A review of the use of potassium formate brine weighted with Micromax as a high-density well drilling and completion fluid for HPHT wells. Advantages include improved production and improved well logging.
Drill and complete wells faster with clear formate brines John Downs
Clear formate brines drill and complete oil wells and gas wells much faster than conventional drilling muds and completion fluids. Formate brines reduce HPHT well drilling and completion times by weeks.
A review of the use of potassium formate brine weighted with Micromax as a high-density well drilling and completion fluid for HPHT wells. Advantages include improved production and improved well logging.
Drill and complete wells faster with clear formate brines John Downs
Clear formate brines drill and complete oil wells and gas wells much faster than conventional drilling muds and completion fluids. Formate brines reduce HPHT well drilling and completion times by weeks.
A Breaker-free, Non-damaging Friction Reducer for All-Brine Field ConditionsBill Chang
Phoenix C&W Inc. developed and supplies a kind of breaker-free non-damaging all-brine friction reducer (FR).
Along with a review of challenging during fracking, the comparative FR-2 performance against representative FRs were assessed.
Lab testing and field trial corroborate the effectiveness of using FR-2 for fracking with key concerns adequately addressed.
A Breaker-free, Non-damaging Friction Reducer for All-Brine Field ConditionsBill Chang
Phoenix C&W Inc. developed and supplies a kind of breaker-free non-damaging all-brine friction reducer (FR).
Along with a review of challenging during fracking, the comparative FR-2 performance against representative FRs were assessed.
Lab testing and field trial corroborate the effectiveness of using FR-2 for fracking with key concerns adequately addressed.
SPE 145562 - Life Without Barite: Ten Years of Drilling Deep HPHT Gas Wells ...John Downs
The tradition of using barite to increase the weight of drilling fluids dates back to the early-1920’s and, while it has been of great benefit to the oil industry over the past 90 years, it has also caused some chronic and persistent well construction problems along the way. These problems, which are very familiar to drillers, include well control difficulties, stuck pipe incidents and formation damage.
The oil industry has known since the 1970’s that replacing barite with suitable non-damaging solutes in reservoir drill-in fluids is an effective way of reducing formation damage, simplifying operations and eliminating the need for expensive formation damage by-pass operations. The development of brine-based drill-in fluids opened up the opportunity to connect more effectively with hydrocarbon reserves by allowing the construction of long high-angle reservoir sections completed in open hole. Despite the advantages on offer, the industry was unable to exploit this novel technology in deep HPHT gas field developments until the mid- to late-1990’s when drill-in fluids based on potassium and cesium formate brine became available in commercial volumes.
Cesium formate brine was first used as a reservoir drilling fluid in the Huldra gas/condensate field in the North Sea in January 2001, and has now been used to drill a total of 29 deep HPHT gas wells. The information presented and reviewed in this paper confirms that the use of potassium and cesium formates as the sole weighting agents in reservoir drill-in fluids has enabled operators to enjoy the full economic benefits of creating low-skin open-hole completions in deep high-angle HPHT gas wells. The review also concludes that the use of these heavy formate brines as drill-in fluids over the past 10 years has facilitated the safe and efficient development of deep HPHT gas reserves by:
• Virtually eliminating well control and stuck pipe incidents
• Enabling the drilling of long high-angle HPHT wells with narrow drilling windows
• Typically reducing offshore HPHT well completion times by 30 days or more
• Improving the definition and visualization of the reservoirs
• Eliminating the need for clean-ups, stimulation treatments or any other form of post-drilling well intervention to remove formation damage caused by the drilling fluid
This has all been made possible by the operators’ acceptance and adoption of the award-winning Chemical Leasing (ChL) and fluid management programmes that form the basis of their contracts with the sole producer of cesium formate brine. The use of the ChL model has played an important role in reducing the unnecessary consumption of what is a very rare and valuable chemical resource
A Breaker-free, Non-damaging Friction Reducer for All-Brine Field ConditionsBill Chang
Phoenix C&W Inc. developed and supplies a kind of breaker-free non-damaging all-brine friction reducer (FR).
Along with a review of challenging during fracking, the comparative FR-2 performance against representative FRs were assessed.
Lab testing and field trial corroborate the effectiveness of using FR-2 for fracking with key concerns adequately addressed.
