This study investigated the ability of two deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to extract lignin from different types of waste paper. The results showed that both DESs could selectively dissolve lignin from the waste paper, with magazine paper providing the highest absorbance and estimated lignin concentration. Figure 5 and 6 indicate that LC1.25:1 dissolved more lignin than UC2:1 from the same amount of paper. The maximum amount of lignin dissolved in each solvent is shown in Table 1. The conclusions state that DESs show potential for lignin extraction from lignocellulosic materials like waste paper but require further research to optimize the process.
Chemical Composition and Thermal Behavior of Kraft LigninsMichal Jablonsky
Lignin has great potential for utilization as a green raw material or as an additive in various industrial applications, such as energy, valuable chemicals, or cost-effective materials. In this study, we assessed a commercial form of lignin isolated using LignoBoost technology (LB lignin) as well as three other types of lignin (two samples of non-wood lignins and one hardwood kraft lignin) isolated from the waste liquors produced during the pulping process. Measurements were taken for elemental analysis, methoxyl and ash content, higher heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular weight determination. We found that the elemental composition of the isolated lignins affected their thermal stability, activation energies, and higher heating values. The lignin samples examined showed varying amounts of functional groups, inorganic component compositions, and molecular weight distributions. Mean activation energies ranged from 93 to 281 kJ/mol. Lignins with bimodal molecular weight distribution were thermally decomposed in two stages, whereas the LB lignin showing a unimodal molecular weight distribution was decomposed in a single thermal stage. Based on its thermal properties, the LB lignin may find direct applications in biocomposites where a higher thermal resistance is required.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Behaviors of Pulp During Delignification in Solutions of Deep Eutectic Solven...Michal Jablonsky
In this short communication, the degradation of cellulose for delignified pulp by deep eutectic solvents was evaluated. The pulp was delignified using different DES systems based on choline chloride and lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid dehydrate (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and system alanine : lactic acid (1:9). This paper shows that cellulose degradation can be characterized in terms of the percentage degree of polymerization loss of cellulose. Among the investigated DES (Choline chloride:oxalic acid; choline chloride:malic acid; alanine:lactic acid; choline chloride:lactic acid), the most suitable seemed to be a treatment using the alanine:lactic acid system that provided a relatively low degradation of cellulose and high delignification efficiency for the removed of lignin from pulp.
Chemical Composition and Thermal Behavior of Kraft LigninsMichal Jablonsky
Lignin has great potential for utilization as a green raw material or as an additive in various industrial applications, such as energy, valuable chemicals, or cost-effective materials. In this study, we assessed a commercial form of lignin isolated using LignoBoost technology (LB lignin) as well as three other types of lignin (two samples of non-wood lignins and one hardwood kraft lignin) isolated from the waste liquors produced during the pulping process. Measurements were taken for elemental analysis, methoxyl and ash content, higher heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular weight determination. We found that the elemental composition of the isolated lignins affected their thermal stability, activation energies, and higher heating values. The lignin samples examined showed varying amounts of functional groups, inorganic component compositions, and molecular weight distributions. Mean activation energies ranged from 93 to 281 kJ/mol. Lignins with bimodal molecular weight distribution were thermally decomposed in two stages, whereas the LB lignin showing a unimodal molecular weight distribution was decomposed in a single thermal stage. Based on its thermal properties, the LB lignin may find direct applications in biocomposites where a higher thermal resistance is required.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Behaviors of Pulp During Delignification in Solutions of Deep Eutectic Solven...Michal Jablonsky
In this short communication, the degradation of cellulose for delignified pulp by deep eutectic solvents was evaluated. The pulp was delignified using different DES systems based on choline chloride and lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid dehydrate (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and system alanine : lactic acid (1:9). This paper shows that cellulose degradation can be characterized in terms of the percentage degree of polymerization loss of cellulose. Among the investigated DES (Choline chloride:oxalic acid; choline chloride:malic acid; alanine:lactic acid; choline chloride:lactic acid), the most suitable seemed to be a treatment using the alanine:lactic acid system that provided a relatively low degradation of cellulose and high delignification efficiency for the removed of lignin from pulp.
