy from ancient times through British colonial rule to the present. Some key points:
- Agriculture has historically been the largest employment sector but its contribution to GDP has declined as other sectors have grown.
- Manufacturing, especially in industries like petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, automotive and engineering, has increased significantly since economic reforms in the 1990s.
- The services sector now contributes the largest share (57%) to India's GDP, with industries like IT and business outsourcing among the fastest growing.
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The Indian economy on the eve of independence was stagnant, backward, and characterized by widespread poverty. Agriculture was the main occupation but it was inefficient with low productivity due to factors like small landholdings and the exploitative zamindari system. The industrial sector was undeveloped due to the British policy of de-industrialization which destroyed India's handicraft industry. Infrastructure was also underdeveloped except for railways built by the British to transport goods. The demographic profile reflected the poverty with high birth and death rates and low life expectancy. While the British established some administrative systems and transportation links, overall their colonial rule exploited India's economy for British benefits.
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This document discusses two major problems in macroeconomics: unemployment and poverty. It defines unemployment as people who are willing and able to work but cannot find jobs. Several types of unemployment are described, including frictional, cyclical, and structural unemployment. Unemployment rates are explained as well as how they are measured. Poverty is also defined and different types like absolute and relative poverty are outlined. Criteria for measuring both unemployment and poverty are provided.
Poverty as a challenge
1. Approximately 270 million people in India, or 27% of the population, live below the poverty line, making India home to the largest population of poor people in the world.
2. Key issues related to poverty in India include landlessness, unemployment, large family sizes, illiteracy, poor health and malnutrition, child labor, and a sense of helplessness.
3. Poverty is more prevalent in rural areas compared to urban areas and affects certain social groups like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes disproportionately. Inter-state disparities in poverty also exist across India.
Structural Changes in Indian Economy
This document summarizes the structural changes in the Indian economy after liberalization. It discusses how the Indian economy transitioned from a predominantly state-run economy to a mixed economy with a larger private sector role after 1991. The key policies driving this transition included liberalization, privatization, and opening the economy to global trade and investment. Liberalization reduced licensing requirements and other regulations, privatization sold state-owned enterprises to private owners, and globalization made the economy more open internationally. These reforms aimed to increase economic growth by enhancing competition and private sector participation in the economy.
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The document summarizes several key characteristics of the Indian economy:
1) It has a low per capita income of around $720 in 2005, with excessive dependence on agriculture and primary activities that engage a large proportion of the population.
2) It has a high rate of population growth that has led to chronic unemployment and underemployment problems.
3) It suffers from a poor rate of capital formation, low levels of technology, underutilization of natural resources, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate development of economic organizations.
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- China has higher GDP and per capita income but a lower poverty rate than India.
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General Studies Projecct.pptx
The document discusses several contemporary social problems in Indian society including poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, social inequalities, population growth and health issues. It notes that while India has experienced significant economic growth since independence, many social issues persist. Poverty remains widespread and is both a cause and effect of illiteracy and unemployment. High population growth also exacerbates unemployment and poverty. Addressing these interconnected problems will require coordinated efforts across many sectors of society.
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Food security means that enough food is available for all people and that all people can afford to buy food. Drought can cause food shortages and increased prices in affected areas, making food unaffordable for some and leading to food insecurity. Prolonged food insecurity or widespread shortages over a large area can cause starvation and even famine. India's food security systems include maintaining buffer stocks and a public distribution system to provide food to those who cannot afford it.
Sectors of Indian Economy
The Indian economy can be classified into various sectors based on ownership, working conditions, and nature of activity. It can be divided into primary, secondary, tertiary, organized, unorganized, public, and private sectors. The primary sector involves extraction of raw materials from nature like agriculture and mining. The secondary sector involves manufacturing and industrial production by processing raw materials. The tertiary sector provides intangible services like finance, IT, and telecommunications. Over time, the share of agriculture in GDP and employment has decreased while services have increased, though many remain employed in agriculture.
Features of indian economy.
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Types of Economy..
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The document summarizes the key aspects of the 14th Finance Commission of India. It discusses the Commission's composition, functions, recommendations and implications. The major recommendation was increasing the states' share of central taxes from 32% to 42%. This provided states greater fiscal autonomy but reduced central assistance. Overall, the recommendations aimed to further cooperative federalism between central and state governments in India.