A Breaker-free, Non-damaging Friction Reducer for All-Brine Field ConditionsBill Chang
Phoenix C&W Inc. developed and supplies a kind of breaker-free non-damaging all-brine friction reducer (FR).
Along with a review of challenging during fracking, the comparative FR-2 performance against representative FRs were assessed.
Lab testing and field trial corroborate the effectiveness of using FR-2 for fracking with key concerns adequately addressed.
SPE 145562 - Life Without Barite: Ten Years of Drilling Deep HPHT Gas Wells ...John Downs
The tradition of using barite to increase the weight of drilling fluids dates back to the early-1920’s and, while it has been of great benefit to the oil industry over the past 90 years, it has also caused some chronic and persistent well construction problems along the way. These problems, which are very familiar to drillers, include well control difficulties, stuck pipe incidents and formation damage.
The oil industry has known since the 1970’s that replacing barite with suitable non-damaging solutes in reservoir drill-in fluids is an effective way of reducing formation damage, simplifying operations and eliminating the need for expensive formation damage by-pass operations. The development of brine-based drill-in fluids opened up the opportunity to connect more effectively with hydrocarbon reserves by allowing the construction of long high-angle reservoir sections completed in open hole. Despite the advantages on offer, the industry was unable to exploit this novel technology in deep HPHT gas field developments until the mid- to late-1990’s when drill-in fluids based on potassium and cesium formate brine became available in commercial volumes.
Cesium formate brine was first used as a reservoir drilling fluid in the Huldra gas/condensate field in the North Sea in January 2001, and has now been used to drill a total of 29 deep HPHT gas wells. The information presented and reviewed in this paper confirms that the use of potassium and cesium formates as the sole weighting agents in reservoir drill-in fluids has enabled operators to enjoy the full economic benefits of creating low-skin open-hole completions in deep high-angle HPHT gas wells. The review also concludes that the use of these heavy formate brines as drill-in fluids over the past 10 years has facilitated the safe and efficient development of deep HPHT gas reserves by:
• Virtually eliminating well control and stuck pipe incidents
• Enabling the drilling of long high-angle HPHT wells with narrow drilling windows
• Typically reducing offshore HPHT well completion times by 30 days or more
• Improving the definition and visualization of the reservoirs
• Eliminating the need for clean-ups, stimulation treatments or any other form of post-drilling well intervention to remove formation damage caused by the drilling fluid
This has all been made possible by the operators’ acceptance and adoption of the award-winning Chemical Leasing (ChL) and fluid management programmes that form the basis of their contracts with the sole producer of cesium formate brine. The use of the ChL model has played an important role in reducing the unnecessary consumption of what is a very rare and valuable chemical resource
SPE 165151 The Long-Term Production Performance of Deep HPHT Gas Condensate ...jdowns
Maps and analyses the long-term production of eight HPHT gas and condensate fields in which formate brines were the last well construction fluids to contact the producing reservoirs
SPE 165151 - The Long-term Production Performance of Deep HPHT Gas Condensat...John Downs
Formate brines have been in use since 1995 as non-damaging drill-in and completion fluids for deep HPHT gas condensate field developments. The number of HPHT fields developed using formate brines now totals more than 40, and includes some of the deepest, hottest and highly-pressured reservoirs in the North Sea. The well completions have been both open-hole and cased-hole.
An expectation from using formate brines as reservoir drill-in and completion fluids is that they will cause minimal damage to the reservoir and help wells to deliver their full productive potential over the life-time of the field. The validity of this expectation has been tested by examining the long-term hydrocarbon production profiles of eight HPHT gas condensate fields in the North Sea where only formate brines have been used as the well completion fluids. In five of these fields the wells were drilled with oil-based muds and completed by perforating in cased hole with high-density formate brines. In another two of the fields the wells were drilled with formate brines and completed with screens entirely in open hole using the same brines. The last of the eight fields was drilled with formate brine and the wells were then completed with same fluid in either open hole or cased hole.
The results of the production analysis provide a unique insight into the impact of a single type of specialist drill-in and completion fluid on the rate of recovery of hydrocarbon reserves from deeply-buried reservoirs in the North Sea
Cementing is an essential part of the oil and gas drilling process. It is used to provide zonal isolation in a wellbore, creating a barrier between different zones and preventing production fluid from entering unwanted formation areas.
Refratechnik Casting develops, produces, and supplies highgrade process materials for steel production.