The pH Behavior of Seventeen Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a unique category of green solvents that have gained attention in biomass processing due to their distinctive properties not offered by traditional solvents. The pH behavior of 17 selected DESs along with their temperature dependence on pH were evaluated in this study. For all investigated DESs, a temperature increase caused a decrease in pH value.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
Involvement of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction by Molecularly Imprinted ...Michal Jablonsky
Substantial research activity has been focused on new modes of extraction and refining
processes during the last decades. In this field, coverage of the recovery of bioactive compounds and
the role of green solvents such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) also gradually increases. A specific
field of DESs involvement is represented by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The current state
and prospects of implementing DESs in MIPs chemistry are, based on the accumulated experimental
data so far, evaluated and discussed in this minireview.
Effects of LED light spectra on active oxygen metabolism and expression of an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The effects of various LEDs on active oxygen metabolism and patterns of SOD, POD and CAT isozymes in Houttuynia cordata Thunb. seedlings were investigated. After three weeks of light treatment, the MDA content was higher under blue LED compared with the control (P﹤0.05), while it decreased under white, red and yellow LEDs (P﹤0.05). The content of H2O2 was gradually increased in red, yellow, green and blue LEDs. The production rate of superoxide anion increased under yellow and blue LEDs by contrast with the control (P﹤0.05), and it decreased under white LED (P﹤0.05). LEDs altered the banding patterns of POD enzymes where the more loci of POD isozymes were observed under green and blue LEDs. The increased intensities of Fe-SOD were showed in green and blue LEDs. As for Mn-SOD and CAT enzymes, enhanced intensities appeared in all LED groups compared with the control. Our results indicated that the antioxidant system of Houttuynia cordata seedlings were more sensitive to short light wavelength than the long ones.
Formation of chlorinated breakdown products during degradation of sunscreen a...Maciej Przybyłek
In this study, a new degradation path of sunscreen active ingredient, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (MCA) in the presence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), was discussed. The reaction products were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Since HOCl treatment leads to more polar products than EHMC, application of polar extracting agents, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate/n-hexane mixture, gave better results in terms of chlorinated breakdown products identification than n-hexane. Reaction of EHMC with HOCl lead to the formation of C=C bridge cleavage products such as 2-ethylhexyl chloroacetate, 1-chloro-4-methoxybenzene, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, and 3-chloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. High reactivity of C=C bond attached to benzene ring is also characteristic for MCA, since it can be converted in the presence of HOCl to 2,4-dichlorophenole, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, 1,2,4-trichloro-3-methoxybenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenole, and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone. Surprisingly, in case of EHMC/HOCl/UV, much less breakdown products were formed compared to non-UV radiation treatment. In order to describe the nature of EHMC and MCA degradation, local reactivity analysis based on the density functional theory (DFT) was performed. Fukui function values showed that electrophilic attack of HOCl to the C=C bridge in EHMC and MCA is highly favorable (even more preferable than phenyl ring chlorination). This suggests that HOCl electrophilic addition is probably the initial step of EHMC degradation.
Processing of Lignin and the Removal of Detrimentals with Deep Eutectic SolventsEuropeanPaper
By Laura Kollau, Dannie van Osch & Panos Kourios, PhD Students from TU Eindhoven. This was presented during the Two Team Project - Winners' first successes session, organised as part of European Paper Week 2015. More at http://www.cepi.org/epw
The development of sustainable bioplastics for new applications in packaging ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The advantage of biodegradable plastics is their degradation under the influence of biological systems into substances naturally present in the environment, which are then placed in a natural circulation cycle of matter. Moreover, the biodegradable plastics waste not require additional segregation and separation from households, and are collected together with other organic waste and subjected to recycling under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Use of bioplastics reduces the harmful effects of waste on the environment, but does not eliminate it completely.
The article presents the results of (bio) degradation studies under industrial and laboratory (MicroOxymax) composting conditions as well as at atmospheric conditions of commercial disposable dishes from the Nature Works® PLA. Were also carried out investigation of abiotic degradation under laboratory conditions. It was found, from the macro- and microscopic observations, that the tested cups (bio) degraded in the selected environments, wherein in a greater extent under industrial composting conditions than in MicroOxymax. The GPC results, which show significantly reduce in the molar mass of the tested samples after specified incubation times in all environments, indicates that the hydrolytic degradation process occurs predominantly.
