Polymers
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Polymers are long chain molecules composed of repeating structural units. They can be classified based on their structure, molecular forces, and source. Polymers have different structures including linear, branched, cross-linked, and network structures. They are also classified as thermoplastics, elastomers, or thermosettings based on the molecular forces. Polymers can be natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic and are produced through addition, condensation, step-growth, or chain-growth polymerization. Common medical polymers include polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, and implantable polymers like polyethylene and bioresorbable polymers.
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The basic meaning of the buffer is a memory block of a computer that acts as a temporary placeholder. Buffer is used in different fields and the most common examples are video streaming and RAM. In programming, a software buffer is denoted by a place that keeps data before the process is started. That will be fast rather than data writing in a direct way. People tend to use “buffer” when data is moving around. The reason is that the data will be temporarily placed in a buffer and move to the final destination afterward. When the receiving data rate is different from the processing data rate, buffers are very useful. You will get to know this while video streaming.
Open CASCADE for your project.pdf
Open CASCADE Technology (OCCT) is a C++ library that is designed for the production of domain-specific CAD/CAM applications. The most important feature of this library is it is free. But the applicability and capacity of this library are huge. Many open-source CAD/CAM products are based on this. With the help of a huge community and development team, developers, users, researchers, and commercial product developers can use it for different industrial applications, research, and many more.
Linkage mechanisms - Presentation
The mechanism is an assembly of machine components (Kinematic Links) designed to obtain the desired motion from an available motion while transmitting appropriate forces and moments.
Four bar linkage is a simple planer mechanism which has four bar shaped members. Usually it has one fixed link and three moving links and four pin joints.
Industrial Training Experience
This presentation was prepared to present on behalf of judges of IESL to achieve IESL Industrial Training Award 2020.
Here I included a summary of activities and project experience which performed during the training period.
Small scale business analysis
“Araliya Mushrooms” is a business firm situated in Baddegama, Galle which was founded in 2013. The business started on a small scale with only 2 people and now the firm is expanded within 5 years of time. There are 5 people currently working in the firm. “Araliya mushrooms” firm is the largest mushroom production firm in that region. The main target customers of the business are small scale vegetable vendors.
Computational and experimental investigation of aerodynamics of flapping aero...
Renewal interest on the exploitation of flapping flight motions to attain high propulsion efficiency of air vehicles is inspired by the aerodynamics of birds’ and insects’ flights. The flapping characteristics can be majorly used to develop micro aerial vehicles (MAV) as this is a lucrative method to generate lift and thrust simultaneously. In this project, the variation of the flow properties and the thrust generation of an airfoil in a flapping (plunging) motion, is evaluated using both computational and experimental methods. The NACA 2412 airfoil was selected for the study and, the computational method was carried out using an inviscid flow model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, simultaneously to obtain and compare the variation of properties.
The inviscid model was developed using conformal mapping and potential flow theories, and it is capable of producing results for any arbitrary aerofoil. Steady-state results were compared and validated in both CFD and inviscid flow modelling as the computational framework along with flow visualisation and force sensing as the experimental framework. The validated CFD and inviscid models have been developed to produce a plunging motion to the aerofoil and obtain the variation of drag and lift coefficients with time. The experimental setup was designed to obtain the forces acting on the airfoil, and the flow characteristics were visually observed using a flow visualization technique. The force calculations were done through a developed and optimized load cell arrangement. The developed smoke flow visualisation technique is capable of successfully capturing streamline patterns, flow separation regions. These results were compared along with wake development between computational and experimental models. The Level of agreement and limitations of each method have been discussed in this report.
Experimental and numerical stress analysis of a rectangular wing structure
Structures of an aircraft can be categorised as primary structural components and secondary structure components. Primary structure components are the components which lead to failure of the aircraft if such component is failed during the flight cycle. Secondary components are load sharing components in an aircraft but will not pave the way to catastrophic failure.
Designing aircraft structures should follow several strategies to assure safety. For that, there are three main methods used in designing and maintenance procedures. First one is the safe flight, which an aircraft component has a lifetime. That component is not used beyond that limit and should replace though it is not failed. The fail-safe method is another one that redundant systems or components are there to ensure there is another way to carry the load or do necessary control. The final one is the damage tolerance which measures the current damages are within acceptable limit and carry out the main functions until the next main maintenance process.
