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BY
G.KAVIYARASAN (170385)
INTRODUCTION
IN CEREAL GRAINS LOSS IN QUALITY AND QUANTITY DURING STORAGE
IS CAUSED BY
FUNGI
INSECTS
RODENTS
MITES
FUNGI(MOULDS) ARE THE MAJOR CAUSE OF SPOILAGE IN GRAIN.
FUNGAL SPOILAGE
LOSSES AND EFFECTS :
FUNGI IMPAIR IN 2 WAYS :
1. Alter nutritional quality of feeds by destroying important
nutrients like vitamins.
2. May produce MYCOTOXINS harmful to animals.
LOSSES IN SEEDS(GRAINS) STORAGE :
1. Decrease in Germination.
2. Discoloration of seeds.
3. Heating and Mustiness.
4. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES.
5. Production of toxins.
6. Loss in dry matter.
COMMON SPECIES AND GROUPS OF MOULDS :
 Aspergillus
• Penicillium
• Rhizopus
• Mucor
 Fusarium
TWO GROUPS:
1. FIELD MOULDS
2. STORAGE MOULDS
1. Field moulds invade kernels while the grain is still in
the field.
2. Exposed to very moist weather before harvest.
3. Once grain dried, moulds die or become inactive.
4. Don’t compete strongly at reduced water activities.
5. Causes discoloration at field level.
6. Most common field fungi species are
• Alternaria
• Fusarium
PREVALENT TO STORAGE FACILITIES WHEN
GRAINS ESCAPES FROM TOO LOW MOISTURE FOR
FIELD MOUILDS(LESS THAN 20%)
I.E MYCOTOXINS NOT PRODUCED BY FIELD
MOULD(BEFORE HARVEST) ONLY BY STORAGE
MOULD.
COMMON SPECIES;
1. Aspergillus
2. Penicillium
Development Of Fungi Influenced By:
 Moisture Content Of The Stored Grains,
 Temperature,
 Condition Of The Grain Going To
Storage,
 Length Of Time The Grain Is Stored,
 Amount Of Insect And Mite Activity.
MYCOTOXINS:
 Mycotoxins are poisonous chemical compounds
produced by certain fungal species that infect crops.
 Common mycotoxins known to cause health
problems,
 Aflatoxin
 Fumonisins
 Tricothecenes[vimotoxin]T-2
 Deoxynivalenol[DON]
 Ergot toxins
 Zearalenone
 Ochratoxin a[OTA]
Fungus species Commodities affected
Alternaria alternate Rice, Sorghum, Soybeans
Alternaria longissima Rice, Sorghum
A. Padwickii Rice
A. Flavus Cashews, Maize,
Groundnut,sorghum,
Soybeans
Fusarium moniliforme Maize,sorghum,soyabeans
F. Semitectum Maize
Penicillium citrinum Sorghum,soybeans
ASPERGILLUS EAR ROT:
 Grain affected:
 Primarily corn
 Peanuts
 Almonds
 Cotton seed meal
 Sorghum
 Barley and oats
Pathogen:
 A. Flavus
 A. Parasiticus
 A. Nomius
 A. Niger
 A. Glaucus
SYMPTOMS : OLIVE GREEN MOLD ON THE KERNELS BEGINS AT
TIP OF THE EAR & APPEAR POWDERY AND DISPERE LIKE DUST.
BLACK TIP/BLACK POINT:
 Grain affected:
 Wheat
 Barley
 Pathogen:
 Cochilobolus sativus
 Helminthosporium
sativum[asexual stage]
 KEY POINTS:
 KERNEL SMUDGE
 DISCOLOURATION OF
THE EMBRYO[GERM]
 DUE TO PROLONGED
WET

BLUE – EYE MOULD:
 Grain affected:
 Corn
 Pathogen:
 Penicillium
oxalicum
 Symptoms
 Blue line on the
endosperm[germ]
ERGOT:
 GRAIN AFFECTED:
 WHEAT
 RYE
 TRITICALE
 BARLEY
 OATS[BOTH SP.]
 PATHOGEN:
 CLAVICEPS PURPUREA
 CLAVICEPS PASPALLI
 CLAVICEPS FUSIFORMIS
SYMPTOMS:
DUE TO PRESENCEC OF HARD
BLACK SCLEROTIA
EAR ROT:
FUSARIUM EAR ROT: GIBBERELLA EAR ROT:
 Grain affected:
 Corn
 Pathogen:
 Fusarium moniliforme
[verticillioides]
 Symptoms:
 White to pink or
salmon colored,
Cottony mold
[Clustered on the EAR]
 GRAIN AFFECTED:
 CORN
 PATHOGEN:
 F. GRAMINARIUM
 F. ROSEUM [SEXUAL
STAGE]
 GIBBRELLA ZEAE
 Symptoms:
 Grey rather than pink
[BLEACHED]
Fusarium Ear Rot Gibbrella Ear Rot
KARNAL BUNT:
Grain affected:
Wheat
Triticale
Rye
Pathogen:
Tilletia indica
Symptoms:
Black spore
masses easily
become powder
Rotten fish odour
SCAB (HEAD BLIGHT):
GRAIN AFFECTED:
WHEAT
BARLEY
OATS
CORN
PATHOGEN:
FUSARIUM
GRAMINARUM
GIBBERELLA ZEAE
SYMPTOMS:
PRODUCE
DEOXYNIVALENOL
[DON]VOMITOXIN
PREMATURE BLEACHING
OF ONE OR MORE
SPIKELETS OR ENTIRE
HEAD IMMATURED.
MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF
FUNGAL SPECIES
Aspergillus flavus
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT
 Cultural method:
 Moisture should be below 13.5% in starchy cereals
seeds { wheat, barley, rice, corn and sorghum}.
 Below 12.5% in soybean prevents invasion by storage
fungi.
 Stored at temp. Below 20c and above 40c
 Store for shorter period.
 Free from insects and mites {carry fungal spores}
 Stored along With Adathoda, Neem, Vitex, Pungam
& Melia.
 Apply vegetable oil {limits oxygen}
PHYSICAL METHOD:
 Fumigation:
 Fumigate with phosphine during short term storage
at high moisture grain {15-19% for wheat}
BIOLOGICAL METHOD:
•Bacillus megaterium {MARINE STRAIN}
Have an biocontrol activity against A. Flavus on
peanut kernels. It inhibit the aflatoxin
biosynthesis regulatory genes expression.
AVOIDANCE:
 MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD.
 POSSIBLE BY DRYING THE GRAIN TO SAFE
MOISTURE % BEFORE STORAGE.
 ENSURE CLEAN, DRY INSECT - PROOF STORAGE.
 REDUCING PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO GRAINS.
AFTER SPOILAGE OF SEEDS:
 GRAIN TREATMENT:
 Treated with fungicides
1. Mancozeb {Dithane M-45}
2. BENOMYL{BENLATE} {RATE: 3g/kg}
 Seed borne treated with dry heat at 65C for 6
days or dipping in hot water 52-5C.
 CHEMICAL METHOD:
 CARBENDAZIM, NAPAM, VAPAM, CAPTAN.
GRAIN PRO:{MOISTURE REDUCTION METHODS}
AND KEEP CALM
MY PRESENTATION IS
OVER. VERY THANKS
TO ONE ALL.

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Post harvest spoilage of grains during storage and their management by g.k

  • 2. INTRODUCTION IN CEREAL GRAINS LOSS IN QUALITY AND QUANTITY DURING STORAGE IS CAUSED BY FUNGI INSECTS RODENTS MITES FUNGI(MOULDS) ARE THE MAJOR CAUSE OF SPOILAGE IN GRAIN.
  • 4. LOSSES AND EFFECTS : FUNGI IMPAIR IN 2 WAYS : 1. Alter nutritional quality of feeds by destroying important nutrients like vitamins. 2. May produce MYCOTOXINS harmful to animals. LOSSES IN SEEDS(GRAINS) STORAGE : 1. Decrease in Germination. 2. Discoloration of seeds. 3. Heating and Mustiness. 4. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES. 5. Production of toxins. 6. Loss in dry matter.
  • 5. COMMON SPECIES AND GROUPS OF MOULDS :  Aspergillus • Penicillium • Rhizopus • Mucor  Fusarium TWO GROUPS: 1. FIELD MOULDS 2. STORAGE MOULDS
  • 6. 1. Field moulds invade kernels while the grain is still in the field. 2. Exposed to very moist weather before harvest. 3. Once grain dried, moulds die or become inactive. 4. Don’t compete strongly at reduced water activities. 5. Causes discoloration at field level. 6. Most common field fungi species are • Alternaria • Fusarium
  • 7. PREVALENT TO STORAGE FACILITIES WHEN GRAINS ESCAPES FROM TOO LOW MOISTURE FOR FIELD MOUILDS(LESS THAN 20%) I.E MYCOTOXINS NOT PRODUCED BY FIELD MOULD(BEFORE HARVEST) ONLY BY STORAGE MOULD. COMMON SPECIES; 1. Aspergillus 2. Penicillium
  • 8. Development Of Fungi Influenced By:  Moisture Content Of The Stored Grains,  Temperature,  Condition Of The Grain Going To Storage,  Length Of Time The Grain Is Stored,  Amount Of Insect And Mite Activity.
  • 9. MYCOTOXINS:  Mycotoxins are poisonous chemical compounds produced by certain fungal species that infect crops.  Common mycotoxins known to cause health problems,  Aflatoxin  Fumonisins  Tricothecenes[vimotoxin]T-2  Deoxynivalenol[DON]  Ergot toxins  Zearalenone  Ochratoxin a[OTA]
  • 10.