Organic matter, segregation, chemical characteristics, process control, quali...Premier Publishers
Municipal solid waste (MSW) analysis in Kolkata indicates a presence of a high percentage of biodegradable organic matter (82%), acceptable moisture content (42%) and C/N ratio (32). These parameters are suitable for windrow composting. Because optimum moisture content for windrow composting is in the range of 40-50%. Windrow composting is a process that reduces the volume of the waste and produces a crumbly earthy smelling soil-like compost material. In the proposed scheme, we improve the quality of the compost material using selected organic material from the collected waste. In the practical implementation phased of proposed scheme, it has found all the quality parameters in compost samples within the acceptable limits set by international standard. The pH ranged between 6.7-8.2, organic matter 48%, moisture 23.02% and have an acceptable amount of plant nutrients C (16.03%), H (0.44%), N (1.26%), O2 (1.3%), P (0.89%) and K (1.23%). The result would play an extremely important role in substantially reducing the burden of waste disposal, saving soil resources, controlling leachate and achieving malodorous gas reduction. Besides, it could also increase organic fertilizers in place of some chemical fertilizers and protect water resources.
The pH Behavior of Seventeen Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a unique category of green solvents that have gained attention in biomass processing due to their distinctive properties not offered by traditional solvents. The pH behavior of 17 selected DESs along with their temperature dependence on pH were evaluated in this study. For all investigated DESs, a temperature increase caused a decrease in pH value.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
Involvement of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction by Molecularly Imprinted ...Michal Jablonsky
Substantial research activity has been focused on new modes of extraction and refining
processes during the last decades. In this field, coverage of the recovery of bioactive compounds and
the role of green solvents such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) also gradually increases. A specific
field of DESs involvement is represented by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The current state
and prospects of implementing DESs in MIPs chemistry are, based on the accumulated experimental
data so far, evaluated and discussed in this minireview.
Effects of LED light spectra on active oxygen metabolism and expression of an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The effects of various LEDs on active oxygen metabolism and patterns of SOD, POD and CAT isozymes in Houttuynia cordata Thunb. seedlings were investigated. After three weeks of light treatment, the MDA content was higher under blue LED compared with the control (P﹤0.05), while it decreased under white, red and yellow LEDs (P﹤0.05). The content of H2O2 was gradually increased in red, yellow, green and blue LEDs. The production rate of superoxide anion increased under yellow and blue LEDs by contrast with the control (P﹤0.05), and it decreased under white LED (P﹤0.05). LEDs altered the banding patterns of POD enzymes where the more loci of POD isozymes were observed under green and blue LEDs. The increased intensities of Fe-SOD were showed in green and blue LEDs. As for Mn-SOD and CAT enzymes, enhanced intensities appeared in all LED groups compared with the control. Our results indicated that the antioxidant system of Houttuynia cordata seedlings were more sensitive to short light wavelength than the long ones.
Formation of chlorinated breakdown products during degradation of sunscreen a...Maciej Przybyłek
In this study, a new degradation path of sunscreen active ingredient, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (MCA) in the presence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), was discussed. The reaction products were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Since HOCl treatment leads to more polar products than EHMC, application of polar extracting agents, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate/n-hexane mixture, gave better results in terms of chlorinated breakdown products identification than n-hexane. Reaction of EHMC with HOCl lead to the formation of C=C bridge cleavage products such as 2-ethylhexyl chloroacetate, 1-chloro-4-methoxybenzene, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, and 3-chloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. High reactivity of C=C bond attached to benzene ring is also characteristic for MCA, since it can be converted in the presence of HOCl to 2,4-dichlorophenole, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, 1,2,4-trichloro-3-methoxybenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenole, and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone. Surprisingly, in case of EHMC/HOCl/UV, much less breakdown products were formed compared to non-UV radiation treatment. In order to describe the nature of EHMC and MCA degradation, local reactivity analysis based on the density functional theory (DFT) was performed. Fukui function values showed that electrophilic attack of HOCl to the C=C bridge in EHMC and MCA is highly favorable (even more preferable than phenyl ring chlorination). This suggests that HOCl electrophilic addition is probably the initial step of EHMC degradation.
Processing of Lignin and the Removal of Detrimentals with Deep Eutectic SolventsEuropeanPaper
By Laura Kollau, Dannie van Osch & Panos Kourios, PhD Students from TU Eindhoven. This was presented during the Two Team Project - Winners' first successes session, organised as part of European Paper Week 2015. More at http://www.cepi.org/epw
The development of sustainable bioplastics for new applications in packaging ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The advantage of biodegradable plastics is their degradation under the influence of biological systems into substances naturally present in the environment, which are then placed in a natural circulation cycle of matter. Moreover, the biodegradable plastics waste not require additional segregation and separation from households, and are collected together with other organic waste and subjected to recycling under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Use of bioplastics reduces the harmful effects of waste on the environment, but does not eliminate it completely.
