Fungi are a major cause of spoilage in stored cereal grains, leading to losses in quality and quantity. The two main types of fungi that affect stored grains are field moulds and storage moulds. Storage moulds like Aspergillus and Penicillium can produce dangerous mycotoxins when grains are stored at unsuitable moisture levels and temperatures. Integrated management practices focus on preventing fungal growth through proper drying and storage conditions, as well as chemical and biological control methods when needed.

1. BY
G.KAVIYARASAN (170385)

2. INTRODUCTION
IN CEREAL GRAINS LOSS IN QUALITY AND QUANTITY DURING STORAGE
IS CAUSED BY
FUNGI
INSECTS
RODENTS
MITES
FUNGI(MOULDS) ARE THE MAJOR CAUSE OF SPOILAGE IN GRAIN.

3. FUNGAL SPOILAGE

4. LOSSES AND EFFECTS :
FUNGI IMPAIR IN 2 WAYS :
1. Alter nutritional quality of feeds by destroying important
nutrients like vitamins.
2. May produce MYCOTOXINS harmful to animals.
LOSSES IN SEEDS(GRAINS) STORAGE :
1. Decrease in Germination.
2. Discoloration of seeds.
3. Heating and Mustiness.
4. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES.
5. Production of toxins.
6. Loss in dry matter.

5. COMMON SPECIES AND GROUPS OF MOULDS :
 Aspergillus
• Penicillium
• Rhizopus
• Mucor
 Fusarium
TWO GROUPS:
1. FIELD MOULDS
2. STORAGE MOULDS

6. 1. Field moulds invade kernels while the grain is still in
the field.
2. Exposed to very moist weather before harvest.
3. Once grain dried, moulds die or become inactive.
4. Don’t compete strongly at reduced water activities.
5. Causes discoloration at field level.
6. Most common field fungi species are
• Alternaria
• Fusarium

7. PREVALENT TO STORAGE FACILITIES WHEN
GRAINS ESCAPES FROM TOO LOW MOISTURE FOR
FIELD MOUILDS(LESS THAN 20%)
I.E MYCOTOXINS NOT PRODUCED BY FIELD
MOULD(BEFORE HARVEST) ONLY BY STORAGE
MOULD.
COMMON SPECIES;
1. Aspergillus
2. Penicillium

8. Development Of Fungi Influenced By:
 Moisture Content Of The Stored Grains,
 Temperature,
 Condition Of The Grain Going To
Storage,
 Length Of Time The Grain Is Stored,
 Amount Of Insect And Mite Activity.

9. MYCOTOXINS:
 Mycotoxins are poisonous chemical compounds
produced by certain fungal species that infect crops.
 Common mycotoxins known to cause health
problems,
 Aflatoxin
 Fumonisins
 Tricothecenes[vimotoxin]T-2
 Deoxynivalenol[DON]
 Ergot toxins
 Zearalenone
 Ochratoxin a[OTA]

11. Fungus species Commodities affected
Alternaria alternate Rice, Sorghum, Soybeans
Alternaria longissima Rice, Sorghum
A. Padwickii Rice
A. Flavus Cashews, Maize,
Groundnut,sorghum,
Soybeans
Fusarium moniliforme Maize,sorghum,soyabeans
F. Semitectum Maize
Penicillium citrinum Sorghum,soybeans

12. ASPERGILLUS EAR ROT:
 Grain affected:
 Primarily corn
 Peanuts
 Almonds
 Cotton seed meal
 Sorghum
 Barley and oats
Pathogen:
 A. Flavus
 A. Parasiticus
 A. Nomius
 A. Niger
 A. Glaucus

13. SYMPTOMS : OLIVE GREEN MOLD ON THE KERNELS BEGINS AT
TIP OF THE EAR & APPEAR POWDERY AND DISPERE LIKE DUST.

14. BLACK TIP/BLACK POINT:
 Grain affected:
 Wheat
 Barley
 Pathogen:
 Cochilobolus sativus
 Helminthosporium
sativum[asexual stage]
 KEY POINTS:
 KERNEL SMUDGE
 DISCOLOURATION OF
THE EMBRYO[GERM]
 DUE TO PROLONGED
WET