The Casting experts have 25 years of experience in the production
and application of biogenic silicas. This know-how has helped put
Refratechnik Casting into a commanding position.
An Introduction to Improved Cold Weather Concreting
How does cold weather concreting work ?
Purpose of an “antifreeze” agent are:
– Prevent temperature decrease below 5 °C within setting period
– Prevent freezing of water needed for hydration until a certain concrete strength is reached
– Prevent freezing the first day
Calcium Nitrate
– Reduces setting time, produces heat earlier and thereby provides the necessary temperatures for hydration
– does not reduce the freezing point of the mixing water
Best practice in compliance with ACI_306R-88
Antifreeze:
Keys are water control and set acceleration
The concrete hydration of surface close areas is crucial as the reinforcement is often placed here
For the concrete hydration the availability of water is essential. The two ways to prevent its freezing are
– Keep water warm (for instance by hydration heat, as a result of a set accelerator like NitCal) – dynamic solution at light frost
– Increase salt concentration of water to prevent freezing – static solution for deep frost
The way to increase salt concentration is the reduction of water, as the amount of salt added by admixtures is limited
The combined use of NitCal and a strong water reducing agent is recommended to obtain w/c ratio as low as 0,3 and thus minimize excess water.
When doing so, only minor ice formation is expected, and concrete can hydrate at even -15°C
Attention:
– In this manner produced concrete develops compressive strength very slowly
– Final compressive strength might be reduced
– Use of insulation is mandatory to support hydration
– Use of hardening accelerator like Thiocyanate/Rhodanide or Aluminum Nitrate is recommended for concreting jobs below -10°C
For more information please visit http://yara.co.uk/chemicals/speciality-chemicals/concrete-accelerator-admixture/
SPE 24973 35 mm slides in Powerpoint .pptxJohn Downs
Scanned copies of the original 35 mm slides used in the presentation of SPE paper 24973 by John Downs of Shell at the European Petroleum Conference held in Cannes, France, 16-18 November 1992
Single cell protein (SCP) from methane and methanol - publications from Shell...John Downs
The Fermentation and Microbiology (FMB) department of Shell Research Centre in Sittingbourne was a leader in the development of single cell protein (SCP) production from methane and methanol in the 1970's. This updated presentation lists virtually all of the publications from the Shell scientists engaged at that time in the development of a single cell protein production process using methane and methanol as the carbon feedstocks. Their main focus was growing Methylococcus capsulatus in continuous culture on methane.
A Walk Through Devon - Day 6 - Morchard Bishop to Five Crosses John Downs
Day 6 of an 8-day walk through Devon. An 8-mile walk from Morchard Bishop to Five Crosses on a route that could be used by Lands End to John O'Groats long distance walkers passing through the county
A Walk through Devon - Day 5 - Bondleigh Bridge to Morchard Bishop John Downs
Day 5 of an 8-day walk through Devon. An 8-mile walk from Bondleigh Bridge to Morchard Bishop on a route that could be used by Lands End to John O'Groats long distance walkers passing through the county
A Walk through Devon - Day 4 - Stockley Hamlet (Okehampton) to Bondleigh BridgeJohn Downs
Day 4 of an 8-day walk through Devon. An 8-mile walk from Stockley Hamlet to Bondleigh Bridge on a route that could be used by Lands End to John O'Groats long distance walkers passing through the county