The article presents the results of (bio) degradation studies under industrial and laboratory (MicroOxymax) composting conditions as well as at atmospheric conditions of commercial disposable dishes from the Nature Works® PLA. Were also carried out investigation of abiotic degradation under laboratory conditions. It was found, from the macro- and microscopic observations, that the tested cups (bio) degraded in the selected environments, wherein in a greater extent under industrial composting conditions than in MicroOxymax. The GPC results, which show significantly reduce in the molar mass of the tested samples after specified incubation times in all environments, indicates that the hydrolytic degradation process occurs predominantly.
Organic matter, segregation, chemical characteristics, process control, quali...Premier Publishers
Municipal solid waste (MSW) analysis in Kolkata indicates a presence of a high percentage of biodegradable organic matter (82%), acceptable moisture content (42%) and C/N ratio (32). These parameters are suitable for windrow composting. Because optimum moisture content for windrow composting is in the range of 40-50%. Windrow composting is a process that reduces the volume of the waste and produces a crumbly earthy smelling soil-like compost material. In the proposed scheme, we improve the quality of the compost material using selected organic material from the collected waste. In the practical implementation phased of proposed scheme, it has found all the quality parameters in compost samples within the acceptable limits set by international standard. The pH ranged between 6.7-8.2, organic matter 48%, moisture 23.02% and have an acceptable amount of plant nutrients C (16.03%), H (0.44%), N (1.26%), O2 (1.3%), P (0.89%) and K (1.23%). The result would play an extremely important role in substantially reducing the burden of waste disposal, saving soil resources, controlling leachate and achieving malodorous gas reduction. Besides, it could also increase organic fertilizers in place of some chemical fertilizers and protect water resources.
Startup Institute NY - Authentication, Validation, and Basic TestingMatthew Gerrior
Introduction to authentication in the Ruby on Rails Framework, taking a look at cookies, sessions, flash messages, and devise for authentication. Additional topics include using the built-in Rails validators and RSpec with Gherkin/Capybara for testing.
Choosing the right technology can help small firms keep pace with larger firms. Many of the most impactful upgrades are cheap and easy. Learn how to work at peak efficiency and focus on moving your cases forward instead of dealing with mundane administrative tasks.
Finding affordable and environment-friendly options to decontaminate wastewater generated with heavy metals and dyes to prevent the depletion of accessible freshwater resources is
one of the indispensable challenges of the 21st century. Adsorption is yet to be the most effective
and low-cost wastewater treatment method used for the removal of pollutants from wastewater,
while naturally derived adsorbent materials have garnered tremendous attention. One promising
example of such adsorbents is hydrogels (HGs), which constitute a three-dimensional polymeric
network of hydrophilic groups that is highly capable of adsorbing a large quantity of metal ions
and dyes from wastewater. Although HGs can also be prepared from synthetic polymers, natural
polymers have improved environmental benignity. Recently, cellulose-based hydrogels (CBHs) have
been extensively studied owing to their high abundance, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and excellent
adsorption capacity. This review emphasizes different CBH adsorbents in the context of dyes and
heavy metals removal from wastewater following diverse synthesis techniques and adsorption mechanisms. This study also summarizes various process parameters necessary to optimize adsorption
capacity followed by future research directions.
Green solvents show several favorable features to be used as extraction and fractionation solvents, such as their ease of preparation and lower cost, and they can be both non-toxic and biodegradable when prepared with natural compounds. Due to their properties, green solvents' application in biomass fractionation has been extensively studied during the past years. The presented work describes the application of several possible combinations to create deep eutectic solvents with the potential to be used in processing different types of biomass. The results of studies suggest that deep eutectic solvents may have an important ability to dissolve lignin molecules from plants and can realize a mild catalytic mechanism (acid-base) that will activate the checked cleavage of non-stable ether linkages between phenylpropane units.
Thermodynamic Study of Adsorption of Phenol, 4-Chlorophenol, and 4-Nitropheno...Nelson Giovanny Rincon S
Activated carbons from shell eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) were prepared by chemical activation through impregnation with solutions of two activators: sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, the surface areas for activated carbons with base were 780 and 670 m2 g−1 and the solids activated with acid were 150 and 80 m2 g−1. These were applying in adsorption of priority pollutants: phenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 4-chlorophenol from aqueous solution. Activated carbon with the highest adsorption capacity has values of 2.12, 2.57, and 3.89 on phenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 4-chlorophenol, respectively.