  • 11. Fungus species Commodities affected Alternaria alternate Rice, Sorghum, Soybeans Alternaria longissima Rice, Sorghum A. Padwickii Rice A. Flavus Cashews, Maize, Groundnut,sorghum, Soybeans Fusarium moniliforme Maize,sorghum,soyabeans F. Semitectum Maize Penicillium citrinum Sorghum,soybeans
  • 12. ASPERGILLUS EAR ROT:  Grain affected:  Primarily corn  Peanuts  Almonds  Cotton seed meal  Sorghum  Barley and oats Pathogen:  A. Flavus  A. Parasiticus  A. Nomius  A. Niger  A. Glaucus
  • 13. SYMPTOMS : OLIVE GREEN MOLD ON THE KERNELS BEGINS AT TIP OF THE EAR & APPEAR POWDERY AND DISPERE LIKE DUST.
  • 14. BLACK TIP/BLACK POINT:  Grain affected:  Wheat  Barley  Pathogen:  Cochilobolus sativus  Helminthosporium sativum[asexual stage]  KEY POINTS:  KERNEL SMUDGE  DISCOLOURATION OF THE EMBRYO[GERM]  DUE TO PROLONGED WET 
  • 15. BLUE – EYE MOULD:  Grain affected:  Corn  Pathogen:  Penicillium oxalicum  Symptoms  Blue line on the endosperm[germ]
  • 16.
  • 17. ERGOT:  GRAIN AFFECTED:  WHEAT  RYE  TRITICALE  BARLEY  OATS[BOTH SP.]  PATHOGEN:  CLAVICEPS PURPUREA  CLAVICEPS PASPALLI  CLAVICEPS FUSIFORMIS SYMPTOMS: DUE TO PRESENCEC OF HARD BLACK SCLEROTIA
  • 18. EAR ROT: FUSARIUM EAR ROT: GIBBERELLA EAR ROT:  Grain affected:  Corn  Pathogen:  Fusarium moniliforme [verticillioides]  Symptoms:  White to pink or salmon colored, Cottony mold [Clustered on the EAR]  GRAIN AFFECTED:  CORN  PATHOGEN:  F. GRAMINARIUM  F. ROSEUM [SEXUAL STAGE]  GIBBRELLA ZEAE  Symptoms:  Grey rather than pink [BLEACHED]
  • 19. Fusarium Ear Rot Gibbrella Ear Rot
  • 20. KARNAL BUNT: Grain affected: Wheat Triticale Rye Pathogen: Tilletia indica Symptoms: Black spore masses easily become powder Rotten fish odour
  • 21. SCAB (HEAD BLIGHT): GRAIN AFFECTED: WHEAT BARLEY OATS CORN PATHOGEN: FUSARIUM GRAMINARUM GIBBERELLA ZEAE SYMPTOMS: PRODUCE DEOXYNIVALENOL [DON]VOMITOXIN PREMATURE BLEACHING OF ONE OR MORE SPIKELETS OR ENTIRE HEAD IMMATURED.
  • 22.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 28. INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT  Cultural method:  Moisture should be below 13.5% in starchy cereals seeds { wheat, barley, rice, corn and sorghum}.  Below 12.5% in soybean prevents invasion by storage fungi.  Stored at temp. Below 20c and above 40c  Store for shorter period.  Free from insects and mites {carry fungal spores}  Stored along With Adathoda, Neem, Vitex, Pungam & Melia.  Apply vegetable oil {limits oxygen}
  • 29. PHYSICAL METHOD:  Fumigation:  Fumigate with phosphine during short term storage at high moisture grain {15-19% for wheat} BIOLOGICAL METHOD: •Bacillus megaterium {MARINE STRAIN} Have an biocontrol activity against A. Flavus on peanut kernels. It inhibit the aflatoxin biosynthesis regulatory genes expression.
  • 30. AVOIDANCE:  MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD.  POSSIBLE BY DRYING THE GRAIN TO SAFE MOISTURE % BEFORE STORAGE.  ENSURE CLEAN, DRY INSECT - PROOF STORAGE.  REDUCING PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO GRAINS.
  • 31. AFTER SPOILAGE OF SEEDS:  GRAIN TREATMENT:  Treated with fungicides 1. Mancozeb {Dithane M-45} 2. BENOMYL{BENLATE} {RATE: 3g/kg}  Seed borne treated with dry heat at 65C for 6 days or dipping in hot water 52-5C.  CHEMICAL METHOD:  CARBENDAZIM, NAPAM, VAPAM, CAPTAN.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 35. AND KEEP CALM MY PRESENTATION IS OVER. VERY THANKS TO ONE ALL.