Day 2 of a walk through Devon - From Lewdown to Bridestowe. The entire set of " A Walk through ..." walks currently covering the south-west of England from Lands End up into the Cotswolds could be used as a route guide by Lands End-John O'Groats (LEJOG) walkers
Day 1 of a walk through Devon - From Launceston on the Cornwall /Devon border to Lewdown in Devon. The entire set of " A Walk through ..." walks currently covering the south-west of England from Lands End up into the Cotswolds could be used as a guide by Lands End-John O'Groats (LEJOG) walkers
A Ramble through Cornwall - Day 8 - Bodmin to St Neot John Downs
A short (7 mile) walk from the outskirts of Bodmin east to St Neot, skirting the southern border of Bodmin Moor. Mostly walking in fog on this particular day
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
Potassium formate from addcon
1. Potassium Formate from Addcon
An Oilfield Success Story : 1995-2014
Potassium formate from Addcon
2. Formate brines
Potassium formate from Addcon
Sodium
formate
Potassium
formate
Cesium
formate
Solubility in
water
47 %wt 77 %wt 83 %wt
Density 1.33 g/cm3
11.1 lb/gal
1.59 g/cm3
13.2 lb/gal
2.30 g/cm3
19.2 lb/gal
Formates are also soluble in some non-aqueous solvents
3. Solubility of cesium formate in various
solvents
Potassium formate from Addcon
Solvent
Solvent
density
(g/cm3)
Cesium
formate
solubility
(% w/w)
Solution
density
(g/cm3)
Water activity
of solution
Water 1.00 83.0 2.30 0.25
Monoethylene
glycol
1.11 82.9 2.22 0.05
Diethylene
glycol
1.12
57
1.66 0.20
Triethylene
glycol
1.13 33 1.38 0.11
Glycerol 1.26 63.8 1.96 0.08
4. Formate brines – Discovery and qualification
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Shell patent the use
of formates as
polymer stabilisers
Shell discover
cesium formate
brine
Shell R&D in UK study the effect of sodium
and potassium formates on the thermal
stability of drilling polymers
Shell R&D in The Netherlands carry out
qualification work on formate brines as
deep slim-hole (HPHT) drilling fluids
Shell publish first
SPE papers on
formate brines
Start of Shell’s deep
slim-hole drilling
R&D programme
Potassium formate from Addcon
5. The main application for formate brines is in
High-Pressure High-Temperature gas wells
Low-solids heavy fluids for deep HPHT gas well constructions
• Reservoir drill-in
• Completion
• Workover
• Packer fluids
• Well suspension
• Fracking
Used in hundreds of HPHT wells since 1995, including some of
Europe’s deepest, hottest and highly-pressured gas reservoirs
Potassium formate from Addcon
6. The economic benefits provided by formate
brines in HPHT gas field developments
Formate brines improve the economics of HPHT gas field
developments by :
• Reducing well delivery time and costs
• Improving operational safety and
reducing risk
• Delivering production rates that exceed expectations
• Providing more precise reservoir definition
Potassium formate from Addcon
7. 42 deep HPHT gas fields developed using potassium
formate brine , 1995-2011*
Country Fields Reservoir Description
Matrix
type
Depth, TVD
(metres)
Permeability
(mD)
Temperature
(oC)
Germany Walsrode,Sohlingen
Voelkersen, Idsingen,
Kalle, Weissenmoor,
Simonswolde
Sandstone 4,450-6,500 0.1-150 150-165
Hungary Mako , Vetyem Sandstone 5,692 - 235
Kazakhstan Kashagan Carbonate 4,595-5,088 - 100
Norway Huldra ,Njord
Kristin,Kvitebjoern
Tune, Valemon
Victoria, Morvin,
Vega, Asgard
Sandstone 4,090-7,380 50-1,000 121-200
Pakistan Miano, Sawan Sandstone 3,400 10-5,000 175
Saudi Arabia Andar,Shedgum
Uthmaniyah
Hawiyah,Haradh
Tinat, Midrikah
Sandstone
and
carbonate
3,963-4,572 0.1-40 132-154
UK Braemar,Devenick
Dunbar,Elgin
Franklin,Glenelg
Judy, Jura, Kessog
Rhum, Shearwater
West Franklin
Sandstone 4,500-7,353 0.01-1,000 123-207
USA High Island Sandstone 4,833 - 177
Potassium formate from Addcon
* More HPHT fields developed in Kuwait, India and Malaysia during 2012-2013