A New Low Cost Biosorbent for a Cationic Dye TreatmentIJEAB
The aim of our study consists to investigate the adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by a new biosorbent prepared from Papaya seed. Adsorption behavior of the cationic dye was analyzed by variation of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature. Adsorption isotherms were studied according to the Langmuir and Freundlich Model, and adsorption kinetics according to pseudo first and second order. Results show that the maximum adsorption is obtained at ambient temperature with the yield of 98.82% and was reached in first 20min (pH = 10, adsorbent dose of 100 mg in 50 mL). The Langmuir isotherm shows a correlation coefficient of 99.4% higher than 95.4%obtained for Freundlich model and the adsorption kinetic model follow a pseudo-second order with a maximum adsorption capacity of 52.28 mg/g.
Sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill efluenteSAT Journals
Abstract Paper mill is one of the major sources of pollution causing industry with intensely coloured effluent. The effluent is rich in lignocellulosic materials and other chemicals used during manufacturing which results in high Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Due to its high toxic and mutagenic nature when discharged untreated there is a growing demand to treat the effluent before discharge. Biological treatment is a promising technique as it greatly reduces colour, BOD and COD. Various fungal and bacterial species are capable of degrading the lignocellulosic materials present in the effluent. In the present study characterization of the paper mill effluent and identification of the degradation efficiency of lignin degrading fungal species - Pleurotus species and Rhizopus stolonifer and bacterial species – Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis in laboratory scale was done. Here sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment was carried out in two bio-reactors in series. The study indicated that anaerobic treatment gave a reduction of colour (18%), lignin (25%), COD (36%), BOD (28%) in 5days. The anaerobically treated effluent was then separately given to the aerobic reactors containing the fungal and bacterial species. Data obtained indicated that the Rhizopus showed good reduction in colour (71%), lignin (77%), COD (68%) and BOD (70%) in 5days whereas Pleurotus, Pseudomonas and Bacillus species showed reduction in colour (68%, 31%, 18%), lignin (64%, 43%, 44%), COD (58%, 42%, 43%) and BOD (60%, 40%, 42%) respectively in 5days. Thus Rhizopus was identified as the microbe with better degradation capacity. Key Words: Pulp and paper mill effluent1, Lignin, Anaerobic treatment, Rhizopus stolonifer.
Fractionation and characterization of lignins as and efficient tools for thei...Michal Jablonsky
Dissolution and fractionation of lignocellulosic material is a critical step of valorization of lignins. Content of dierent types of lignin precursors and the content of functional groups OH and OCH3 is aecting their utilization. Chemical and physical characterization of isolated lignin fractions is the key tool for further lignins
application. Presented work deals with the isolation of the lignin from the black liquor by the precipitation method, using a variety of acids. Properties of isolated lignin, preparations and different application and the possibilities of using lignins for various industrial sectors are presented.
Isolation and Screening of Hydrogen Producing Bacterial Strain from Sugarcane...Editor IJCATR
The aim of this study is to isolate a highly competent bacterium with potent cellulose degrading capability and a better
hydrogen producer. Soil sample from sugarcane bagasse yard was isolated, serially diluted and plated on cellulose specific nutrient
agar plate. Four colonies have been isolated in which a single colony has potent cellulose degrading ability and the highest hydrogen
productivity of 275.13 mL H2 L-1. The newly isolated bacterium was morphologically and biochemically characterized. The
molecular characterization of the bacterium was carried out using 16S rDNA sequencing and the organism was identified as
Bacilllus subtilis AuChE413. Proteomic analysis such as MALDI-TOF was carried out to differentiate the isolated Bacillus subtilis
from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the evolutionary
relationship among different genus and species with the newly isolated strain.
Adsorption studies of some dyes on acacia concinna powdereSAT Journals
Abstract
The low cost activated carbon from Acacia Concinna was processed by treating with 2% HCl and 2% NaOH. The treated Acacia Concinna (Shikakai powder) was then roasted to get activated carbon. The influence of parameters like pH, concentration, dose and contact time were studied on adsorption of activated carbon for Congo red, Rhodamine-B, Crysoidine, Bismark brown and Titan yellow. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon was found to be 97, 98, 95, 98 and 96% respectively at pH 2 and contact time 24-48 hrs for all the dyes. The effect of concentration indicated that, as concentration increases adsorption decreases, hence increase in dose amount increases the adsorption. The data obtained through batch adsorption study was applied for Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R) isotherms. The curve was linear for all the three isotherms and correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.92, 0.970 and 0.977 respectively indicating that the developed model was favourable.