To determine the safety of a structure component load distribution, stress and strain variation, deflection can be used as parameters to make sure that component can withstand maximum allowable load with safety factor. There are several techniques used to get accurate results as numerical methods, Finite Element Method (FEM) and experimental methods. In the design process, those three steps are followed in an orderly manner to ensure the safety of an aircraft.
Experimental and numerical stress analysis of a rectangular wing structure
Structures of an aircraft can be categorised as primary structural components and secondary structure components. Primary structure components are the components which lead to failure of the aircraft if such component is failed during the flight cycle. Secondary components are load sharing components in an aircraft but will not pave the way to catastrophic failure.
Designing aircraft structures should follow several strategies to assure safety. For that, there are three main methods used in designing and maintenance procedures. First one is the safe flight, which an aircraft component has a lifetime. That component is not used beyond that limit and should replace though it is not failed. The fail-safe method is another one that redundant systems or components are there to ensure there is another way to carry the load or do necessary control. The final one is the damage tolerance which measures the current damages are within acceptable limit and carry out the main functions until the next main maintenance process.
To determine the safety of a structure component load distribution, stress and strain variation, deflection can be used as parameters to make sure that component can withstand maximum allowable load with safety factor. There are several techniques used to get accurate results as numerical methods, Finite Element Method (FEM) and experimental methods. In the design process, those three steps are followed in an orderly manner to ensure the safety of an aircraft.
Transient three dimensional cfd modelling of ceilng fan
Ceiling fans are used to get thermal comfort, especially in tropical countries. With the increment of the usage of air conditioners, the emission of CO2 is increased. But ceiling fans are a limited solution, that saves much energy compared to air conditioners. Ceiling fans generate a non-uniform velocity profile, so that, there is a non-uniform thermal environment. That non-uniform environment does not imply lower thermal comfort, that will give enough thermal comfort with low energy cost by air velocity. Hence, there will be difficulties of analysing with simple modelling techniques in that environment. So, to predict the performance of the ceiling fan required more accurate models.
The accurate model of a ceiling fan will generate complex geometry that makes difficulties for the simulation process and requires higher computational power. Because of that, there are several methods used to predict the performance of the ceiling fan using mathematical techniques but that will give an estimated value of properties in the surrounding.
Payload safety and related human factors
General inclusion: flight crew, passengers, munitions, cargo, scientific instruments or experiments, and other equipment aboard.
General Discipline:
Prevention of accidents and incidents
Protection of aircraft occupants
Human factors consideration in emergency evacuation for commercial aircaft
Engine fire/ suspected engine fire, cargo smoke/ fire indication, smoke in cabin, gear failure, smoke in cockpit, overran runaway, bomb threat
Human factors in payload safety of fighter aircrafts
Human factors are prominent in military aviation safety. Human error is a major cause of aviation incidents and accidents. When transporting military payloads like weapons and dangerous goods, many individuals and roles are involved to ensure safety. These include packers, preparers, handlers, inspectors, loadmasters, pilots, and more. Thorough training is required for anyone involved in transporting hazardous materials. Safety mechanisms on weapons like missiles and bombs help prevent accidental detonation and ensure they are guided accurately to their targets. The roles of multiple individuals and safety systems work together to manage risks involved in carrying military payloads.
HUMAN FACTOR CONSIDERATIONS IN MILITARY AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTIONS
study of how humans behave physically and psychologically in relation to particular environments, products, or services. application of psychological and physiological principles to the engineering and design of products, processes, and systems.
Human factors - Maintenance and inspection
Maintenance information should be understandable by the technicians and inspectors. Therefore new manuals, job cards and service bulletins should be tested before distribution.
Fire safety of passenger aircraft
Passengers are more and more demanding in terms of comfort. Therefore thermal comfort inside the cabin is more important.The state of mind, which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment- ISO 7730
Displays and controls arrangement of military aircraft
In modern-day military aviation, displays are the most
a reliable method of presenting information to the pilots,
with the increment of more sophisticated controls
given to the pilots.