8. Formate brines – Production and first field use
- Milestones
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
First field use of
sodium formate:
Shell drills and
completes first
Draugen oil wells
Start of deep
HPHT gas well
drilling with
formates in
Germany
(Mobil, RWE,
BEB)
Sodium formate powder available throughout, but no anti-caking additive. Draugen
wells each produce 48,000 bbl oil /day
1995 - Potassium formate brine becomes available from Hydro
Chemicals (now Addcon) in Porsgrunn – sold thru Forbrico Ltd
Potassium formate
brines used in
USA, Canada,
Mexico,
Venezuela,
Brazil,
Ecuador
First field use of
potassium formate
(with Micromax) :
Statoil drills and
completes Gullfaks
oil well
1997 - Cesium
formate brine
becomes available
from Cabot
Potassium formate from Addcon
First use of
formate brine
as packer fluid:
Shell Dunlin
A-14
9. Potassium formate brine has been produced at
Porsgrunn since 1994
Production Site
ADDCON NORDIC AS
Storage tanks for raw
materials
Potassium formate from Addcon
10. Cesium formate produced by Cabot in Canada
from pollucite ore
Pollucite ore
Cs0.7Na0.2Rb0.04Al0.9Si2.1O6·(H20)
• Mined at Bernic Lake, Manitoba
• Processed on site to Cs formate brine
• Cs formate brine production 700 bbl/month
Potassium formate from Addcon
11. Germany : Potassium formate brine has been used
to drill deep HPHT gas wells since 1995
First use : ExxonMobil’s Walsrode field, onshore northern Germany
- high-angle deep HPHT slim hole low perm gas wells
TVD : 4,450-5,547 metres
Reservoir: Sandstone 0.1-125 mD
BHST : 157o C
Section length: 345-650 m
Drilling fluid: SG 1.45-1.55 K formate brine
Potassium formate from Addcon
12. Potassium formate from Norway used in 15 deep
HPHT gas well constructions in Germany ,1995-99
Well Name Application Fluid Type Density s.g. (ppg)
Horizontal
Length(m)
Angle (°) BHST (°F) BHCT (°F) TVD (metres) MD (metres)
Permeability
(mD)
Walsrode Z5 W/C K Formate 1.55 (12.93) 345 26 315 na 4450 - 4632 4815 - 5151 0.1 - 125 mD
Wasrode Z6 W/C K Formate 1.55 (12.93) 420 40 315 na 4450 - 4632 4815 - 5151 0.1 - 125 mD
Walsrode Z7 Drill-In K Formate 1.53 (12.77) 690 59 315 295 4541 - 4777 5136 - 5547 0.1 - 125 mD
Söhlingen Z3A Drill-In Formix 1.38 (11.52) 855 89 300 270 4908 5600 na
Söhlingen Z3a Drill-In Na Formate 1.30 (10.85) 855 89 300 270 4908 5600 na
Volkersen Z3 W/C Formix 1.40 (11.68) 512 52 320 na na na na
Kalle S108 Drill-In Formix 1.45 (12.10) 431 60 220 na 6000-6500 6200-6600 na
Weißenmoor Z1 W/C Formix 1.35 (11.27) 634 31 300 na na na na
Idsingen Z1a Drill-In K Formate 1.55 (12.93) 645 61 321 290 4632 - 4800 5257 - 5821 0.1 - 125 mD
Söhlingen Z12 Drill-In
Na
Formate/Formix
1.35 (11.27) 452 28 313 285 4736 - 4937 4846 - 5166 1.0 - 75 mD
Simonswolde Z1 Drill-In K Formate/Formix 1.52 (12.68) 567 35 293 275 4267 - 4572 4236 - 4648 0.1 - 25 mD
Walsrode NZ1 Drill-In Formix 1.51 (12.60) 460 34 290 265 4632 - 4815 4541 - 4693 0.1 - 125 mD
Idzingen Z2 W/C Formix 1.40 (11.68) na na 320 na 4632 - 4800 5257 - 5821 0.1 - 125 mD
Voelkersen NZ2 W/C Formix 1.40 (11.680 na na 320 na na na na
Söhlingen Z13 Drill-In/Frac K Formate/Formix 1.30 (-1.56)(10.85) 1200 90 300 285 4724 5486 - 6400 0,1 - 150 mD
Potassium formate from Addcon
Further wells drilled for BEB and RWE-DEA in Germany with
Porsgrunn’s potassium formate brines via Baroid (1997 onwards)
13. Summary of potassium formate brine use in
HPHT gas wells in Germany,1995-99
Potassium formate from Addcon
14. Formate brines – Some further important
milestones : 1999-2004
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
First
production of
non-caking
crystalline K
formate at
Porsgrunn
First drilling
jobs with
K/Cs formate
brine:
Huldra and
Devenick
Formate brines used as packer fluids for HPHT wells in GOM.
