Digital fabrication technology, commonly known as 3D printing or additive manufacturing, uses progressive material addition to construct physical items from a geometrical representation (Shahrubudin et al. 2019). 3D printing technology is a used to create prototype rapidly. Recent years have seen the introduction of cutting-edge technologies like 3D printing, which have opened up fascinating new possibilities for the agricultural industry. In contrast to conventional manufacturing, which uses subtractive manufacturing to separate a component of a material from its larger part in order to generate a desired product, this technique significantly lowers wastage and lead time and produce complex shapes. In Agriculture, 3D printing is particularly useful for producing farming implements and replacement components without sacrificing quality. Due to their affordability and ease of printing, PLA and ABS thermoplastics are the most popular materials used for 3D printing in the agricultural industry (Crisostomo et al. 2021). The food sector primarily employs 3D printing to accelerate the modification of personal nutrition and to assist persons with swallowing problems in increasing their food intake. In terms of the environment, relevant use of additive manufacturing includes the manufacture of recycled filaments as well as sections of equipment used for air quality monitoring and wastewater treatment devices. A new research opportunity involves the use of 3D printing in soil science to study problems with carbon and nitrogen cycle and storage that have an impact on biomass production and biodiversity (Arrieta-Escobar et al. 2020).

1. KAVIYARASAN G
II M.Sc.(Ag.) SS&AC
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
SAC 591 - Credit Seminar(0+1)

2. S. No Advisory
Committee
Name, Designation & Department
1 Chairperson Dr. C. SHARMILA RAHALE
Assistant Professor (SS&AC)
Centre for Agricultural Nano Technology,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore – 641003.
2 Members Dr. R. SHANMUGASUNDARAM
Professor (SS&AC)
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore – 641003.
Dr. V. PALANISELVAM
Associate Professor (Bio-energy)
Department of Renewable Energy Engineering
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore – 641003.
Dr. N. SARANYA
Assistant Professor (Bioinformatics)
Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore – 641003.
Advisory committee

3. Introduction
Principle behind 3D printing
History & Projected Growth
Practical use of 3D printers
Ways of Fabrication/Manufacturing Model
How it prints?
Materials used in 3D Printing
Applications - Agriculture, medical, commercial industries and so on.
Conclusion and Future perspectives.
List of Contents

4. Introduction

5. • Additive process – Object created by laying down successive layers of
material in desired shapes.
• 3D printer uses Virtual, Mathematical model to construct a physical artifact.
What is 3D Printing ?
Designing
Printing
Post-
Processing

7. Principle Behind 3D

8. 1987
1984
1981
1920
History Building on Ralf Baker’s Work – Making decorative articles
(Patent US423647A)
Hideo Kodama (Nagoya Municipal Industrial R.I)
Laser cured resin rapid prototyping
Stereolithography
Chuck Hull
First 3D Printer(STL)

9. 2005
1993
1992 Layer by layer prototype manufacturing
Massachusetts Institute of Technology – Patented 3D –
Differ from ink 2D.
3D Kidney - Miniature
History
2002
Z corp – Spectrum Z510 – first HD colour 3D printer

10. 2012
2011
2009
2006 SLS (Selective Laser Synthesis)
Cells to blood vessels –
Bio-printing – Dr. Gabor Forgaus
History
First 3D printed Aircraft - Car – Gold
first 3D printed Jaw prosthesis implant Dutch doctors &
engineers – Layerwise

11. Growth
• It is seen that the 3D Printing industry is grown 300%
• Source : http://on3dprinting.com/2012/08/06/infographic-how-3d-printing-works-
industry-growth-stocks-and-more/
Waller et al. (2020)

12. Funding Trends by Geography
Investments ($M) in 3D Printing
Stansbury et al. (2017)

13. Two Ways for Fabrication

14. How to do your 3D CAD Model?
There exist several applications that you can use to design 3D models
• Solid Works
• AutoCAD
• Sketch up
• Autodesk123D
• Blender
• FreeCAD
In Hack-a-Day blog you can find through introduction tutorials
for each of the cited applications
Just Google:
“Hackaday 3D Printering: Making a Thing”