Keywords: Adsorption, Acacia Concinna, dyes, isotherms, XRD.
Phytomass valorization by deep eutectic solvents - achievements, perspectives...Michal Jablonsky
In recent years, a plethora of extraction processes have been performed by a novel class of
green solvents known as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), possessing several environmental, operational,
and economic advantages proven by experience when compared to organic solvents and ionic
liquids. The present review provides an organized overview of the use of DESs as extraction
agents for the recovery of valuable substances and compounds from the original plant biomass,
waste from its processing, and waste from the production and consumption of plant-based food.
For the sake of simplicity and speed of orientation, the data are, as far as possible, arranged in
a table in alphabetical order of the extracted substances. However, in some cases, the isolation
of several substances is described in one paper and they are, therefore, listed together. The table
further contains a description of the extracted phytomass, DES composition, extraction conditions,
and literature sources. With regard to extracted value-added substances, this review addresses their
pharmacological, therapeutic, and nutritional aspects. The review also includes an evaluation of
the possibilities and limitations of using DESs to obtain value-added substances from phytomass.
Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physicochemical Properties of Hydroxyethyl...albertdivis
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) are widely explored as excipients to improve the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs and to improve self-life of dosage form. This work is an attempt to modulate the physicochemical properties of these cellulose derivatives using biofield treatment.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
A short description of thermal technologies for the recovery of ammonia from N-rich wastewaters and expirementing with membrane distillation for getting better results.
Delignification of pulp with two ternary deep eutectic solvents: Urea-acetami...Michal Jablonsky
Using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which ones act as solvent systems, offer an interesting green alternative to conventional technology in materials science, especially in the biomass processing. There is lack of information dealing with the delignification and bleaching effect of DESs in broad-leaved fiber process. This work describes application of various DESs on unbleached pulp, to study the influence of dissolution of lignin and protection of cellulose in the delignification process. In this work, two ternary deep eutectic solvents (urea-acetamide-glycerol) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3 and (malic acid-proline-lactic acid) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4 were synthesized and their density was studied in a temperature range of 25 to 75 0 C. Unbleached pulp (Kappa 14) was treated with prepared ternary deep eutectic solvents. The treatment was carried out in a water bath at present temperature of 60 0 C and atmospheric pressure for 2 hours. Solubility tests of cellulose were performed using pure cellulose (Whatman paper) in the DESs reagents. In 50 mL glass bottles, 0.5 g of the respective component was added separately into 20 mL of DES reagent and then incubated at 60 0 C for 2 h. The samples were filtered through glass fiber filters and dried at 105 0 C to constant weight. The weight of dried residual solid components was calculated in order to evaluate the % solubility in the DES reagent. Density of urea-acetamide-glycerol (molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3) decreased with a temperature from 1,220 to 1,199 g/cm 3 and density of malic acid-proline-lactic acid (molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4) decreased from 1,292 to 1,220 g/cm 3. Application of DESs to the lignocellulosic matrix pulp does not resulted in a significant decrease of lignin content. Deep eutectic solvent (urea-acet-amide-glycerol) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3 removed 5,4 % and DES (malic acid-proline-lactic acid) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4 removed 1.4 % lignin from unbleached pulp. The solubility of cellulose in ternary deep eutectic solvents was zero. Results show that prepared ternary deep eutectic solvents are able to delignify the pulp. However, the efficiency of delignification is not comparable to that of oxygen delignification. At the same time, used deep eutectic solvents do not cause dissolution of cellulose in pulp fibers.
Effect of Chemical Treatment and Curing Parameters on Mechanical Properties o...IJERA Editor
A brief overview on natural fiber reinforced polymer composites is presented in this work. There is a growing trend to use non conventional and environmental friendly resources for engineering applications. In this scenario Natural fiber are offering a wide range of possibilities. Detailed and thorough study of structure of natural fiber indicates about its hydrophilic nature. Various types of chemical treatment techniques are used by researchers to increase the affinity of reinforcement and matrix .Studies shows that different factors like curing time, temperature, loading condition, fiber orientation etc. affect the properties of natural fiber composites. Lot of work has been carried out with the combination of different fibers and different polymers. Comparative data is presented on properties of different composite.