More from Lahiru Dilshan (20)
Computational and experimental investigation of aerodynamics of flapping aero...
Computational and experimental investigation of aerodynamics of flapping aero...
Experimental and numerical stress analysis of a rectangular wing structure
Experimental and numerical stress analysis of a rectangular wing structure
Experimental and numerical stress analysis of a rectangular wing structure
Experimental and numerical stress analysis of a rectangular wing structure
Transient three dimensional cfd modelling of ceilng fan
Transient three dimensional cfd modelling of ceilng fan
Human factors consideration in emergency evacuation for commercial aircaft
Human factors consideration in emergency evacuation for commercial aircaft
Human factors in payload safety of fighter aircrafts
Human factors in payload safety of fighter aircrafts
HUMAN FACTOR CONSIDERATIONS IN MILITARY AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTIONS
HUMAN FACTOR CONSIDERATIONS IN MILITARY AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTIONS
Displays and controls arrangement of military aircraft
Displays and controls arrangement of military aircraft
Recently uploaded
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
Bigdata of technology
学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting.pdf
Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
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A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
basic-wireline-operations-course-mahmoud-f-radwan.pdf
basic-wireline-operations-course-mahmoud-f-radwan.pdf
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Polymers
- 1. POLYMERS
- 5. MOLECULAR FORCES ACT ON POLYMERS FIBERS THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS THERMOSETTING
- 6. POLYMER SOURCE NATURAL SEMI-SYNTHETIC SYNTHETIC CONDENSATION ADDITION STEP GROWTH POLYMERIZATION CHAIN GROWTH POLYMERIZATION Starch Natural Rubber DNA RN A Cellulose Inorganic glass fibers vs. Cellulose fibers Cellulose Nitrate
- 9. CHAIN GROWTH POLYMERIZATION STEP GROWTH POLYMERIZATION Initiation 1 7 6 4 3 5 2 2 1 5 4
- 10. PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS DEPENDS ON TYPE OF MONOMER UNIT MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF POLYMER PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT
- 11. POLYTHENE TYPE OF MONOMER UNIT POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHELENE) • Comparatively high strength • Heat resistant • Low strength • Comparatively low melting point (melting temperature depends on the type of polyethylene)
- 12. MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF POLYMER PRODUCT Mn average molecular weight Mw weight average molecular weight Ni no: of moles of species Mi molecular weight of species
- 13. DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT
- 14. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS 1. TENSILE STRENGTH 2. YOUNG’S MODULUS
- 15. 3. MELTING TEMPERATURE 4. GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE Crystaline Solid Melted Glass Rubber y
- 16. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS Hydrogen Bonds Ionic Bonds
- 17. MIXING BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS INCLUSION OF PLASTICIZERS
- 19. Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) PMMA • Contact lenses • Bone cement • Membrane of dialysis • Dental restoration • Linear chain polymer • Hydrophobic • Very good light transmittance
- 20. Polyethylene PE • Used in high density form in BM applications • Good toughness • Resistance to oil • Relatively low cost • Tubing in drain • Catheters • Upper component of artificial hip
- 21. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Teflon • Very stable polymer both thermally and chemically • Used in vascular drafts
- 22. Polyvinyl Chloride PVC • Mainly in tubing purposes such as blood transfusion, feeding and dialysis. • Toxilogical safety • Chemical Stability and Resistance to Chemical Stress Cracking • Clarity and transparency • Biocompatibility • Flexibility, Durability and Dependability • Low Cost
- 23. Nylon • Sutures widely used for general closure of tissues • Not recommended for artificial prostheses in cardiovascular surgeries • Non-absorbable • Excellent tensile strength • Excellent knot security properties • Can be easily removed without tissue adherence • Infection resistant
- 24. IMPLANTABLE POLYMERS • Used with biomedical additives to provide visibility on x-ray or stimulate bone growth. • Two types based on anticipated duration of the polymer in the body. 1. Long-Term Implantable Polymers biodurable (non-resorbable) polymers ex:- polyethylene limited structural applications polyketones (PEEK) for spinal applications or sutures 2. Bio resorbable Polymers polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA) and copolymers of PLA/PGA tailored to meet mechanical performance and resorption rates non-structural drug delivery polymer applications