15. 3D – CAD Design
Some other tools can be used to quickly turn an idea into a 3D model
• They already provide several 3D model templates as numbers, letters and common geometric figures
• Web browser based
• Very intuitive
www.tinkercad.com www.3dtin.com
www.thingiverse.com www.thingtracker.net/
www.youmagine.com/

16. 3D Printing Software
Srinivasan et al. (2021)

17. • The process of joining materials to make objects from 3D Model Data, usually
layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing technologies.
Mohamed et al. (2015)
Additive Manufacturing

18. Generate
3D Model
Creation
of STL file
Software
slicer - 3D
model into
thin slices
Machine
builds it
layer by
layer
Clean up
and post
curing
Surface
finishing
Steps for Additive Manufacturing
Cura/
Repetier

19. How it Print..?

20. 01
3D Printing Process - Classification
06
05
04
02 03
• FDM
• DIW
Material Extrusion
• SLS
• SLM
• EBM
Powder Bed Fusion
• Polyjet/Inkjet
Printing (MJM)
Material Jetting
• SLA
Vat Photopolymerization
• Indirect Inkjet
Printing (3DP)
Binder Jetting
• EBW
• LENS
Direct Energy Deposition

21. PrinterInks
1. Colloidal inks
2. Fugitive ink
3. Nanoparticle ink
4. Polyelectrolyte ink
5. Sol-gel ink
Additive Manufacturing Technologies and their Base Material
Methods Material
Fused Deposition Modeling Thermoplastic polymers
Powder Bed Fusion (SLS,SLM) Compacted fine powder, Metal,
Alloys,Ceramic,Polymer Materials
Inkjet printing and contour grafting Dispersion of particle in liquid (Ink or
Paste)
Steriolithography A Resin with photoactive polymers
Direct energy deposition Metals and alloys in the form of
powder or wire
Ceramics and polymers
Laminated object
manufacturing
Polymer composites
Ceramics
Paper
Metal-filled tapes
Metal rolls

22. Common 3D Printing Technologies
• FFF or FDM – uses spools of filament.
• SLA – Solidifies photosensitive resin.
• PBF - Fuse particles with powerful laser.
• Material or binder jetting – tiny
droplets of material are deposited onto a
bed of powder.
Srinivasan et al. (2021)

23. Fused Deposition Modeling

24. Fused Deposition Modeling

25. Travitsky et al. (2015)
Fused Deposition Modeling
Yap et al. (2015)

26. Thermoplastic Material
Thermoplastic Material Melting Temperature Range
(℃)
Molding Temperature Range
(℃)
ACRYLIC 220-250 50-80
HDPE 210-270 20-60
LDPE 180-240 20-60
NYLON 6 230-290 40-90
POLYESTER PBT 240-275 60-90
PET (AMORPHOUS) 260-280 20-30
POLYPROPYLENE (COPOLYMER) 200-280 30-80
POLYSTYRENE 170-280 30-60
PVC P 170-190 20-40
SAN 200-260 50-85
TPE 260-320 40-70

27. Powder Bed Fusion
Manapat et al. (2017)

28. Laser Sintering / Laser Melting

29. Electron Beam Melting

30. Inkjet Printing (Binder Jetting)
Gibson et al. (2015)
Kazemian et al. (2017)

31. Inkjet Printing (Material Jetting)
Wholers et al. (2017)

32. Stereolithography

33. Digital Light Processing
Martin et al. (2017)
Digital Light Processing
Digital Light Processing

34. Digital Light Processing
Chaudhary et al.,
(2022)

35. Direct Energy Deposition

36. Direct Energy Deposition (EBAM)
Electron Beam Additive
Manufacturing (EBAM)
• The process focuses an
electron beam on metal
alloy feedstock in wire
form, which is fed into the
beam in a vacuum,
creating a molten metal
pool that solidifies
immediately.