First well : ExxonMobil’s MO 822#7 (215oC BHST) in 2001
Use of Cs-weighted oil-based completion fluids for
oil reservoirs : Visund, Statfjord, Njord, Gullfaks,
Snorre , Oseberg, Rimfaks 2001 – present
First use of
Cs-weighted
LSOBM as
perforating
completion
fluid
(Visund)
First use of
K/Cs formate
brine :
Completion
job in
Shearwater
well (Shell
UK)
Potassium formate from Addcon
Cs-weighted
LSOBM used
as OH screen
completion
fluid
(Statfjord)
First use of
K/Cs
formate
brine as
HPHT well
suspension
fluid
(Elgin G-3)
Individual Draugen oil wells (1993) and Visund oil wells (2003) have similar
flow rates of around 50,000 bbl oil/day
First of 14
Kvitebjørn
HPHT wells
drilled and
completed
with K/Cs
formate
brines
15. The first sustained use of K/Cs formate brine was in
the world’s largest HPHT gas field development
Potassium formate from Addcon
Cesium formate brine used by TOTAL in 34 well
construction operations in 8 deep gas fields in
period 1999-2010
Elgin/Franklin field – UK North Sea
16. Formate brines – Some published milestones
2005 -2010
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
OMV
Pakistan
start using K
formate to
drill and
complete
(with ESS) in
HPHT gas
wells
K/Cs formate brines used as well perforating fluids in 11 HPHT gas fields in UK North Sea : Dunbar,
Shearwater, Elgin, Devenick , Braemar , Rhum, Judy , Glenelg , Kessog , Jura and West Franklin
1999-2011
Saudi Aramco
start using K
formate to drill
and complete
(with ESS) in
HPHT gas
wells
Potassium formate from Addcon
Gravel pack
with K
formate
brine in
Statfjord B
First MPD
operation in
Kvitebjørn
with K/Cs
formate
“designer
fluid”
First of 12
completions
in the
Kashagan
field with
K/Cs formate
Total’s West
Franklin F9
well (204oC)
perforated in
K/Cs formate
brine
Petrobras
use K
formate
brine for
open hole
gravel packs
in Manati
field
17. Saudi Aramco have been drilling HPHT gas wells
with potassium formate brine since 2003
Potassium formate from Addcon
18. Saudi Aramco use of formate brines, 2003-2009
• 7 deep gas fields
• 44 HPHT wells drilled
• 70,000 ft of reservoir
drilled at high angle
• 90,000 bbl of brine
recovered and re-used
• Good synergy with ESS,
also OHMS fracturing
Potassium formate from Addcon
20. Pakistan - OMV use potassium formate brine for
HPHT deep gas well drilling and completions
Potassium formate from Addcon
21. Extracts from OMV’s SPE papers and SPE
presentations – note 1,700 psi overbalance, and 350oF
Potassium formate from Addcon
22. North Sea - K/Cs formate brines used as
combined HPHT drill-in and completion fluids
33 development* wells drilled and completed in 7 HPHT offshore
gas fields
• Huldra (6 )
• Tune (4)
• Devenick (2)
• Kvitebjoern (8 O/B and 5 MPD)
• Valemon (1)
• Kristin (2) – Drilled only
• Vega (5)
* Except Valemon (appraisal well)
Mostly open hole stand-alone sand screen completions
Potassium formate from Addcon
23. Tune field – HP/HT gas condensate reservoir drilled
and completed with K formate brine, 2002
4 wells : 350-900 m horizontal reservoir sections. Open hole screen
completions. Suspended for 6-12 months in formate brine after completion
Potassium formate from Addcon
24. Tune wells - Initial Clean-up – Operator’s view
(direct copy of slide) June 2003
Potassium formate from Addcon
• Wells left for 6-12 months before clean-up
• Clean-up : 10 - 24 hours per well
• Well performance
• Qgas 1.2 – 3.6 MSm3/d
• PI 35 – 200 kSm3/d/bar
• Well length sensitive
• No indication of formation damage
• Match to ideal well flow simulations (Prosper) - no skin
• Indications of successful clean-up
• Shut-in pressures
• Water samples during clean-up
• Formate and CaCO3 particles
• Registered high-density liquid in separator
• Tracer results
• A-12 T2H non detectable
• A-13 H tracer indicating flow from lower reservoir first detected 5 sd after
initial clean-up <-> doubled well productivity compared to initial flow data
• No processing problems Oseberg Field Center