Effect of Chemical Treatment and Curing Parameters on Mechanical Properties o...IJERA Editor
A brief overview on natural fiber reinforced polymer composites is presented in this work. There is a growing trend to use non conventional and environmental friendly resources for engineering applications. In this scenario Natural fiber are offering a wide range of possibilities. Detailed and thorough study of structure of natural fiber indicates about its hydrophilic nature. Various types of chemical treatment techniques are used by researchers to increase the affinity of reinforcement and matrix .Studies shows that different factors like curing time, temperature, loading condition, fiber orientation etc. affect the properties of natural fiber composites. Lot of work has been carried out with the combination of different fibers and different polymers. Comparative data is presented on properties of different composite.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
UV/Vis Spectrometry as a Quantification Tool for Lignin Solubilized in Deep E...Michal Jablonsky
In this short communication, UV/Vis spectrophotometry is described as an analytical tool for the quantification of lignin content in deep eutectic solutions. The lignin was solubilized with different deep eutectic solvent (DES). DESs were prepared as binary mixtures of choline chloride with lactic acid (1:9); (1:10); ethylene glycol (1:2); glycerol (1:2) and alanine:lactic acid (1:9), and betaine:lactic acid (1:2). The UV-Vis spectrometric quantification of the solubilized lignins was independent of the type of solubilized lignin. The approach consists of measuring the absorbance of a solution of lignins dissolved in the deep eutectic solvents at an absorbance of 440 nm.
UV/Vis Spectrometry as a Quantification Tool for Lignin Solubilized in Deep E...
POSTER 1
1. Chemical &
Biological
Engineering.
Extraction of lignin from waste paper using green solvents.
Student Name
Bethany Lilly
Supervisor
Dr Annette Taylor
Results
The key results and findings were that both solvents could
extract lignin by dissolving it from waste paper. Fig. 4 and 5
illustrate that magazine gives the highest maximum
absorbance and therefore estimated concentration for both
solvents. The error bars with standard deviation show the
range of the data.
From fig. 5 and 6 it can be predicted that for a given amount
of paper LC1.25:1 is able to dissolve a greater amount of
lignin that UC2:1.
It was observed that cellulose did not dissolve in the solvents
and there was no absorption when the concentration of
cellulose was increased.
The maximum amount of lignin that can be dissolved in both
solvents is given in table 1.
Discussion and Conclusions
• This study shows that the DESs can selectively extract lignin [11] from
lignocellulosic feedstocks of waste paper, fig 5 and 6. Conclusions can be
drawn from the comparisons between the different types of waste paper, such
as magazine giving the greatest absorbance.
• Further investigation in the future would be needed to calculate the actual
amounts of lignin dissolved as it was not possible to quantify the specific
amount of potential lignin present and therefore the concentrations in fig. 6
were an estimate using the trend line equation in fig. 4. Lignin has many
fractions [12] and only one type was investigated here, alkali lignin. Therefore a
better understanding of the other types of lignin that are present in paper is
required as well as detailed analysis of the compositions of paper as other
substances or impurities may have been responsible for part of the absorption
given [4].
• In situ processing and dissolving lignin was able to be carried out but currently
preliminary experiments to recover the solvent were not possible.
• In these experiments the amounts of lignin extracted were small and additional
investigations would be required to make DESs an efficient pretreatment
method. However, it is clear that DESs can dissolve lignin and therefore, waste
paper should be considered as a potential feedstock but further research and
development is required for it to become economical.
Introduction
Second generation biofuels, made from lignocellulosic biomass, are one of the most promising
options available as an alternative source of energy for transport [1,2]. Waste paper was chosen as a
potential feedstock as there has been less research into this type of material [3]; it can be
economically competitive and has the potential for high conversion of common products to
bioethanol [4]. The types of waste paper examined and their lignin contents were plain paper (6%),
lined paper, newspaper (17%), cardboard (15%) and magazine (14%) [4]. The amount of cellulose
generally found in waste paper ranges from 40-60% [5].
The one major issue with the utilisation of lignocellulosic biomass on a commercial scale is the
high energy and expensive pretreatment stage [6]. This is essential for delignification of
lignocellulosic biomass as the lignin component reduces the availability of cellulose for effective
downstream processes to produce high yields of bioethanol [7].
Recently, a more sustainable technique using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has been developed,
which consists of two materials, a salt + a hydrogen bond donor (HBD), that, when mixed together
at a specific ratio as illustrated in fig. 1, form a liquid solvent at a much lower melting point than
that of the two materials individually [8,9]. They can be described as a green solvent, as they
selectively dissolve lignin from lignocellulosic feedstocks [10] and are sustainable, biodegradable,
non-toxic, cheap and require low energy conditions [8].
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Absorbance
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 3: Absorption spectrum for lignin in LC1.25:1 (above)
and UC2:1 (below).