37. Selective Deposition Lamination (SDL)

38. Laminated object Manufacturing
Ursan et al. (2016)

39. Real-3D Printing Machine

40. Upadhyay et al. (2007)
SEM images of XZ Orientation

41. Global Technology Trends
Javier et al. (2020)

43. 3D Printing
Applications
Agriculture
Automotive
Prototyping
Bio-Printing
Electronics
Architecture
Historical
findings
Geographical
Models
Food
Technology

44. 3D Printing in Agriculture

45. 3D Printing in Agriculture
www.3dprinting.com
1. Scale Models
2. Manufacturing Tools
3. Urban farming
4. Food Production

46. 3D Printing in Agriculture
1. Tri-Claw fruit picker
2. Mini – Shovel
3. Shovel Handle
4. Chicken feed holder
5. Corn Shedder
1.
3.
2.
5.
4.
Animal Husbandry
Fruit picker
J.M. Pearce (2015)

47. 3D Printing in Agriculture
1.
2. 3.
4.
5.
1. Sprinkler
2. S- Higher outlet
3. Drip set up
4. Hose Splitter
5. Soil Auger
6. Bee hive
Irrigation system Soil Science
6.
J.M. Pearce (2015)

48. Crisostomo
et
al.
(2021)

49. 3D Printing in Agriculture
1.
2.
3.
1. Hydroponics
2. Drone
3. Cassava Grate
4. Cow bells
Hydroponics
4.

50. 3D Printing in Agriculture
3D Printing Helps Test Crop Seeding System
https://www.usda.gov/

51. 3D Printing Technologies for Food Fabrication
Jia et al. (2015)

52. Crisostomo
et
al.
(2021)

53. Crisostomo
et
al.
(2021)
3D Printing Technologies for Environment

54. General Applications

55. Architecture
Shakir (2019)

56. A.M. in Aerospace
Laser Sintered leap engine fuel nozzle
FDM layup tool – Aircraft IR camera fairings
SLS 3D - Small Jet engine
World’s first 3D printed aircraft Model - SLS

57. Automobile

58. Artificial Organs
Marjia et al. (2018)

59. 3D Printing of Nanomedicine
Campell et al. (2013) Dudek et al. (2015)

60. 3D Printing for Surgical Model

61. Advantages
• Reduce costs and speed up the process.
• Increase innovation.
• More Mechanical properties.
• 3D models of buildings can be easily created.
• More complex - “Design Anywhere /
Manufacture Anywhere”.
DISADVANTAGES
• Construction of large parts is not possible but research are going to make large machines.
• Machine cost is high

62. • Customized design
• Recycled materials
• Develop potential material
• Equipment invention
• Machine compatibility
• Software upgrade/troubleshoot
• Environmental impact
• IPR
• Market competition
• Expensive Equipment
• Production time
• Quality differs from printers
• Limited material selection
• Product size issues
• Low cost
• High efficiency process
• Customized model
• Positive market trend
• High product quality
Strength Weakness
Opportunity
Threats
SWOT analysis
[Quanjin et al. (2020)]

63. SCOPE OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
https://www.nasdaq.com/

64. Key Conclusion
Emerging Market Potential
• Aerospace, Agriculture, Automotive, Defense, Health care, Infrastructure,
Manufacturing, Packaging, etc..,
Evolving Ecosystem
• Research laboratories, universities, and companies.
Technology
• 3D printing technology (software, hardware, 3D printing materials) is still in early
phase of S-curve. Dominant hardware/software architecture yet to established. 3D
printing smart materials is building up. 3D technology will be getting increasingly
popular as the trends toward its integration with giant industries like manufacturing and
healthcare, have increased.

65. Reference
1. J.A. Arrieta-Escobar, et al.(2020), 3D printing: An emerging opportunity for soil science. Geoderma
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114588
2. J. M. Pearce (2015), “Applications of Open Source 3-D Printing on Small Farms,” Organic Farming,
vol. 1, issue 1, pp 19–35. 2015.
3. Chaudhary et al. (2022) Additive manufacturing by digital light processing: a review. Progress in
Additive Manufacturing (2023) 8:331–351.
4. Crisostomo et al. (2021) 3D Printing Applications in Agriculture, Food Processing, and Environmental
Protection and Monitoring. Advance Sustainable Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 3, No.2.
5. T. D., Kashani et al. (2018). Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications
and challenges. Composites Part B: Engineering, 143, 172-196.
6. Schubert et al. (2014). Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D overview from optics to organs. British Journal of
Ophthalmology, 98(2), 159-161.
7. Grinberg et al. (2019). 4D Printing based piezoelectric composite for medical applications. Journal of Polymer
Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 57(2), 109-115.

66. References
No. of Research Articles 15
No. of Review Articles 08
No. of Book Chapters 02
Total 25