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The Indian economy on the eve of independence was primarily agricultural with developed handicraft industries. Under British rule, India's economy was exploited - the national income and per capita income were very low. Agriculture was commercialized but farmers focused on cash crops. Handicrafts declined due to imports and unemployment increased. Modern industry was limited and public sector confined to railways and ports. Foreign trade focused on exporting primary goods and importing British manufactures. The population grew but literacy, health and life expectancy were very low. Most people worked in agriculture with unbalanced regional development. Infrastructure like railways was developed but for British needs. British policies deliberately destroyed Indian industries and discriminated against Indian traders.
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The document provides an overview of the Indian economy between 1950-1990. It discusses the adoption of a mixed economy model with a focus on economic planning and development in the areas of agriculture, industry, and trade. For agriculture, it describes the land reforms and Green Revolution that increased food production. Industrialization was driven by public sector expansion and import substitution policies. Five-Year Plans aimed to accelerate growth, reduce inequality, and achieve self-reliance through state-led development.
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The document provides an overview of the Indian economy, including key sectors. It discusses the history of the Indian economy from ancient times through British colonial rule to the present. Some key points:
- Agriculture has historically been the largest employment sector but its contribution to GDP has declined as other sectors have grown.
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Poverty as a challenge
1. Approximately 270 million people in India, or 27% of the population, live below the poverty line, making India home to the largest population of poor people in the world.
2. Key issues related to poverty in India include landlessness, unemployment, large family sizes, illiteracy, poor health and malnutrition, child labor, and a sense of helplessness.
3. Poverty is more prevalent in rural areas compared to urban areas and affects certain social groups like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes disproportionately. Inter-state disparities in poverty also exist across India.
Structural Changes in Indian Economy
This document summarizes the structural changes in the Indian economy after liberalization. It discusses how the Indian economy transitioned from a predominantly state-run economy to a mixed economy with a larger private sector role after 1991. The key policies driving this transition included liberalization, privatization, and opening the economy to global trade and investment. Liberalization reduced licensing requirements and other regulations, privatization sold state-owned enterprises to private owners, and globalization made the economy more open internationally. These reforms aimed to increase economic growth by enhancing competition and private sector participation in the economy.
Characteristic of indian economy
The document summarizes several key characteristics of the Indian economy:
1) It has a low per capita income of around $720 in 2005, with excessive dependence on agriculture and primary activities that engage a large proportion of the population.
2) It has a high rate of population growth that has led to chronic unemployment and underemployment problems.
3) It suffers from a poor rate of capital formation, low levels of technology, underutilization of natural resources, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate development of economic organizations.
Unemployment in india
Unemployment is a major social issue in India, with 31 million jobless people according to a recent study. Unemployment in India can be broadly classified into rural unemployment, which includes seasonal and disguised unemployment, and urban unemployment, which includes industrial and educated unemployment. The causes of unemployment in India include population explosion, underdevelopment, inadequate employment planning, slow rate of growth in agriculture and industry, and the prevailing education system. Some remedies to reduce unemployment are increasing national wealth through industrialization, establishing more vocational training institutes, increasing investment in heavy industries, reviving small industries, modernizing agriculture, and encouraging self-employment.
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The document compares the economies of India and China. It finds that while China's economy is currently larger than India's based on GDP, India's economy has grown at a faster rate in recent years. Some key differences highlighted include:
- China's economy was not colonized like India's was, allowing it to develop stronger initially.
- China has higher GDP and per capita income but a lower poverty rate than India.
- India's economy relies more on services while China's relies more on industry and manufacturing.
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Unemployment
Meaning
Types
Causes
Remedies
Inflation
Meaning
Types
Cause
Remedies
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28 states.'Poverty-a challenge'
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Poverty is defined as the lack of basic human needs like food, shelter, clothing due to not having enough money. It is more than just lack of income and includes lack of access to things like healthcare, education, jobs and security. Poverty can be absolute (lacking necessities) or relative (having fewer resources than others in a society). Causes of poverty include effects of British colonial rule, unemployment, and impacts of neo-liberal policies in India since the 1990s. Anti-poverty measures by the government include promoting economic growth and targeted programs to aid the poor. Poverty remains a challenge due to increasing causes and limited development progress in addressing issues. Joint efforts of people and government are
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India faces widening economic and social disparities across several dimensions, including regional, rural-urban, social, and gender divides. During the last two decades of economic reforms, southern and western states experienced faster growth compared to northern and eastern states, exacerbating regional income and development gaps. Rural areas also lagged behind as large cities prospered, resulting in widespread agrarian distress. Socially disadvantaged groups like scheduled castes and tribes gained little from new prosperity, and gender gaps persisted or widened. Unless these divides are bridged in an inclusive manner, they could have serious adverse implications for India's economy, society, and polity.