SIWHP SIDHP SIWHP SIDHP
bara bara bara bara
A-11 AH 169 - 388 -
A-12 T2H 175 487 414 510
A-13 H 395 514 412 512
A-14 H 192 492 406 509
Before After
3350
3400
3450
3500
3550
3600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Well length [m MD]
Depth[mTVDMSL]
A-11AH
A-12HT2
A-13H
A-14H
A-11 AH plugged back
25. Tune – Production of recoverable gas and condensate
reserves since 2003 (NPD data)
Good early production from the 4 wells
- No skin (no damage)
- 12.4 million m3 gas /day
- 23,000 bbl/day condensate
Good sustained production
- 90% of recoverable hydrocarbon
reserves produced by end of Year 7
NPD current estimate of RR:
- 18.3 billion m3 gas
- 3.3 million bbl condensate
Rapid and efficient drainage of the reservoir
Potassium formate from Addcon
26. • 6 production wells
• 1-2 Darcy sandstone
• BHST: 147oC
• TVD : 3,900 m
• Hole angle : 45-55o
• Fluid density: SG1.89-1.96
• 230-343 m x 81/2” reservoir sections
• Open hole completions, 65/8” wire wrapped
screens
• Lower completion in formate drilling fluid and
upper completions in clear brine
Huldra field – HPHT gas condensate reservoir
drilled and completed with K/Cs formate brine,
2001
Potassium formate from Addcon
27. Huldra – Production of recoverable gas and
condensate reserves since Nov 2001 (NPD data)
Plateau production from first 3 wells
- 10 million m3 gas /day
- 30,000 bbl/day condensate
Good sustained production
- 78% of recoverable gas and 89% of
condensate produced by end of Year 7
- Despite rapid pressure decline.....
NPD current estimate of RR:
- 17.5 billion m3 gas
- 5.1 million bbl condensate
Rapid and efficient drainage of the reservoir
Potassium formate from Addcon
28. • 13 wells to date – 8 O/B, 5 in MPD mode
• 100 mD sandstone
• BHST: 155oC
• TVD : 4,000 m
• Hole angle : 20-40o
• Fluid density: SG 2.02 for O/B
• 279-583 m x 81/2” reservoir sections
• 6 wells completed in open hole : 300-micron single wire-wrapped
screens.
• Remainder of wells cased and perforated
Kvitebjørn field – HPHT gas condensate reservoir drilled
and completed with K/Cs formate brine, 2004-2013
Potassium formate from Addcon
29. A few of the highlights from Kvitebjoern
Kvitebjoern
well
Completion
time
(days)
A-4 17.5
A-5 17.8
A-15 14.8
A-10 15.9
A-6 12.7 *
* Fastest HPHT well completion
in the North Sea
“The target well PI was 51,000 Sm3/day/bar This target
would have had a skin of 7”
“A skin of 0 would have given a PI of 100,000”
“THE WELL A-04 GAVE A PI OF 90,000 Sm3/day/bar
(ANOTHER FANTASTIC PI)”
Operator comments after well testing (Q3 2004 )
The Well PI was almost double the target
Potassium formate from Addcon
Fast completions and high well productivity
30. Kvitebjørn– Production of recoverable gas and
condensate reserves since Oct 2004 (NPD data)
Good production reported from first 7 wells in 2006
- 20 million m3 gas /day
- 48,000 bbl/day condensate
Good sustained production (end Y8)
- 37 billion m3 gas
- 17 million m3 of condensate
- Produced 70% of original est. RR by
end of 8th year
NPD : Est. RR have been upgraded
- 89 billion m3 gas (from 55)
- 27 million m3 condensate (from 22)
Note : Shut down 15 months, Y3-5
- To slow reservoir pressure depletion
- Repairs to export pipeline
Potassium formate from Addcon
31. Economic benefits of using formate brines
• SPE 130376 (2010): “A Review of the Impact of the Use of Formate Brines
on the Economics of Deep Gas Field Development Projects”
• SPE 145562 (2011): “Life Without Barite: Ten Years of Drilling Deep HPHT
Gas Wells With Cesium Formate Brine”
Potassium formate from Addcon
32. Economic benefits from using formate brines
- Good well performance and recovery of reserves
• “High production rates with low skin” *
• “ We selected formate brine to minimise well control problems
and maximise well productivity”*
* Quotes by Statoil relating to Kvitebjoern wells (SPE 105733)
Potassium formate from Addcon
33. Economic benefits from using formate brines