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Absorbance
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 1: Diagram illustrating freezing point
depression of a DES at a given ration [9].
Figure 2: Appearance of the two solvents,
UC2:1 (left) and LC1.25:1 (right).
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
PP LP N C M
Absorbance(O.D)
Paper type
LC1.25:1
UC2:1
Figure 5: Summary graph of the maximum absorbance from all the
paper types for both solvents.
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
PP LP N C M
Concentration(mg/ml)
Paper type
LC1.25:1
UC2:1
Figure 6: Summary graph of the maximum estimated concentration
from all the paper types for both solvents.
Aim
To test whether different DESs can dissolve lignin from the
lignocellulosic feedstock of different varieties of waste paper.
y = 6.32x - 0.04
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Absorbance(O.D)
Concentration (mg/ml)
y = 2.38x + 0.03
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Absrobance(O.D)
concentration (mg/ml)
Figure 4: Calibration curve of absorbance as a function of
lignin concentration with a trend line equation for both
solvents LC1.25:1 (above), UC2:1 (below).
References
[1] A. Yousuf, 2012, Biodiesel from lignocellulosic biomass – prospects and challenges, Waste Management, 32:2061-2067.
[2] A. A. N. Gunny, D. Arbain, M. Z. M. Daud and P. Jamal, 2014, Synergistic action of deep eutectic solvents and cellulases for lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis, Materials Research Innovations, 18: 1-3.
[3] P. Champagne, 2007, Feasibility of producing bioethanol from waste residues: a Canadian perspective, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 50: 211-230.
[4] L. Wang, M. Sharifzadeh, R. Templer and R. J. Murphy, 2013, Bioethanol production from various waste papers: economic feasibility and sensitivity analysis, Applied Energy, 111: 1172-1182.
[5] M Ioelvich, 2013, Plant biomass as a renewable source of biofuels and biochemicals, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 1-58.
[6] P. B. Subhedar and P. R. Gogate, 2013, Intensification of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose using ultrasound for efficient bioethanol production: a review, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 52:11816-11808.
[7] D. Gao, C. Haarmeyer, V. Balan, T. A. Whitehead, B. E. Dale and S. P. S. Chundawat, 2014, Lignin triggers irreversible cellulase loss during pretreated lignocellulosic biomass saccharification, Biotechnology for Biofuels, 7: 1-13.
[8] A. P. Abbott, D. Boothby, G. Capper, D. L. Davies and R. K. Rasheed, 2004, Deep eutectic solvents formed between choline chloride and carboxylic acids: versatile alternatives to ionic liquids, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126: 9142-9147.
[9] G. Garcia, S Aparicio, R. Ullah and M. Atilhan, 2015, Deep eutectic solvents: physicochemical properties and gas separation applications, American Chemical Society, 29: 2616-2644.
[10] L. Zhang and H. Yu, 2013, Conversion of xylan and xylose into furfural in biorenewable deep eutectic solvent with trivalent metal chloride added, Bioresources, 8: 6014-6025.
[11] M. Francisco, A. van den Bruinhorst and M. C. Kroon, 2012, New natural and renewable low transition temperature mixture (LTTMs): screening as solvents for lignocellulosic biomass processing, Green Chemistry, 14: 2153-2157.
[12] G. Jiang, D. J. Nowakowski, A. V. Bridgwater, 2010, A systematic study of the kinetics of lignin pyrolysis, Thermochimica Acta, 498: 61-66.
0.15g of the 5 waste paper types was added to both
solvents and an absorbance reading was taken every
0.5 days until no further lignin was dissolved. A
concentration was estimated using the calibration
curves from known amounts of lignin (fig 4).
Preliminary experiments tested adding lignin (Sigma-
Aldrich) to the solvents to assess whether they
dissolved lignin (Fig.3). The absorbance of lignin was
tested on a UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. Absorbance
readings were taken at a suitable wavelength of 350nm.
Cellulose was also tested to ensure that there was no
evident absorption spectrum, therefore indicating that
the DESs were able to selectively dissolve lignin.
Lactic acid and choline chloride [11] (LC1.25:1), and
urea and choline chloride (UC2:1) [8] DESs were made
by adding the two materials together at the given mole
ratios at 60˚C and stirring until a clear liquid had
formed (Fig.2).
Methods
DES Solubility (g/ml)
LC1.25:1 0.09
UC2:1 0.03
Table 1: The solubility of the
DESs UC2:1 and LC1.25:1.