The Indian Independence Movement
WW1 saw millions of Indian volunteers assist Britain in the war, expecting self-government in return, but tensions rose as independence was not granted, fueling the independence movement led by Gandhi and civil disobedience protests against British rule, as India pushed for more autonomy while Britain wanted to maintain control over its colonial possession.
Population explosion M.SC, 2019
1) India is facing a serious problem of population explosion which is one of the most serious issues in the country. The population has grown rapidly to over 1.2 billion people as of 2015.
2) Population explosion is caused by decreasing death rates due to improved public health and sanitation, as well as high birth rates due to lack of education and family planning.
3) The effects of overpopulation include increased environmental degradation, shortage of resources, unemployment, and poverty. Measures to control the population include increasing education and employment opportunities, developing family planning programs, and establishing small family norms.
Poverty in india
Poverty in India is widespread, with over 300 million people expected to be lifted out of extreme poverty by 2015 according to a UN report. However, India still faces significant issues with malnutrition and hunger. A committee headed by Suresh Tendulkar developed a new methodology for calculating poverty in India that found over 350 million people lived below the poverty line in 2005. The document then discusses several root causes of poverty in India, including population growth, lack of irrigation and infrastructure in rural areas, unemployment, and social factors like the caste system. Overpopulation is seen as a major challenge exacerbating poverty in India. Improving agricultural productivity and reducing the development gap between states could help address poverty.
Development issues facing India
Despite being the 4th largest economy, India still faces significant development challenges. It has a population of over 1 billion people and large income inequality between states. Approximately 25% of the population lives below the poverty line, and problems like malnutrition and illiteracy remain issues. While economic reforms in the 1990s increased growth, over 200 million people of the lowest caste, called Dalits, still face discrimination and live in poor conditions. Overall India has made progress, but continued efforts are needed to address rural poverty and improve conditions for disadvantaged groups to achieve more balanced development across the country.
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Issues facing indian economy
- 2. MAJOR ISSUES FACING INDIAN ECONOMY TODAY
- 4. 15TH AUGEST, 1947 Is a red letter day in the history of india. India attained independence on this day. After the attainment of independence , india made progress in economic, social cultural , educational , technological , and political fields and solved many problems. But many problems like poverty , unemployment and inflation etc… are yet to be solved. Economy means a major framework in which all the economics activites of a country are explained . Indian economy is a mixed economy
- 6. Poverty is one the major problems of india which has attracted the attention of economists , sociologist and educationists Sufficient food and other necessities of life . It is a condition of lower standard living. It is estimated that in 2010-11, more than 24 cr of people are suffering from poverty
- 8. Increasing population Lack of utilisation of natural resources Unwise economic policy of the govt. Unemployment Exploitation of labor by the landlord Unproductive hoarding of wealth Low productivity Vicious circle of poverty Unequal distribution
- 10. LOW PRODUCTIVITY Vicious circle of poverty
- 14. NATURAL CLIMATE
- 17. EVIL CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
- 18. DEFECTIVE AND COSTLY EDUCATION SYSTEM
- 19. Illiteracy Idleness Sickness and mental disease Extravagence Accident
- 22. SICKNESS
- 23. War lads to heavy loss of property and manpower Nature of state
- 24. WAR
- 26. Twenty – point programme State poverty alleviation programme Major poverty alleviation programmes
- 27. When a person doesn’t get job , is called unemployment Seasonal unemployment Structural unemployment Indirect unemployment
- 29. POPULATION EXPLOSION DEFECTIVE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIES AT A SLOW SPEED INADEQUATE AVAILABILITY OF LAND AND CAPITAL INADEQUATE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
- 30. Inflation becomes the causes of poverty and unemployment. Inflation is due to continuous in price level in the country Causes of inflation Less production Increases in wages Increases in taxes Population explosion
- 32. CONCLUSION Hence, poverty, unemployment and inflation are the three major issues facing Indian economy. The main cause of all these issues are population explosion. In order to remove these problems we have to take care of educated society .