- More efficient and safer drilling
“ a remarkable record of zero well control incidents in all 15
HPHT drilling operations and 20 HPHT completion operations”
Better/safer drilling environment saves rig-time costs
• Stable hole: see LWD vs. WL calipers in shale
• Elimination of well control* and stuck pipe
incidents
• Good hydraulics, low ECD
• Good ROP in hard abrasive rocks
* See next slide for details
Potassium formate from Addcon
34. Economic benefits from using formate brines
- Improved well control and safety
• Elimination of barite and its sagging problems
• Elimination of oil-based fluids and their gas solubility problem
• Low solids brine Low ECD (SG 0.04-0.06) and swab pressures
• Inhibition of hydrates
• Ready/rapid surface detection of well influx
• Elimination of hazardous zinc bromide brine
Potassium formate from Addcon
35. - Drill-in and completing with
formate brine allows open hole
completion with screens
- Clean well bores mean no tool/seal
failures or blocked screens
- Completion time 50% lower than
wells drilled with OBM
“ fastest HPHT completion operation ever performed in North Sea (12.7 days)”
Economic benefits from using formate brines
- More efficicient/faster completions
Potassium formate from Addcon
36. • No differential sticking
• Pipe and casing running speeds are fast
• Mud conditioning and flow-check times are short
• Displacements simplified, sometimes eliminated
Duration of
flow back
(minutes)
Fluid Gain
(bbl)
30 0.8
15 0.56
20 0.44
30 0.56
Potassium formate from Addcon
Flow check fingerprint
for a Huldra well
Economic benefits from using formate brines
- Operational efficiencies
37. Economic benefits from using formate brines
- Good reservoir definition if Cs present in fluid
• High density filtrate and no barite
• Filtrate Pe up to 259 barns/electron
• Unique Cs feature - makes filtrate invasion
highly visible against formation Pe of 2-3 b/e
• LWD can “see” the filtrate moving (e.g. see
the resistivity log on far right – drill vs ream
• Good for defining permeable sands (see
SAND-Flag on log right )
• Consistent and reliable net reservoir definition
from LWD and wireline
Potassium formate from Addcon
38. Economic benefits from using formate brines
- Good reservoir imaging
• Highly conductive fluid
• Clear resistivity images
• Information provided:
- structural dip
- depositional environment
- geological correlations
Potassium formate from Addcon
39. Formate brines – Summary of economic
benefits provided to users
Formate brines tend to improve oil and gas field
development economics by :
• Reducing well delivery time and costs
• Improving well/operational safety and reducing risk
• Maximising well performance
• Providing more precise reservoir definition
Potassium formate from Addcon
40. OPERATOR LOCATION
Packer Fluid
(ppg)
BHT
(°C)
BHT
(°F)
Start
Date
End
Date
Comments
Devon WC 165 A-7 8.6 KFo 149 300 1/2005
Devon WC 165 A-8 8.6 KFo 149 300 1/2006
Devon
WC 575 A-3
ST2
9.5 KFo 132 270 5/2005
WOG/Devon MO 862 #1 12.0 NaKFo 215 420 4/2005 5/2006
Well P&A – H2O
production – G-3 in
excellent condition
BP/Apache HI A-5 #1 11.5 NaKFo 164 350 2/2002 4/2008
Well P&A - Natural
depletion – S13Cr in
excellent condition
ExxonMobil MO 822 #7 12.0 NaKFo 215 420 2001
EPL ST 42 #1 11.5 NaKFo 133 272 2006
EPL ST 41 #F1 13.0 NaKFo 105 222 2006
EPL EC 109 A-5 11.5 NaKFo 121 250 2006
EPL ST 42 #2 12.8 NaKFo 132 270 2006
Dominion
WC 72 #3
BP1
10.0 NaFo 121 250 2006
EPL
WC 98 A-3
ST1
12.7 NaKFo 153 307 2006
EPL WC 98 A-3 10.8 NaKFo 154 310 2007
Formate brines as packer fluids in GOM
Potassium formate from Addcon
41. • 177ºC, 14,000 psi
• S13Cr tubing failed from
CaCl2 packer fluid
• Well worked over and re-
completed with Cs formate
• 1.4 g/cm3 Na/K formate used
as packer fluid
• Tubing retrieved 6 years
later
• Tubing was in excellent
condition.
BP High Island – Na/K formate brine as
packer fluid for 6 years
Potassium formate from Addcon