15. BLUE – EYE MOULD:
 Grain affected:
 Corn
 Pathogen:
 Penicillium
oxalicum
 Symptoms
 Blue line on the
endosperm[germ]

17. ERGOT:
 GRAIN AFFECTED:
 WHEAT
 RYE
 TRITICALE
 BARLEY
 OATS[BOTH SP.]
 PATHOGEN:
 CLAVICEPS PURPUREA
 CLAVICEPS PASPALLI
 CLAVICEPS FUSIFORMIS
SYMPTOMS:
DUE TO PRESENCEC OF HARD
BLACK SCLEROTIA

18. EAR ROT:
FUSARIUM EAR ROT: GIBBERELLA EAR ROT:
 Grain affected:
 Corn
 Pathogen:
 Fusarium moniliforme
[verticillioides]
 Symptoms:
 White to pink or
salmon colored,
Cottony mold
[Clustered on the EAR]
 GRAIN AFFECTED:
 CORN
 PATHOGEN:
 F. GRAMINARIUM
 F. ROSEUM [SEXUAL
STAGE]
 GIBBRELLA ZEAE
 Symptoms:
 Grey rather than pink
[BLEACHED]

19. Fusarium Ear Rot Gibbrella Ear Rot

20. KARNAL BUNT:
Grain affected:
Wheat
Triticale
Rye
Pathogen:
Tilletia indica
Symptoms:
Black spore
masses easily
become powder
Rotten fish odour

21. SCAB (HEAD BLIGHT):
GRAIN AFFECTED:
WHEAT
BARLEY
OATS
CORN
PATHOGEN:
FUSARIUM
GRAMINARUM
GIBBERELLA ZEAE
SYMPTOMS:
PRODUCE
DEOXYNIVALENOL
[DON]VOMITOXIN
PREMATURE BLEACHING
OF ONE OR MORE
SPIKELETS OR ENTIRE
HEAD IMMATURED.

23. MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF
FUNGAL SPECIES

24. Aspergillus flavus

27. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:

28. INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT
 Cultural method:
 Moisture should be below 13.5% in starchy cereals
seeds { wheat, barley, rice, corn and sorghum}.
 Below 12.5% in soybean prevents invasion by storage
fungi.
 Stored at temp. Below 20c and above 40c
 Store for shorter period.
 Free from insects and mites {carry fungal spores}
 Stored along With Adathoda, Neem, Vitex, Pungam
& Melia.
 Apply vegetable oil {limits oxygen}

29. PHYSICAL METHOD:
 Fumigation:
 Fumigate with phosphine during short term storage
at high moisture grain {15-19% for wheat}
BIOLOGICAL METHOD:
•Bacillus megaterium {MARINE STRAIN}
Have an biocontrol activity against A. Flavus on
peanut kernels. It inhibit the aflatoxin
biosynthesis regulatory genes expression.

30. AVOIDANCE:
 MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD.
 POSSIBLE BY DRYING THE GRAIN TO SAFE
MOISTURE % BEFORE STORAGE.
 ENSURE CLEAN, DRY INSECT - PROOF STORAGE.
 REDUCING PHYSICAL DAMAGE TO GRAINS.

31. AFTER SPOILAGE OF SEEDS:
 GRAIN TREATMENT:
 Treated with fungicides
1. Mancozeb {Dithane M-45}
2. BENOMYL{BENLATE} {RATE: 3g/kg}
 Seed borne treated with dry heat at 65C for 6
days or dipping in hot water 52-5C.
 CHEMICAL METHOD:
 CARBENDAZIM, NAPAM, VAPAM, CAPTAN.

34. GRAIN PRO:{MOISTURE REDUCTION METHODS}

35. AND KEEP CALM
MY PRESENTATION IS
OVER. VERY THANKS
TO ONE ALL.